The source of this uncorrected OCR text may be viewed in the DjVu format at: http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/5tgbi or http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/ugafax/QK488xE4/5tgbi G e t B fain Ireland BY Henry John Elwes, F.R.S. AND Augustine Henry, M.A. Edinburgh: Privately Printed ,, .-'i i THE TREES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND * f, » ** t It % -A 's» «* I Î ** %.. . J ^ ' l. " "v « •*r ' 1 '*' -l * f.1'- i: * V l v* ?; i 1r HIMALAYAN SPRUCE ON THE ROAD NEAR NAGKUNDA From a Drawing by the late Miss North *\, i T:N .t' » v I1" A' ' à r Trees . v 4 •,"'' V , of Great Britain Ireland BY Henry John Elwes, F.R.S. AND Augustine Henry, M.A. VOLUME V Edinburgh : Privately Printed MCMX k IX - i/ V CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PINUS ..... PINUS EXCELSA, HIMALAYAN BLUE PINE PINUS PEUKE, MACEDONIAN PINE . PINUS AYACAHUITE, MEXICAN WHITE PINE PINUS LAMBERTIANA, SUGAR PINE . PlNUS MONTICOLA, WESTERN WHITE PlNE . PINUS STROBUS, WEYMOUTH PINE, WHITE PINE PlNUS PARVIFLORA, JAPANESE WHITE PlNE . PINUS CEMBRA, ALPINE PINE PlNUS KORAIENSIS, KOREAN PlNE . PINUS ARMANDI .... PINUS PUMILA PlNUS FLEXILIS .... PlNUS ALBICAULIS, WHITE-BARK PlNE PlNUS BUNGEANA .... PINUS GERARDIANA, GERARD'S PINE PINUS BALFOURIANA, FOXTAIL PINE PlNUS ARISTATA, BRISTLE-CONE PlNE PlNUS MONOPHYLLA, ONE-LEAF NUT PlNE . PlNUS EDULIS .... PlNUS CEMBROIDES .... PINUS PARRYANA .... PlNUS MONTEZUM/E, MONTEZUMA PlNE PlNUS PSEUDOSTROBUS PlNUS TORREYANA .... PINUS COULTERI, COULTER'S PINE . PINUS SABINIANA, DIGGER PINE PlNUS PONDEROSA, YELLOW PlNE PlNUS TUBERCULATA, KNOB-CONE PlNE PlNUS RADIATA, MONTEREY PlNE PINUS PATULA, MEXICAN PINE PINUS TEOCOTE .... I'AGE vii IOOI ion 1014 1017 IO2O IO22 1025 1033 IO4I 1043 1045 1046 1048 1050 IO52 1054 1055 1056 1058 IOÖO I CO I 1064 1065 ICO? 1069 IO7I 1077 1079 1085 1086 111 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Contents PINUS RiGiDA, NORTHERN PITCH PINE PlNUS SEROTINA, POND PlNE PINUS PALUSTRIS, LONG-LEAF PINE, PITCH PINE PINUS TJEDA, LOBLOLLY PINE PlNUS CANARIENSIS, CANARY PlNE . PlNUS ECHINATA, SHORT-LEAF PlNE . PlNUS HALEPENSIS, ALEPPO PlNE PlNUS MURICATA, BlSHOP's PlNE PlNUS PUNGENS ..... PlNUS VIRGINIANA, JERSEY PlNE, SCRUB PlNE PINUS BANKSIANA, JACK PINE PINUS PINASTER, MARITIME PINE . PINUS PINEA, STONE PINE .... PlNUS DENSIFLORA, JAPANESE RED PlNE PlNUS MONTANA, MOUNTAIN PlNE . PlNUS CONTORTA ..... PINUS RESINOSA, RED PINE. PINUS THUNBERGII, JAPANESE BLACK PINE . CUPRESSUS ..... CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS, MEDITERRANEAN CYPRESS CUPRESSUS TORULOSA, HIMALAYAN CYPRESS CUPRESSUS CASHMERIANA .... CUPRESSUS FUNEBRIS, CHINESE WEEPING CYPRESS . CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA, MONTEREY CYPRESS CUPRESSUS GOVENIANA, GOWEN'S CYPRESS . CUPRESSUS MACNABIANA, MACNAB'S CYPRESS CUPRESSUS LUSITANICA, MEXICAN CYPRESS . CUPRESSUS ARIZONICA .... CUPRESSUS OBTUSA, HINOKI CYPRESS CUPRESSUS PISIFERA, SAWARA CYPRESS CUPRESSUS NOOTKATENSIS, SITKA CYPRESS . CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, LAWSON CYPRESS . CUPRESSUS THYOIDES .... QUERCUS ...... QUERCUS PHELLOS, WILLOW OAK . QUERCUS CINEREA, BLUE JACK QUERCUS IMBRICARIA, SHINGLE OAK QUERCUS LEANA ..... QUERCUS HETEROPHYLLA, BARTRAM'S OAK . QUERCUS NIGRA, WATER OAK 1096 1098 1099 II04 1106 1107 1109 1113 1119 1125 1127 "34 1140 II43 1146 "51 1158 1161 1162 1165 1171 "74 1176 "83 "85 1190 "94 I20O I2IO I2IS 1228 1230 1231 1232 "35 QUERCUS MARYLANDICA, BLACK JACK QUERCUS CUNEATA, SPANISH OAK . QUERCUS ILICIFOLIA, BEAR OAK QUERCUS VELUTINA, BLACK OAK, QUERCITRON OAK QUERCUS KELLOGGII, CALIFORNIAN BLACK OAK QUERCUS RUBRA, RED OAK. QUERCUS COCCINEA, SCARLET OAK . QUERCUS PALUSTRIS, PIN OAK QUERCUS SCHNECKII .... QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA, CALIFORNIAN LIVE OAK QUERCUS WISLIZENI .... QUERCUS CRASSIPES ..... QUERCUS CERRIS, TURKEY OAK QUERCUS LUCOMBEANA, LUCOMBE OAK QUERCUS ^GILOPS, VALONIA OAK . QUERCUS CASTANEJEFOLIA, CHESTNUT-LEAVED OAK . QUERCUS MACEDONICA .... QUERCUS LIBANI ..... QUERCUS SERRATA ..... QUERCUS VARIABILIS .... QUERCUS DENTATA ..... QUERCUS ALNIFOLIA .... QUERCUS COCCIFERA, KERMES OAK . QUERCUS ILEX, ILEX OR HOLM OAK QUERCUS TURNERI, TURNER'S OAK . QUERCUS AUDLEYENSIS QUERCUS SUBER, CORK OAK QUERCUS SEMECARPIFOLIA .... QUERCUS INCANA ..... QUERCUS PHILLYRJEOIDES . QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS .... QUERCUS GLABRESCENS .... QUERCUS ALBA, WHITE OAK QUERCUS LYRATA, OVERCUP OAK QUERCUS MACROCARPA, BURR OAK . QUERCUS LOBATA, CALIFORNIAN VALLEY OAK QUERCUS BICOLOR, SWAMP WHITE OAK QUERCUS PRINUS, CHESTNUT OAK . QUERCUS MUEHLENBERGII, YELLOW OAK . QUERCUS PRINOIDES. .... v PAGE 1236 1237 1238 1239 1241 1242 1247 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1254 I259 1268 1271 1273 1274 ï2?5 1276 1277 1278 1279 1281 1288 1291 1292 1297 1298 1298 1299 1300 1301 i3°4 1306 1309 1310 1311 V O VJ The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland QUERCUS OBTUSATA . QUERCUS TOZA, PYRENEAN OAK QUERCUS CONFERTA, HUNGARIAN OAK QUERCUS MIRBECKII, ALGERIAN OAK QUERCUS PONTICA . QUERCUS MACRANTHERA QUERCUS LUSITANICA, PORTUGUESE OAK QUERCUS INFECTORIA QUERCUS GLANDULIFERA QUERCUS GROSSESERRATA QUERCUS GLAUCA QUERCUS VIBRAYEANA QUERCUS ACUTA QUERCUS DENSIFLORA QUERCUS GLABRA QUERCUS CUSPIDATA PAGE I3I2 1316 1318 1321 1322 1322 1327 1327 1328 1329 '33° Ï331 1332 I332 ILLUSTRATIONS Himalayan Spruce on the road near Nagkunda (from a drawing by the late Miss North) Frontispiece PLATE No. Sugar Pine in California . . . . . . . . .271 Sugar Pine at Eastnor Castle . . . . . . .272 Western White Pine at Murthly Castle . . . . . . -273 Japanese White Pine in Japan . . . . . . . .274 Alpine Pine in the Engadine . . . . . . . . -275 White-bark Pine in Montana . . . ... . . . .276 Foxtail Pine in California . . . . . . . . .277 Montezuma Pine at Fota . . . . . . . . .278 Coulter's Pine at Hoddesdon ... . . .279 Digger Pine at Ledbury . ... 280 Yellow Pine in Montana . . . . . 281 Monterey Pine at Cuffnells . . . . . . . . .282 Monterey Pine at Goodwood. . . . . . . .283 Monterey Pine at Muckross . . . . . . . . .284 Mexican Pine at Carclew . . . . . . . . .285 Northern Pitch Pine at Arley Castle . . . . . . . .286 Aleppo Pine in Syria ......... 287 Aleppo Pine at Margam Park . . . . . . . .288 Jack Pine in Minnesota . . . . . . . . .289 Maritime Pine at Foxley . . . . . . . . .290 Stone Pine in Portugal . . . . . . . . .291 Lodge-pole Pine at Merton Hall . . . . . . . .292 Mediterranean Cypress at Heron Court . . . . . . .293 Mediterranean Cypress near Montpellier ....... 2 93A Himalayan Cypress at Cuffnells . . . . . . . .294 Monterey Cypress in California . . . . . . . .295 Monterey Cypress at Beauport . . . . . . . .296 Monterey Cypress at Tykillen . . . . . . . .297 Monterey Cypress at Osborne . . . . . . • .298 Gowen's Cypress at Dropmore . . . . . • • -299 Mexican Cypress at Hemsted . . . . . • • .300 Portuguese Cypress at Oriel Temple . . . . . . • 301 vii The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Bentham's Cypress at Fota ..... Hinoki Cypress near Imaichi, Japan ..... Hinoki Cypress in Japan •••... Sawara Cypress at Bicton .... Sitka Cypress on Mount Rainier ... Sitka Cypress in Snohomish County, Washington ; Sitka Cypress in Nisqually Valley, Washington Sitka Cypress at Tortworth .... Lawson Cypress at Killerton . Lawson Cypress at Castlewellan White Cedar in North Carolina Water Oak at Lyndon Hall .... Black Oak at Bayfordbury .... Red Oak at Kedleston Hall ...... Pin Oak in Windsor Park .... Turkey Oak at Belton . Turkey Oak at Mamhead ..... Turkey Oak at Mamhead ..... Fulham Oak at Kew Lucombe Oak at Castle Hill Lucombe Oak at Killerton . Valonia Oak at Lyndon Hall Chestnut-leaved Oak in Algeria ; Algerian Oak in Algeria Ilex at Holkham .... Ilex Grove at Holkham Ilex at Mamhead .... Hybrid Oak at Audley End ..... Cork Oak at Mamhead .... Swamp White Oak at Lyndon Hall Pyrenean Oak at Clonmannon .... Hungarian Oak at Orton Hall Algerian Oak at Hursley Park Quercus ; leaves, etc. . Quercus ; leaves, etc. . Quercus; leaves, etc. ... Quercus; leaves, etc. . Quercus ; leaves, etc. .... Quercus ; leaves, etc. ... Quercus ; leaves, etc. ... PLATE No. 302 3°3 3°4 3°5 306 3°7 308 3°9 31° 3" 312 313 314 315 316 31? 320 32! 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 33° 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 PINUS Pinus, Linnœus, Gen. PI. 293 (ex farté) (1737); Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, ii. 121 (1755); Bentham et Hooker, Gen. PI. m. 438 (1880); Engelmann, in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, iv. 161 (1886); Masters, in fount. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xxvii. 236, 248, 258, 269, 309 (1891), xxx. 37 (1893), and xxxv. 560 (1904); Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 425 (1890), and Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 340 (1906); Shaw, in Bot. Gaz. xliii. 205 (1907). EVERGREEN trees or shrubs, belonging to the division Abietinese of the order Coni- ferœ. Bark usually thick, rough, and deeply fissured ; but in some species thin and scaly, and in a few others peeling off in thin flakes like a plane tree. Branches arising from the stem in apparent whorls. Shoots of two kinds : short shoots, which are minute spurs of limited growth, bearing the adult leaves in clusters and deciduous with them ; and long shoots, the ordinary branchlets, which continue growth. In the majority * of pines, the long shoot produced in spring is a single internode, consisting of (a) a leafless base, which bears the staminate flowers, when these are developed ; and (b) a longer upper portion bearing foliage, and ending in (c) a terminal bud, subtended by a whorl of smaller buds, one or more of which may be replaced by pistillate flowers (young cones). The buds and young cones being close to the apex of the shoot, are said to be subterminal. In the second year the mature cones and the branchlets, which have developed from the single whorl of buds of the first year, are situated beneath the base of the new shoot of the year, which has sprung from the terminal bud of the preceding season. In another group2 of pines, the long shoot produced in spring consists of two (rarely three or more) internodes, each with a leafless base, a leaf-bearing portion, and a whorl of buds (with or without young cones). The buds and young cones are in two or more whorls, and are both subterminal and lateral in position. Similarly, in the second year, the branchlets and mature cones are in two or more whorls. In young or vigorous trees of any species of either group the subterminal whorl of buds and young cones, already formed in spring, is occasionally placed in a lateral position by the development above it of a summer shoot, which is distinguished from 1 Termed uninodal pines by Shaw. 2 Multinodal pines of Shaw, who points out that when the trees are old or diminishing in vigour, they often produce shoots with only one whorl of buds, but recognisable as having two internodes by the presence of two leafless bases ; or they may, when very feeble, only develop one internode to each shoot. V IOOI B 1002 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland the normal spring shoot with long leaves and brown withered scale-leaves, by bearing short leaves with green scale-leaves. In this exceptional case, which is, however, common in certain species, the buds and cones are said to be pseudo-lateral. Buds, varying in the different species in shape and in the characters of their spirally imbricated scales, which are united together by their fringed margins or matted hairs, or are embedded in resin, their tips being erect, spreading, or reflexed. The buds are compound ; their outer scales empty and persistent at the base of the shoot, when the bud unfolds ; their inner scales enclosing minute buds, which develop into the short shoots and adult foliage (and when flower- bearing, into the staminate flowers as well). These inner scales persist on the developed branchlets as scale-leaves. Leaves of three kinds : (a) Primordial leaves, borne on seedling plants, solitary, spirally arranged, spreading, linear-lanceolate, keeled on both surfaces, serrulate. (<5) Scale-leaves, containing in their axils the short shoots and adult leaves, triangular-lanceolate, entire or fringed in margin, usually1 quickly deciduous in part, their basal portion only persisting, (c) Adult leaves, needle-like, persistent two to twenty years, in clusters of one to five (rarely six or seven), at the apex of the short shoot, serrulate or entire in margin ; section2 plano-convex in two-leaved species, triangular in three- to five-leaved species ; fibro-vascular bundle branched or simple ; resin- canals, two to twelve, marginal or median. The sheath at the base of each cluster, formed by the scales of the minute buds, is either quickly and entirely deciduous or persistent ; in the latter case usually becoming, with age, shortened, blackened, and lacerated, but in certain species dividing into segments, which become reflexed and surround the base of the leaf-bundle as a rosette. Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers,3 clustered in a head or spike at the base of the current year's shoot, ovoid or cylindrical, surrounded at the base by an involucre of scale-like bracts, composed of numerous imbricated sessile two-celled anthers ; connective crest-like, nearly orbicular ; pollen-grains with two lateral air- vesicles. Pistillate flowers or young cones, sub-terminal or lateral, solitary or in clusters, surrounded at the base by sterile bracts ; composed of two series of scales, minute carpels becoming obsolete in the ripe cone, and large ovuliferous scales, each of the latter bearing two pendulous ovules. Pollination occurs in the first year, when the scales open to receive the pollen, closing immediately afterwards ; but fertilisation, the arrival of the pollen-tube at the embryo-sac, does not occur till May or June in the second year ; in consequence the cone remains small in the first year, and increases only in size in the second year. Fruit a woody cone,4 ripening in nearly all the species6 at the end of the second 1 In the species with leaves densely crowded on the branchlets, the scale-leaves persist during the first year. 3 In P. monophylla, the section of the solitary leaf is terete. 8 Shaw, Pines of Mexico, i (1909), points out that in the Soft Pines the buds enclosing the staminate flowers are not sufficiently advanced at the end of the growing season to be distinguishable ; but in the Hard Pines they are recognisable hy their larger size. In the latter, the young staminate flowers are either (a) enclosed in the general outline of the bud, or (A) they form about the nodes of the bud characteristic enlargements, which are constant for each species. 4 The subterminal, lateral, or pseudo-lateral position of the cone referred to in descriptions of species is, as already defined above, that of the young cone in the first year. 6 In P. Pinea, P. leiophylla, and P. chihuahuana the cones take three years to ripen ; and in these the umbo of the scale shows separate growths of the first and second years. Pinus 1003 year ; symmetrical, or oblique with the scales larger on the outer side of the cone. The exposed part of each scale in the unopened cone, known as the apophysis, is thickened and shows the apex of the growth of the first year as a terminal or dorsal protuberance or scar called the umbo, which is either unarmed or provided with a sharp prickle or stout spine. The cones in most species open their scales when ripe, allowing the seed to escape ; but in P. Cembra, P. pumila, and P. albicaulis the scales are incapable of dehiscence, and the seeds are liberated by the attacks of squirrels and other animals. In other species a large proportion of the cones remain on the trees unopened for many years, the scales ultimately separating when scorched by forest fires. Usually the cones fall through decay at the insertion of their peduncle ; but in P. resinosa, P. ponderosa and P. palustris separation occurs near the base of the cone, a few of the lower scales remaining attached by the stalk to the branch. Seeds, two on each scale, obovate, triangular or cylindrical ; wing embracing by its rim-like base the sides and part of the upper surface of the seed, and either separating freely from it as in the Hard Pines, or adhering closely and breaking off from it irregularly as in P. Strobus and its allies. In certain species, the seeds of which are edible and distributed by animals, the wing, no longer serving for flight, is either reduced to a mere vestige only visible on the upper surface of the seed, as in P. Cembra and its allies, or it is much shortened and reduced to a narrow lateral rim, which usually remains on the scale when the seed falls, as in P. Pinea, P. cembroides, P. Bungeana, and their allies. In germination the shell of the seed, from which the wing has usually fallen, is raised as a hood on the top of the cotyledons,1 which vary from three to eighteen in number and are usually triangular, flat, and green below, and keeled and marked with stomata above, entire in margin, acute or mucronate at the apex. The young stem elongating bears primordial leaves, in the axils of which the adult fascicled leaves are usually produced in the second year. About eighty species of Pinus are known, distributed through the northern hemisphere from the Arctic circle to Central America, the West Indies, Canary Islands, Morocco, Algeria, Syria, Himalayas, Burmah, Philippine Islands, Sumatra, and Borneo. Of these about fifty-two species are in cultivation, which may be arranged as follows :— I. HAPLOXYLON, Koehne, Deutsche Dendrologie, 28 (1893). Soft Pines.2 Leaves with A single fibro-vascular bundle. Scale-leaves subtending the leaf-clusters inserted on prominent bases, which are not decurrent on the branchlets. Cones symmetrical, opening when ripe. Seed-wing present or obsolete, not readily detachable from the seed. Cortex persistent on young trees for many years. Walls of tracheids of medullary rays of the wood not dentate. The wood is usually soft, close-grained, and light in colour ; sap wood generally narrow. 1 The number of cotyledons in each species is variable within narrow limits, and is stated by Dr. Masters mjotirn. Linn. See. (Bet.) xxvii. 236 (1891). Cf. also Hill and de Fraine, in Ann. Bot. xxiii. 199 (1909). 8 The shoots are always uninodal in the soft pines. 1004 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland A. LEAF-SHEATH ENTIRELY DECIDUOUS. LEAVES IN FIVES. § i. STROBUS, Spach. White Pines. Leaves serrate in margin, with marginal resin-canals. Cones sub-terminal, elongated, pendulous, usually long-stalked ; scales thin, each with a terminal unarmed umbo. Seeds with long wings, closely adherent and breaking off irregularly. * Branchlets glabrous. 1. Pinus excelsa, Wal lieh. Himalayas. Seep. ion. Branchlets glaucous, green. Buds conic, shortly acuminate. Leaves 5 to 8 in. long, spreading, slender ; some sharply bent as if broken. 2. Finns Peuke, Grisebach. Balkan Peninsula. See p. 1014. Branchlets shining green. Buds ovoid, shortly acuminate. Leaves about 4 in. long, densely tufted towards the end of the shoot, and not spreading or broken as in P. excelsa. ** Branchlets pubescent. Bud-scales free at tfieir apices. 3. Pinus Ayacahuite, Ehrenberg. Mexico. Seep. 1017. Branchlets covered with a short rusty-brown pubescence. Buds ovoid, acuminate, resinous. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, spreading, occasionally bent as if broken, as in P. excelsa. *** Branchlets pubescent. Bud-scales closely appressed. 4. Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas. Oregon, California. See p. 1020. Branchlets with short brown, partly glandular pubescence. Buds cylindrical, rounded at the apex or sharp-pointed. Leaves about 4 in. long, twisted a complete turn, rigid, ending in a sharp cartilaginous point. 5. Pinus monticola, Don. Western North America. See p. 1022. Branchlets with short brown, partly glandular pubescence. Buds ovoid, acuminate. Leaves 4 in. long, slightly twisted in their upper half, blunt at the apex. 6. Pinus Strobus, Linnaeus. Eastern North America. See p. 1025. Branchlets with pubescent tufts below the insertions of the leaf-clusters, elsewhere usually glabrous. Buds ovoid, acuminate. Leaves 3 in. long, very slender, not twisted. 7. Pinusparviflora? Siebold et Zuccarini. Japan, Kurile Isles. See p. 1033. Branchlets greyish, with a scattered minute pubescence. Buds ovoid, not acuminate. Leaves 2 in. long, white on the inner surfaces, blunt at the apex. § 2. CEMBRA, Spach. Stone Pines. Leaves serrate or entire in margin, with median or marginal resin-canals. Cones sub-terminal, short-stalked; scales thickened, each with a terminal unarmed umbo. Seeds large, edible, with rudimentary or obsolete wings. 1 This species, which is variable in the length of the seed-wing, is intermediate in character, and forms a connecting link between the first two sections. Pinus 1005 * Leaves serrate, -with median resin-canals. 8. Pinus Cernera, Linnaeus. Alps, Carpathians, North-Eastern Russia, Siberia. See p. 1035. Branchlets covered with a dense orange-brown shaggy tomentum. Buds ovoid, acuminate, resinous. Leaves 2^ to 3^ in. long, with few serrations at the tip. 9. Pinus koraiensis, Siebold et Zuccarini. Amurland, Manchuria, Korea, Japan. See p. 1041. Branchlets and buds as in P. Cembra. Leaves with numerous sharp serra tions at the tip, otherwise as in P. Cembra. ID. Pinus Armandi, Franchet. China. See p. 1043. Branchlets olive green, glabrous or with minute scattered hairs. Buds with free or appressed scales. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, spreading, and often bent, as in P. excelsa. * * Leaves entire in margin, with marginal resin-canals. 11. Pinus pumila, Regel. Kamtschatka, Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Saghalien, Kurile Isles, Japan. See p. 1045. Buds and branchlets as in P. Cembra. Leaves1 also similar, but usually shorter and differing in the position of the resin-canals. 12. Pinus ßexilis, James. Western North America. Seep. 1046. Branchlets glabrous or covered with a minute brown soft pubescence. Buds ovoid, sharp-pointed, resinous. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, stout, rigid, curved, sharp-pointed. 13. Pinus albicaulis, Engelmann. Western North America. Seep. 1048. Scarcely distinguishable from P. flexilis in the absence of cones, though the branchlets apparently differ in their scattered minute stiff pubescence. B. LEAF-SHEATH ENTIRELY DECIDUOUS. LEAVES IN THREES. § 3. GERARDIAN^:, Engelmann. Plane-bark Pines. Leaves serrulate, with marginal resin-canals. Cones sub-terminal ; scales much thickened, each with a dorsal umbo. Seeds large, edible ; wing reduced to a narrow deciduous rim, remaining on the scale when the seed falls. 14. Pinus Bungeana, Zuccarini. China. Seep. 1050. Branchlets glabrous, green, smooth. Buds spindle-shaped, with scales free at their tips. Leaves 3 in. long, shining green, rigid, with the basal sheaths deciduous in the first year. 15. Pinus Gerardiana, Wallich. Western Himalayas. See p. 1052. Branchlets glabrous, green, smooth. Buds conic, acuminate, resinous. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, duller in colour and less rigid than in P. Bungeana, with the basal sheaths deciduous in the second year. 1 In the insular form of this species, the leaves are indistinctly serrulate in margin. ioo6 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland C. LEAF-SHEATHS PARTLY DECIDUOUS, THEIR INNER PART PERSISTING AS A ROSETTE OF REFLEXED SCALES AROUND THE BASE OF THE LEAF-BUNDLE. LEAVES ENTIRE IN MARGIN. * Leaves in ßves. § 4. BALFOURIAN^, Engelmann. Fox-tail Pines. Cones sub-terminal, short-stalked,' cylindrical ; scales each with a dorsal umbo, armed with a slender prickle. Seeds with long wings, easily separable. 16. Pinus Balfouriana, Balfour. California. Seep. 1054. Branchlets stout, pubescent. Buds ovoid, acuminate. Leaves \\ in. long, without stomata on the outer surface, rigid, curved. 17. Pinus aristata, Engelmann. Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, South eastern California. See p. 1055. Differs from the preceding species in the numerous resinous exudations on the leaves, and in the cones and seeds. ** Leaves solitary or in twos, threes, or fours. § 5. CEMBROIDES, Engelmann. Nut Pines. Cones sub-terminal, sub-sessile, globose ; scales few, much thickened, each with a dorsal umbo, unarmed or with a minute prickle. Seed large, edible, with wing reduced to a narrow rim, remaining on the scale. 18. Pimis monophylla, Torrey. Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, Lower California. See p. 1056. Leaves solitary, rigid, terete, sharp-pointed, i^ in. long, remotely placed on the branchlets. 19. Pinus edulis, Engelmann. Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Northern Mexico. See p. 1058. Leaves in twos, rarely in threes, rigid, sharp-pointed, f to \\ in. long, remotely placed on the branchlets. 20. Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini. Arizona, Lower California, Northern Mexico. See p. 1059. Leaves in threes, rarely in twos, softer and more slender than in the other species of the section, and densely crowded on the branchlets. 21. Pinus Parryana, Engelmann. Southern California, Lower California. See p. 1060. Leaves in fours, rarely in fives, \\ in. long, rigid, sharp-pointed, remotely placed on the branchlets. II. DIPLOXYLON, Koehne, Deutsche Dendrologie, 30 (1893). Hard Pines. Leaves with a divided fibro-vascular bundle. Bases of the scale-leaves sub tending the leaf-clusters, decurrent on the branchlets. Cones sometimes asymmetrical, and often remaining closed for several years after ripening ; scales always with dorsal umbos. Seed-wing present, occasionally reduced to a narrow rim ; always readily detachable from the seed. Walls of tracheids of the medullary rays of the wood not dentate. The wood is usually heavy, coarse- Pinus 1007 grained, and dark-coloured ; sapwood thick, and paler in colour than the heart- wood. D. LEAF-SHEAF PERSISTENT IN ALL THE CULTIVATED SPECIES. LEAVES ALWAYS SERRATE. a. Leaves in ßves. § 6. PSEUDOSTROBUS, Engelmann. Leaves with median resin-canals. Cones sub-terminal. Shoots uninodal. 22. Pinus Montezumœ, Lambert. Mexico, Guatemala. See p. 1061. Branchlets stout, not glaucous, reddish brown. Buds ovoid, pointed, an inch long, reddish brown, scarcely resinous. Leaves about 9 in. long ; basal sheaths i^ to 2 in. long. Scale-leaves persistent. 22A. Pinus Montezumœ, Lambert, var. Hartwegii, Engelmann. Cold regions and high altitudes of Mexico. See p. 1062. Branchlets and buds, as in the type, but the latter smaller, \ to f in. long, usually with resinous appressed scales. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long ; basal sheaths i in. long. Scale-leaves persistent. 23. Pinus pseudostrobus, Lindley. Mexico. See p. 1064. Branchlets slender, glaucous. Buds, leaves, and scale-leaves as in P. Montezumœ. 24. Pinus Torreyana, Parry. Coast of California near San Diego, and Santa Rosa island. See p. 1065. Branchlets glaucous, dull grey in the second year. Buds cylindro-conic, \ in. long ; scales pale brown with appressed points. Leaves 7 to 13 in. long, very stout ; basal sheaths an inch long. Scale-leaves deciduous. ß. Leaves in threes. § 7. TAEDA, Mayr. Leaves with median resin-canals. Cones variable in size and position. Shoots uninodal or multinodal. * Buds resinous ; points of bud-scales appressed. t Leaves more than 6 in. long. 25. Pinus Cmilteri, Don. California. See p. 1067. Branchlets stout, glaucous, remaining green in the second year. Buds ovoid, stout, acuminate or cuspidate, i to i^ in. long. Leaves 10 to 14 in. long, dark green, spreading from the upper part of the branchlets of the first and second years. 26. Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas. California. See p. 1069. Branchlets slender, glaucous, remaining green in the second year. Buds narrowly cylindrical, an inch long. Leaves 7 to 12 in. long, greyish green, spreading or drooping from the upper part of the branchlets of the first and second years. 27. Pinus ponderosa, Lawson. Western N. America. See p. 1071. Branchlets stout, reddish, not glaucous, becoming nearly black in the second ioo8 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland and third years. Buds cylindro-conic, an inch long. Leaves 6 to 10 in. long, dark green, densely crowded on the greater part of the branchlets, directed outwards and forwards. 2 7 A. Pinus ponderosa, Lawson, var. Jeffreyi, Vasey. California and Lower California. See p. 1072. Branchlets stout, glaucous, becoming dark-coloured in the second and third years. Buds stout, cylindro-conic, reddish brown, an inch long, with scales less resinous and their points more free than in the type. •\ t Leaves less than 6 in. long. 28. Pinus tuberculata, Gordon. Oregon, California. See p. 1077. Branchlets reddish brown, not glaucous. Buds cylindrical, pointed, an inch long. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long, rigid, dark green ; basal sheath \ in. long. 29. Pinus radiata, Don. Coast of California, near Monterey. Islands of Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Guadalupe. See p. 1079. Branchlets reddish brown, not glaucous. Buds cylindrical, pointed, ^ to f in. long. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long, slender, flexible and soft in texture, light green, densely crowded on the branchlets ; basal sheath \ inch long. ** Points of the bud-scales free and slightly spreading, not reflexed. 30. Pinuspatula, Schlechtendal et Chamisso. Mexico. See p. 1085. Branchlets glaucous. Buds cylindro-conic, \ to f in. long. Leaves 6 to 9 in. long, filiform, soft and very slender, drooping ; basal sheath, i in. long. 31. Pinus Teocote, Schlechtendal et Chamisso. Mexico. See p. 1086. Branchlets glaucous, the epidermis of the decurrent pulvini peeling off in the second and third years. Buds cylindro-conic, resinous, f in. long. Leaves 4 to 8 in. long, rigid, spreading ; basal sheath an inch long. 32. Pimis rigida? Miller. Eastern Canada, and North-eastern United States. See p. 1087. Branchlets not glaucous. Buds cylindro-conic, ^ to f in. long. Leaves 3^ to 4 in. long, rigid ; basal sheath f to ^ in. long. 33. Pinus serotina,1 Michaux. South-eastern and Southern United States. See p. 1090. Distinguishable from P. rigida by the different cones and longer leaves. 6 to ID in. long ; but in cultivated trees in England the leaves are as short as in that species. *** Buds non-resinous ; bud-scales with free, ßmbriated, and recurved points. The apex of the second year s branchlet is marked with a conspicuoiis sheath of the persistent recurved bud-scales. 34. Pinus palustris, Miller. South-eastern and Southern United States. See p. 1091. Branchlets stout, orange brown. Buds i^ to 2 in. long, with silvery white scales. Leaves 8 to 18 in. long, densely crowded on the branchlets ; basal sheath f to i in. long. Scale-leaves persistent. 1 Adult trees of both these species are readily recognisable by the adventitious shoots on the old branches and stems. Occasionally the buds in P. rigida are very resinous, with closely appressed scales. Pinus 1009 35. Pinus Taeda, Linnaeus. South-eastern and Southern United States. Seep. 1094. Branchlets glaucous. Buds ^ in. long, with brown scales. Leaves 6 to 9 in. long, spreading ; basal sheath nearly I in. long. Scale-leaves persistent. 36. Pinus canariensis, Smith. Canary Islands. See p. 1096. Branchlets yellow, not glaucous. Buds f in. long, with reddish brown scales. Leaves 7 to 12 in. long, densely crowded on the branchlets, slender, flexible. 7. Leaves in twos ; in one species, clusters of three leaves also occur. See § 8 and § 9. § 8. BANKSIA, Mayr. Cones lateral. Shoots multinodal, a vigorous branch showing a whorl of buds, branchlets, or cones in the middle of each year's shoot, in addition to the subterminal whorl. * Leaves in twos and in threes, on the same branch. 37. Pinus echinata, Miller. South-eastern United States. See p. 1098. Branchlets slender, brittle, glaucous, with the bark in the third year exfoliating in large flakes. Buds \ in. long, brownish, shining, with resinous appressed scales. Leaves 3 in. long, resin-canals median ; basal sheath f in. long. ** Leaves always in pairs. t Buds non-resinous, with free and reciirved points to their scales. 38. Pinus halepensis, Miller. Mediterranean region, Caucasus. See p. 1099. Branchlets glaucous. Leaves 2^ to 4 in. long; resin-canals marginal; basal sheath \ in. long. In var. Brutia the leaves are 4 to 6 in. long. 11 Buds resinous, with appressed scales. 39. Pinus muricata, Don. California. Seep. 1104. Branchlets stout, reddish brown. Buds cylindrical, f to i in. long ; scales encrusted with white resin. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, stout, rigid ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ in. long. 40. Pimispungens, Michaux. Alleghany Mountains. Seep. 1106. Branchlets shining brown. Buds cylindrical, f in. long. Leaves 2 to 2^ in. long, stout, rigid, very sharp-pointed; resin-canals median; basal sheath \ in. long. 41. Pinus virginiana, Miller. Eastern United States. Seep. 1107. Branchlets slender, glaucous violet. Buds cylindrical, f in. long. Leaves i^ to 3 in. long ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath T3e in. long. 42. Pimis Banksiana, Lambert. Canada, east of the Rockies ; United States, Minnesota to Maine. See p. 1109. Branchlets slender, greenish. Buds ovoid, \ in. long. Leaves i in. long ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ to \ in. long. § 9. PINASTER, Mayr. Cones subterminal. Shoots uninodal, a branch, even when vigorous, showing only one whorl of branchlets, buds, and cones, in each year's shoot, close to its apex. Leaves always in pairs. c V IQ i o The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland * Buds non-resinous ; bud-scales with free and recurved points. 43. Pinus Pinaster, Solander. Mediterranean region. Seep. 1113. Branchlets stout. Buds stout, spindle-shaped, pointed, f to i in. long. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long, stout, rigid ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath i in. long. 44. Pinus Pinea, Linnaeus. Mediterranean region. See p. 1119. Branchlets slender. Buds ovoid, pointed, f in. long. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath -^ in. long. ** Buds resinous ; brid-scales free at the apex. Bark of upper part of the stem reddish and peeling off in thin papery scales. 45. Pinus sylvestris, Linnaeus. Europe, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Siberia. See Vol. III. p. 571. Branchlets shining, greenish. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, glaucous blue, broad and flattened ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath \ in. long. 46. Pinus densiflora, Siebold et Zuccarini. Japan. Seep. 1125. Branchlets glaucous. Buds \ in. long. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, dull green ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long, often ending in two long narrow filaments. *** Buds resinous ; points of the bud-scales appressed. •j" Buds cylindric or spindle-shaped. Leaves i-| /0 3 in. long. 47. Pinus montana, Miller. Mountains of central and southern Europe. See p. 1127. Branchlets brown. Buds ^ to ^ in. long, very resinous. Leaves persistent 5 to IQ years, i^ to 2\ in. long; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath \ to £G in. long. 48. Pinus conforta, Loudon. Western North America. See p. 1134. Branchlets brown. Buds ^ in. long, very resinous. Leaves persistent 3 to 8 years, twisted, i^ to 3 in. long ; resin canals median ; basal sheath ^ in. long. •(••(• Buds ovoid. Leaves1 3 to 6 in. long. 49. Pinus resinosa, Solander. Eastern Canada ; United States, Minnesota to Massachussets. Seep. 1140. Branchlets orange-brown. Buds pale brown, ^ to f in. long. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long. 50. Pinus Thunbergii, Parlatore. Japan. Seep. 1143. Branchlets brown. Buds \ to f in. long, whitish. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, rigid, sharp-pointed ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ in. long, ending above in two long filaments. 51. Pinus Laricio, Poiret. Southern Europe, Caucasus, Asia Minor. See Vol. II. p. 407. Branchlets brown. Buds ^ to i in. long, light brown, tinged with white. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ in. long. 52. Pinus leucodermis, Antoine. Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro. See Vol. II. p. 424. Branchlets glaucous. Buds \ to i in. long, dark brown. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, rigid, sharp-pointed ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ in. long. (A. H.) 1 They are sometimes only 2 in. long in P. leucodermis, No. 52. Pinus 101 I PINUS EXCELSA, HIMALAYAN BLUE PINE Pinus excelsa, Wallich, List 6059 (1828), and PL As. Rar. iii. t. 201 (1832); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2285 (1838); Forbes, Pinet. Woburn. 75, t. 29 (1839); Masters, Gard. Chron. xix. 244, figs. 32, 35 (1883), and Journ. Linn. Soc. (Sat.), xxxv. 581 (1904); Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 27, t. 4 (1884); Hooker, Fl. Brit. India, v. 651 (1888) ; Kent, Veitch's Man. Conifères, 328 (1900); Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 704 (1902); Brandis, Indian Trees, 689 (1906); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 20 (1909). Pinus nepalensis, De Chambray, Traité Prat. Arb. Res. Conif. 312 (1845). Pinus pendula, Griffith, Journals, 211, 237, 239, 264, 265, 287, 293 (1847). Pinus Griffith», M'Clelland, in Griffith, Notul. iv. 17 (1854), and Icon. PL Asiat, iv. t. 365 (1854). A tree, attaining in the Himalayas 150 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Branches widely spreading ; branchlets upturned at their tips. Bark greyish brown, smooth on young trees, ultimately fissuring into small regular plates. Buds conical, elongated, shortly acuminate ; the long subulate points of the scales either free or appressed together with resin. Young branchlets glaucous, smooth, glabrous, turning olive green in winter, and dark grey in the second year. Leaves in fives, persisting for three years, 5 to 8 in. long, spreading, often bent near the base, as if broken ; slender, scarcely curved or twisted, serrulate, sharp-pointed, marked with stomatic lines on the three surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long, early deciduous. Cones solitary or two to three together, erect when young, pendulous in the second year on stalks i£ to 2 in. long ; cylindrical, 6 to 10 in. long, light brown when mature. Scales elongated-cuneate, about i^ in. long, i in. broad at the widest part ; apophysis longitudinally channelled, convex from side to side, and thickened in the centre, with rounded thin upper margin, and short pointed terminal dark coloured umbo. Seed ovoid, brown, £ to ^ in. long ; wing £ in. long, f in. wide, very oblique on the outer side, light brown, streaked with darker brown wavy lines. Cotyledons 8 to 12. This species is readily distinguishable from all the other pines with five leaves and a deciduous sheath, by its glabrous glaucous branchlets. StripedJ and one-leafed2 sports, arising in cultivation, have been described ; but appear to be unknown in England. DISTRIBUTION This species,8 known as the blue pine in India, is a native of the temperate Himalayas, at 6000 to 12,500 feet elevation, extending westward to Afghanistan and Kafiristan, and eastward to Nepal, but has not been seen in central and north-west Kumaon. It has not been found in Sikkim, but is common in Bhutan.4 According to 1 Var. zebrina, Croux, in Rev. Hort., 1889, p.392, fig. 101. Leaves marked an inch below the apex with a cream-coloured band. Originated at Sceaux in France. 2 Var. monophylla, Carrière, Conif. 398 (1867). Each sheath with apparently only one leaf, all the five leaves being welded together. 3 It was first collected by Buchanan-Hamilton near Karainhetty, in Nepal. 4 Hooker and Thomson, Fl. Indica, Introductory Essay, 178, 181 (1855), and Griffith, Journ. Mission Bootan in 1837-1838, p. 129. IQ i z The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Gamble it either forms pure woods or is mixed with other trees, such as the deodar, being accompanied at high levels by birch and silver fir, and at low elevations by Pinus longifolia. On the edges of the forest, scrub lands soon become covered with seedlings, which grow up into dense belts. These seedlings, on account of their rapid growth, soon suppress those of the deodar. Mayr1 refers to the ease with which this pine naturally regenerates itself in the Himalayas, and gives a picture of the forest with numerous seedlings. It commonly attains a height of 100 to 120 ft., with a girth of 6 to 10 ft., rarely reaching 150 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. On good soils at moderate elevations, it grows rapidly, making five rings per inch of radius ; while at high elevations on rocky soil its rate sinks to 20 to 25 rings per inch. It prefers sandy or clayey soils, though occasionally met with on limestone. In India, while easy to rear in the nursery, it bears transplanting badly ; and Gamble recommends that it should be grown in baskets, which should be used in planting out. The timber is good, next in value to that of the deodar, and is largely used in construction throughout the western Himalayas, especially in Kashmir and the Punjab. For railway sleepers it is slightly inferior to the deodar ; but for planking, doors, windows, and furniture, it is better than the timber of that tree, as it is not so brittle, and is free from the oil, which in the deodar so readily absorbs dirt. In Kangra and Kulu, it is said to be used for making tea-boxes, as it is free from strong scent.2 The wood is highly resinous, and produces turpentine and tar.2 The trees are tapped for about three years, then allowed three years' rest, when tapping is recommenced on the other side. The more resinous parts of the wood are much employed for torches, known as mashâl in Hindustani. In dry winter seasons, the leaves and twigs become covered with a copious sweet exudation, which is collected and eaten by the natives. The origin of this manna-like substance is not yet accurately determined.3 (A. H.) CULTIVATION P. excelsa was introduced into cultivation4 by Lambert, who raised many plants in 1823 at Boyton. Plants were also reared in the Chiswick Garden and in the Glasgow Botanic Garden in 1827 from seeds sent by Wallich. It is perfectly hardy in all parts of Great Britain, Mr. Palmer's tables showing only five places out of ninety-five in which it was killed by the severe winter of 1860, and in three of these the thermometer fell below zero. Two-year seedlings raised at Colesborne from Himalayan seed were uninjured in my garden in 1908 by a temperature of about zero. But judging from its comparative rarity, and the smaller size of the trees we have seen in the north of England and in Scotland, it requires the full summer heat of our climate to do it justice, nearly all the largest specimens I 1 Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 375, fig. 122 (1906). 2 Cf. Watt, Commercial Products of India, 888 (1908), who refers to Thurston, Resin and Turpentine from Indian Pines, Imp. fust. Handbook, 1893, pp. 7-19; Lawrence, Valley of Kashmir, 80 (1895); etc. 3 Cf. Madden, mjourn. Agri-Hort. Soc. India, reproduced in Indian Forester, i. 55(1875). 4 Genus Pinus, ii. 6 (1824). Pinus 1013 have seen being in the south and east, not attaining such large dimensions where the winters are very mild. It seems comparatively indifferent to soil, growing best on a good deep loam, and is one of the pines which may be planted on limestone successfully. As a rule it seems to have a tendency to fork low down, and often develops into large spreading bushy trees with several leaders, and the lower branches resting on the ground. Its growth when young is rapid, but seems to fall off very much after forty or fifty years. It is liable to be injured by wind, and requires a sheltered situation, with full sun. I am not aware that it has anywhere been tried under forest conditions, and it has no special qualities that will justify its being looked on as other than an ornamental tree. It produces seed freely, which sheds early, and in favourable situations reproduces itself naturally. REMARKAKLF TREES The best specimen as regards height and symmetry that I have seen is at Hewell Grange, near Bewdley, the seat of the Earl of Plymouth, which in 1909 measured 93 ft. by 8 ft. 4 in. There are two fine trees growing on low ground near the lake at Eastnor Castle, with tall oaks and elms near them. Mr. MuIIins, the gardener, measured these in 1909, by sending a man up the stems to near the top, and found them to be 90 ft. by 7 ft. 11 in., and 80 ft. by 8| ft. A tree at the Hendre, Monmouthshire, is said by Sir H. Maxwell1 to be 90 ft. high. A well-shaped tree near the mansion at Claremont was 81 ft. by 8 ft. in 1907. A tree at Nuneham Park was 74 ft. by 8 ft. 7 in. in 1907. A large tree forking close to the ground, where some of the branches have layered, about 60 ft. by 8 ft., is growing at Goodwood. At Ampney Crucis, near Cirencester, on the lawn of the house occupied by Mrs. Elwes, a tall slender tree was about 68 ft. by 4 ft. in 1909. At Highnam, Gloucester, a tree measured in 1906, 63 ft. by 8 ft. 5 in. At Wilton House, near Salisbury, a tree was 77 ft. by 8 ft. 3 in. in 1906. At Merton, Norfolk, there is a tall tree, dividing near the base into four stems which reach a height of 86 ft. This was raised from seed in 1861. At Munden, Watford, a fine tree is 75 ft. high, girthing 9 ft. at two feet from the ground, and dividing above into two stems. There is a very remarkable specimen at The Frythe, Welwyn, which was planted in 1846. It is 60 ft. high and 7 ft. in girth, with extremely wide spreading branches, many layering and sending up erect stems. The total circumference of the branches was 246 ft. in 1906. Mr. H. Clinton-Baker measured a tree at High Canons, Herts, 75 ft. by 7 ft. in 1908. Another is that at Barton, near Bury St. Edmunds, which measured in 1904, 87 ft. by 9 ft. 5 in. It was raised2 from seed given to Lady Napier by Wallich, and was planted out in 1843. It bore the severe winter of 1860-1861 without injury. There is a large tree at Casewick, Stamford, from which Lord Kesteven 1 Green, Encyl. Agr. iii. 280 (1908). z Bunbury, Arboretum Notes, 131 (1889). i o 14 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland has raised numerous seedlings. At Wimpole, near Cambridge, a well-shaped tree measured 63 ft. by 7 ft. 3 in. in 1909. In Wales the largest I have seen is an ill-grown tree, at Maesllwch Castle, forking at the ground, where it was 10 ft. 10 in. in girth in 1906. In Scotland the finest tree1 is probably one at Smeaton-Hepburn, planted in 1839, which was 76 ft. high in 1902, with a trunk 12 ft. in girth at two feet from the ground, dividing above into three stems. At Keir, Perthshire, a fine tree measured 67 ft. by 6 ft. 3 in. in 1903. At Galloway House, Wigtownshire, there is a healthy tree, about 40 ft. in height. In Ireland, there is a fine wide-spreading tree at Kilruddery, near Bray, which in 1904 measured 65 ft. by 9 ft. 4 in. There are also good specimens at Castle- martyr. At Brockley Park, Queen's County, a tree, dividing into several stems near the base, was 64 ft. high in 1907. At Emo Park, Portarlington, another measured, in the same year, 66 ft. by 6 ft. 9 in. Sargent2 says that in New England it is hardy though short-lived ; but there are large, healthy cone-bearing trees in Central Park, New York, and near many cities of the middle states. (H. J. E.) PINUS PEUKE, MACEDONIAN PINE Pinus Peuke, Grisebach, Spicileg. Flor. Rumel. ii. 349 (1844); Christ, in Flora, xlviii. 257, t. 2 (1865); Boissier, Flora Orientalis, v. 698 (1884); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xix. 244, figs. 33, 34 (1883), and w.Journ. Linn. Soc. (£of.), xxii. 205, figs. 30, 31 (1887), and xxxv. 581 (1904); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 357 (1900) ; Beck von Mannagetta, Vegetationsverhält. Illyrischen Ländern, 363-365 (1901); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 42 (1909). Pinus excelsa, J. D. Hooker, Joitrn. Linn. Soc. (Sot.), viii. 145 (1864) (not Wallich). Pinus excelsa, Wallich, var. Peuce, Beissner, Nadelholzkunde, 286 (1891). A tree, attaining in Bulgaria 100 ft. in height and 7 ft. in girth, narrowly pyramidal in habit. Bark similar to that of P. excelsa. Buds ovoid, shortly acum inate, about § in. long, brown, resinous ; scales with long subulate free points. Young branchlets smooth, glabrous, shining green, becoming brownish grey in the second year. Leaves in fives, persistent two or three years, about 4 inches long, directed for wards and slightly outwards, not widely spreading or bent as in P. excelsa, slender, straight, not twisted, serrulate, sharp-pointed, marked with stomatic lines on all three surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long, early deciduous. Cones on short (less than \ in.) stalks, subterminal, spreading or pendulous, green before ripening, brown when mature, cylindric, tapering to a blunt apex, 4 to 6 in. long, i^ to 2 in. in diameter. Scales broadly cuneate, thin, i£ to \\ in. long, f in. broad ; apophysis slightly rounded or almost straight in the thin bevelled upper margin, raised in the centre and marked exteriorly with longitudinal channels, convex from side to side, ending in a small dark-coloured depressed umbo. Seed 1 Cf. Hist. Berwickshire Nat. Club, xviii. 211 (1904). * Garden and Forest, x. 461 (1897). Pinus 1015 similar to that of P. excelsa, but with a shorter broader wing, which has finer, closer, and straighter longitudinal veins. Specimens from the Balkans, with shorter thinner leaves than those first described from Mt. Peristeri, were distinguished by Dr. Christ as var. vermiculata^ ; but such trivial and inconstant differences scarcely deserve a varietal name. This species is closely allied to P. excelsa, but differs remarkably in the narrow pyramidal habit seen both in cultivation and in Bulgaria, where, as Velenovsky states, natural woods look exactly like plantations of Weymouth pine. It has shorter stiffer leaves, more or less appressed to the branchlets, and not spreading or bent as in P. excelsa. The green glabrous branchlets distinguish P. Peuke from all other species of the Strobus and Cembra sections. DISTRIBUTION This pine has a limited distribution, being confined to three small areas, in Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Montenegro. The largest of these is on the confines of Bulgaria and Macedonia, where the tree is known as Mura, and occurs on the Rilo Mountains, on the Mussala Mountain in the Rhodope range, and in the Perim range in Macedonia. Here it forms woods of considerable extent, which extend low down into the valleys, where it is mixed with Pinus sylvestris, and ascend up to the alpine zone, where it is associated with Pinus montana, var. mugh^ls. Accord ing to Velenovsky,2 trees 100 years old are growing on the Rilo and Mussala Moun tains, which are 100 ft. in height and 5 to 7 ft. in girth. There are specimens in the Kew herbarium, which were collected on the Rilo Mountains in June 1899 by Elwes. The second area of distribution is confined to Mt. Peristeri, above Monastir (lat. 41°, long. 21°), where the species was first discovered in 1839 by Grisebach. The small forest on this mountain, situated on granite soil between 2400 and 5800 ft. altitude, consisted of pines growing rather scattered amongst a dense undergrowth of juniper, and of no great size, scarcely exceeding 40 ft. in height at the lower levels, and becoming mere bushes, 4 ft. in height, at the higher elevations. Orphanides rediscovered the tree on Mt. Peristeri in 1863, and records it as growing between 3000 and 6000 ft. altitude. Halacsy3 is of opinion that its occurrence on the mountains of northern Thessaly is probable, but as yet uncertain. The third locality is in Montenegro, close to the Albanian frontier, where the tree is known as Molika, and occupies a narrow strip of territory, about 22 miles in length, extending from west to east through the mountains, in which the river Lim takes it origin. It is recorded from the high ridge between the valleys of the Perucica and Vermosa rivers in the Kom Mountains, and on the Zeletin, Zjekirica, and Sekular Mountains. According to Beck, the tree is not found on the north Albanian Alps, as these are composed of limestone, on which it never grows in the wild state. In Montenegro it is not much affected by the great differences in climate throughout its extensive range of elevation, 2600 to 6300 ft., in which three species of juniper are found, each confined to a distinct zone of altitude. It assumes a bushy 1 Ex Beissner, Nadelhobku»de, 286 (1891). * Flora Bulgaria, 518 (1891), and ibid., Suppl. \. 333 (1898). 3 Consf. Flora: Graf a, iii. 451 (1904). ioi6 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland habit both at the lower levels and on the highest parts of the mountains, and never forms pure woods, growing scattered amidst other trees, and only attaining 30 to 45 ft. in height. CULTIVATION This species was introduced by Orphanides, who gathered ripe seeds on Mt. Peristeri in 1863, which were distributed by Messrs. Haage and Schmidt1 of Erfurt. Through the kind offices of Pierce O'Mahony, Esq., I received a large quantity of seed from King Ferdinand of Bulgaria in April 1908. This has been widely dis tributed to different friends throughout England, Ireland, and Scotland. Most of it was tardy in germination, and the seed came up irregularly, some not germinating until igog.2 The finest tree known to us in England is one at Bicton, which, when measured by Elwes in 1906, was 42 ft. high by 3 ft. 8 in. in girth, and was bearing cones. There is also a good one at Grayswood, 36 ft. by 3^ ft., planted in 1881 ; and one at The Heath, Leighton Buzzard, 37 ft. by 2 ft. 10 in., both measured by Mr. A. B. Jackson in 1908. A group of healthy trees are growing in Kew gardens, near the Isleworth Ferry gate, which were raised from seed of the original importation sown in 1864. These trees have a thriving appearance, and the largest one measured, in 1909, 42^ ft. by 3 ft. lo in. At Westonbirt there are several trees 30 to 35 ft. in height and a foot in diameter, growing beside a tree of P. monticola, about 50 ft. high and 15 in. in diameter, which was planted at the same time. There are two trees at Galloway House, Wigtownshire, the larger of which measured, in 1908, 48 ft. by 4 ft. 9 in. ; and a smaller tree is growing at Ochtertyre, Perthshire. According to Mayr, P. Peuke is as fast in growth and as hardy in Germany as the Weymouth pine. It has withstood without injury the severe temperature of — 22° Fahr, at Grafrath, near Munich, and for so far has not been attacked by Açaricus melleus. It may possibly also be immune to the pine blister (Peridermium Strobî), which is so destructive to the Weymouth pine in many places on the con tinent. For these reasons Mayr is inclined to recommend the immediate planting in Germany of P. Peuke in place of the Weymouth pine. Elwes saw in the nursery of Regel and Kesselring at St. Petersburg in 1908 young trees of P. Peuke which on damp and sandy soil had attained 12 ft. high in twelve years, and had resisted 30 degrees centigrade of frost without injury. It seems, therefore, likely to become a valuable forest tree in central Europe. In New England this species8 is quite hardy in the Arnold Arboretum, where, however, Sargent says that it is a slow-growing tree of no especial ornamental value. (A. H.) 1 A letter of Haage and Schmidt to Lindley concerning the first seed of this pine, and dated nth January 1864, is preserved in the Cambridge Herbarium. z Mr. Storie reports from Highclere that about 300 plants came up in April 1909. 3 Garden and Forest, x. 461 (1897). Pinus 1017 PINUS AYACAHUITE, MEXICAN WHITE PINE Pinus Ayacahuite? Ehrenberg, ex Schlechtendal, in Lintuea, xii. 492 (1838); Loudon, Etuycl. Trees, 1023 (1842); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xviii. 492, f. 83 (1882), in Lawson, Pinetum Brit. \. 9, t. 2 (1884), and in Jmcrn. Linn. Soc. (Hot.) xxxv. 579 (1904); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 311 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 8 (1909); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 9, t. iv. (1909). A tree attaining in Mexico 100 ft. or more in height and 12 ft. in girth, and in cultivation resembling P. excelsa in habit. Bark rough and scaly on old trees. Buds reddish brown, resinous, ovoid, acuminate, about \ in. long ; scales with long acuminate tips, usually free and directed upwards. Young branchlets covered with a short brown pubescence, occasionally confined to the parts below the insertions of the leaves ; older branchlets glabrescent, and bright brown or greyish in colour. Leaves in fives, spreading, usually persistent for three years, very slender or filiform, 4 to 8 in. long, serrulate, sharp-pointed, straight, scarcely twisted ; outer surface green, with two or three short stomatic lines near the top ; inner flat surfaces, each with three or four continuous white stomatic lines ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long, early deciduous. Cones sub-terminal, pendent, solitary, or in pairs, on stalks about \ in. long, ovoid - cylindrical, often curved, gradually narrowing towards the obtuse apex, 8 to 18 in. long, 2^ to 6 in. wide towards the base, pale brown and resinous when mature. Scales about 2 or 3 in. long, and i to i^ in. wide ; apophysis rhomboidal or triangular, reflexed, ending in a swollen, rounded, inflexed or reflexed resinous tip. Seed ovoid, compressed, f in. long, brownish, mottled with dark streaks or spots ; wing oblong, narrow, oblique, about f in. long, pale brown, with longitudinal darker streaks. This species so closely resembles P. excelsa in habit and foliage that possibly some of the trees passing under the latter name in cultivation may belong to it, but it is readily distinguished by the more slender leaves and the pubescent branchlets, which have in cultivated trees a reddish brown colour. It is quite distinct in cones and seeds. VARIETIES This pine varies extremely in the size and shape of the cones, seeds, and seed- wings, and according to Shaw, comprises three distinct geographical races, which are however connected by numerous intermediate forms :— 1. Typical form, described above. Seed with a long narrow wing. Prevalent in Guatemala and the southern states of Mexico. 2. Var. Veitchii, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 10, t. v. (1909). Pinus Veitchii, Roezl,2 Cat. Gr. Conif. Mex. 32 (1857). Pinus Bonapartea, Roezl, in Gard. Chron. 1858, p. 358; Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 12 (1909). Pinus Loudoniana, Gordon, Pinetum, 230 (1858). 1 Roezl's P. durangensis is probably typical P. Ayacahuitc. z P. Don Ptdri, P. hamata, and P. Pofofatefetlt, names given to certain cones by Roezl, belong to this variety. V D ioi8 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Cones larger, as a rule, than in the type. Seed larger, ^ in. long, ovoid, com pressed, dark brown or blackish ; wing short and broad, about \ in. long and wide, dark brown in colour. Prevalent in the central states of Mexico.1 3. Var. brachyptera, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, n, t. vi. (1909). Pinus strobiformis, Engelmann, in Wislizenus, Tour N. Mexico, 102 (1848). Differs from the type, according to Shaw, in the larger seeds, with extremely short wings. Occurs in the states of Durango and Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. DISTRIBUTION This pine, according to Shaw, is a native of cool temperate altitudes in Central America, and extends from Guatemala throughout Mexico to the borders of the United States. The typical form of the species was discovered2 by Ehrenberg in 1836 in Mexico, who found trees 100 feet high at Omitlan, near Hacienda de Guerrero, and appears to be common in Oaxaca, particularly on the higher points of the Cumbre Mountains and on Mount Pelado. Hartweg found it in Guatemala, where he observed dead trees on the volcano Xetul, near Quezaltenango, at 10,000 ft. elevation. Var. Veitchii was discovereds by Roezl on the Sierra Madre range at 8600 ft. and at Tenango, and also on the eastern side of Mt. Popocatepetl at 11,000 to 12,000 ft., where it grows abundantly on the borders of deep ravines, never descending into the depths of the gorges, or ascending much above them. Here the winters are dry, the temperature descending to 10° to 14° Fahr., but the summers are long and warm. It is known to the Mexicans as Ayacahuite Colorado, or red pine, on account of the excellence of its timber. Var. brachyptera was discovered on the mountains of Cosihuiriachic in the province of Chihuahua, at about 8000 ft. elevation, where, according to Engelmann, it is a large tree, 100 to 130 ft. in height, with short leaves 2^ to 3 inches long, and very resinous cones about 10 in. in length. This northern form does not appear to have been introduced into cultivation. (A. H.) CULTIVATION The typical form of the species was introduced into the Chiswick garden of the Horticultural Society by Hartweg in 1840, and seeds were again sent to this country by Roezl in 1857. It is comparatively rare in cultivation, and appears to succeed best in the south-west and west of England, Palmer's frost tables4 showing that it was killed in 1860 at Thorpe Perrow in Yorkshire, and at Highnam Court in Gloucestershire. At Westonbirt a tree, which produces cones freely, from the seed of which numerous seedlings have been raised at Kew and Glasnevin, measured in 1909, 62 ft 1 Engelmann, in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Set. iv. 178 (1886), considered this variety to be a distinct species (P. Bona- partea), with stout leaves, showing on section seven resin-canals ; while P. Ayacahmte has more slender leaves with only two resin-canals. The number of resin-canals, however, is variable, two to eight being found by Shaw in wild specimens ; and this character alone cannot be relied on for the discrimination of the type and var. Veitchii. 2 Cf. Loudon, Card. Mag. xv. 129 (1839). 3 Cf. Card. Chron. xxi. 769 (1884). 4 Masters, in Lawson, Pinetnm Brit. loc. cit. Pinus 1019 by 6 ft. 8 in. It is pyramidal in habit, with slightly ascending branches. I have raised seedlings from this tree which appeared to me to be hardy, as they endured very severe frosts in early autumn and late spring. Planted, however, on rather heavy soil in a low situation, they succumbed to a frost certainly below zero in the winter of 1908-1909. The tree seems to endure lime in the soil without injury, and may be planted in a dry sunny position in most parts of England. Another large tree is growing at Beauport, Sussex, and was 55 ft. high and 8 ft. in girth in 1904. At a distance this tree is indistinguishable from P. excelsa, having the wide-spreading branches and upturned branchlets which are usual in that species. It bears cones freely, but had increased little in size when seen in 1909. There is a fine specimen at Bicton, which Mr. H. Clinton-Baker measured in 1908 as 65 ft. by 7 ft. 8 in. At Batsford Park, Gloucestershire, the seat of Lord Redesdale, there are two trees, the larger measuring 42 ft. by 3 ft. The other, more dense in habit and with less spreading branches, is scarcely so tall, and is 2 ft. ID in. in girth. In Shroner wood, near Winchester, at 450 feet elevation, there is a narrow pyramidal tree, 51 ft. by 3 ft. 8 in., which was bearing ripe cones in February [910. Mr. E. L. Hillier, who has sent us specimens, stated that this tree was planted in 1889, and is making very rapid growth. Another in Messrs. Paul and Son's nursery at High Beech, Essex, which was planted probably in 1850-55, is only 30 ft. by 2 ft. 8 in. It survived the severe winter of 1860, which killed a deodar standing beside it; but subsequent hard winters have much damaged the stem on the north side. It bore cones1 9 in. long in 1882, and in subsequent years up to 1903, but the seeds proved unfertile when sown. At Grayswood, Haslemere, trees of this species, growing on light sandy soil, succumbed to the attack of a fungus which affects Weymouth pine in that neighbour hood. Var. Veitchii was introduced in 1857 by Roezl, who gave it many specific names. It is extremely rare in cultivation in England, where, however, it thrives in the mild humid climate of the west and south-west. The largest tree2 known to us is growing at Heligan, near St. Austell, Cornwall, in the grounds of John Tremayne, Esq., who informed us in 1906 that it was then 60 ft. in height and 8 ft. 6 in. in girth. It measured in 1909, 66 ft. by 9 ft. 8 in. at 3 ft. above the ground, dividing above into several main stems. Another tree,3 cones of which are preserved in the museum at Kew, is growing at Ballamoar, in the Isle of Man. According to Dr. Teilet, of Ramsey, who sent a specimen branch, it was about 40 ft. high and 4 ft. 8 in. in girth in 1906. At Eastnor Castle a thriving specimen, about 35 feet high, produced cones with apparently fertile seeds in 1908; and the gardener, Mr. Mullins, believes that it was planted about twenty-five years ago. (H. J. E.) 1 Figured in Gard. Chron. xviii. 492, fig. 83 (1882). * Described and figured as P. Ayacahuite in Card. Chron. xx. 748, figs. 131, 132 (1896), when it was said to be 49 ft. high and 7 ft. in girth. 3 Cf. Gard. Chron. vi. 599 (1889), and Garden, xxxii. 47 (1887). Dr. Tellet's letter was kindly forwarded to me by the owner, Mrs. Farrant. The soil is sandy—glacial drift containing clay. The tree is supposed to have been planted between 1857 and 1860. 1020 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS LAMBERTIANA, SUGAR PINE Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 500 (1827); Loudon, Arb. et frut. Brit. iv. 2288 (1838); Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 47, t. 7 (1884); Masters, in Gard. Chron. i. 772, f. 144 (1887), and mjourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 578 (1904); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 27, tt. 542> 543 (l897). and Trees N. Amer. 5 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 336 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 29 (1909); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 12 (1909). A tree, attaining in Americal about 250 ft. in height, and 40 ft. in girth. Bark of young stems and branches smooth, thin, dark green ; becoming on old trunks 2 or 3 in. thick and deeply divided into long irregular scaly ridges. Buds cylindrical, rounded at the apex or short-pointed, 5 in. long, brownish, resinous, with closely, partly glandular appressed scales. Young branchlets smooth, covered with a minute brown, partly glandular pubescence. Leaves in fives, deciduous in the second and third year, 3^ to 4 in. long, rigid, sharp-pointed, twisted, making a complete turn, serrulate, with two or three stomatic lines on each of the three surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long, early deciduous. Cones sub-terminal, cylindrical, 11 to 21 in. long, 3 to 4 in. in diameter when closed; scales woody, 2 to 2^ in. long, i^ to if in. wide, thickened towards the middle line, thin in margin, flat or slightly convex from side to side ; apophysis smooth, orange-brown, slightly reflexed at the apex, which is marked with a small thickened resinous umbo. Seed ^ in. or more in length, ovoid, compressed, dark- brown or nearly black ; wing i to 2 in. long, ^ in. broad, dark-brown, oblique and broadest below the middle. Cotyledons twelve to fifteen. This species is very variable in the size of the cones, and of the seeds, which often have very long wings.2 It is readily distinguished from all the other pines of the Strobus section by the rigid leaves, which are sharp-pointed and twisted, the twist making a complete turn. DISTRIBUTION The sugar pine is the largest species of the genus, and derives its name from the sugar3 which exudes from wounds that have been made in the heartwood. It is found in Oregon, from the valley of the Santiam river southward along the Cascade and Coast ranges, at elevations of 3000 to 4000 ft. ; and extends in California through the Siskiyou and Coast mountains to Napa county/ and along the western side of 1 Dr. W. P. Gibbons, in Erythea, i. 161 (1893), says that he has seen a sugar pine 12 ft. in diameter, the height of which was 300 ft. ; and another 8 ft. thick, the measurement of which when felled was something over 300 ft. 2 Sargent, Trees N. Amer. 5 (1905), says that the seeds are lj to 5 in. long, but this is evidently a misprint for IJ to 2 in. 3 This sugar exudation is often found on the surface of the heartwood where a forest fire has scarred the tree. It is white in colour and delicious to the taste, but can only be eaten in small quantity as it is laxative, and bears are said never to touch it. Cf. Muir, in Harpers Magazine, xxii. 717. 4 Jepson, Flora W. Mid. California, 20 (1901), says that it forms considerable forests in the high Coast ranges north of Clear Lake, where there are magnificent specimens, 150 to 175 ft. high and 22 ft. in girth. The record in Sonoma County, given in Erythea, iv. 152, needs confirmation. Jepson reports it in the Santa Lucia mountains. Pinus 1021 the Sierra Nevada at least 200 miles farther south, where it attains its maximum size at 3000 to 7000 ft. high. It also grows in the southern part of the state in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca mountains ; and was discovered by Brandegee on Mount San Pedro Martir in Lower California. It is seldom found growing pure, occurring usually in open woods in company with P. ponder osa, and is most common on mountain slopes and on the sides of ravines and canons. Douglas fir, Libocedrus, Sequoia gigautea, and Abies Lowiana are also often associated with the sugar pine. This pine is remarkable in its appearance in the forests on account of the long outward and downward sweep of the branches, the first of which often arise at loo ft. above the ground. Sir Joseph Hooker, who gives a picture of a tree growing near the hotel at Calaveras, not far from the Wellingtonia grove, says2 that the droop ing attitude of the leaves towards the under side of the branches near their tips is very characteristic. The largest tree recorded seems to have been one near the Umpqua river in Oregon found by Douglas,3 which was 245 ft. in length, as it lay on the ground, girthing at 3 ft. from the ground 57 ft. 9 in- and at 134 ft. up no less than 17 ft. 5 in. Mr. F. R. S. Balfour photographed a fine tree, 27 ft. in girth at 5 ft. from the ground, which was growing near the bend on the M'Cloud river in Shasta County, California. (Plate 271.) Like all travellers, he was much impressed by the size' and number of the cones which hung from the ends of the tapering branches. He says that the tree matures at 300 to 400 years old, though trees have been felled with as many as 700 rings. (A- H-) CULTIVATION This noble pine was discovered8 by Douglas in 1825 on the headwaters of the Multnomah river in Oregon ; and was introduced by him in 1827, when plants were raised in the garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick, most of which, how ever, according to Loudon, died before they had attained 5 ft. in height. Lobb4 collected a further supply of seed in 1851. Though rather slow in growth, this pine appears to be hardy, and is represented by single specimens in a few collections, more especially in the south of England. A tree at Dropmore raised from seed given to Lady Grenville by the Duke of Buccleuch in 1843, bore cones for the first time5 in 1872; and occasionally in subsequent years, thrice in the last eight years. Mr. Page measured it in 1908 as 85 ft. by 10 ft., and says that occasionally the cones are as much as 18 in. in length. There are two younger trees at Dropmore which have not as yet borne cones. A fine tree at Arley Castle, also raised from the seed sent by Douglas, measured6 91 ft. by IG ft. 8 in. in 1903 ; and so far as Mr. Woodward can ascertain has never borne cones. There is a well-shaped tree at Eastnor Castle (Plate 272), which occasionally bears cones, 83 ft. by 10 ft. in 1909. 1 Cf. Zoe, iv. 201 (1893). 2 In Card. Chron. xxiii. u, fig. i (1885). 3 Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 92, 130 (1836). 4 Hortus Veitchii, 39 (1906). According to Loudon, Card. Mag. xvii. 429 (1841), Dr. M'Laughlin sent home a parcel of cones in 1841 from Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia river ; but it is unknown whether any trees were raised from these. 6 Card. Chron. 1872, p. 1166. 6 Hortus Arleyensis, 14(1907). 1022 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland A splendid tree at Danesbury, near Welwyn, Herts, measured 90 ft. by 10 ft. 4 in. in 1907, and produced cones for the first time in 1897. There are several other good specimens in the same county ; two trees at Brickendon Grange, the larger of which was 49 ft. by 4 ft. 10 in. in 1906, when it bore cones; another at Bayfordbury which measured 64 ft by 7 ft. 3 in. in 1905, and has borne cones of late years. At Nuneham Park, Oxford, a fine tree measured 75 ft. high and 10 ft. 9 in. in girth in 1906. Mr. H. Clinton-Baker in 1907 saw a tree at Flitwick Manor, Bedford, 72 ft. by 7 ft. 6 in., which was bearing numerous young cones. Sir Hugh Beevor reports a tree at Fulmodestone, Norfolk, said to have been planted about 1851, which was 60 ft. by 6 ft. 5 in. in 1903. A tree1 at Barton, Suffolk, measured 65 ft. by 10 ft. in 1905. The best specimen in Kew Gardens measured 63 ft. by 4 ft. 7 in. in 1903. A fine tree, measuring 74 ft. by 7^ ft. in 1908 when it produced cones, grows in the grounds of Bowood Park, Wilts, the seat of the Marquess of Lansdowne. It is said to have been planted about the year 1838. The following were the only trees of the species mentioned in the reports2 sent to the Conifer Conference in 1891 :—Revesby Abbey, Lincolnshire, forty- three years old, 50 ft. high, 6 ft. 8 in. in girth ; Poltalloch, Argyllshire, 45 ft. high, 9 ft. in girth, said to be growing vigorously. Murray reported3 in 1860 that a fine tree, now no longer living, in the Keillour Pinetum, had produced cones for several years past. This is remarkable, if true, as this species, rare in Scotland, appears to bear fruit only in the south of England. In Ireland it is not common, the best I know of being a tree at Woodstock, which in 1909 was 62 ft. by 6 ft. A tree in the Wellesley Pinetum,4 Massachusetts, U.S.A., was 27 ft. high in 1905 ; but Sargent says that although hardy as far north as Boston, it is not worth growing in New England except as a curiosity. (H. J. E.) PI N US MONTICOLA, WESTERN WHITE PINE Pinus monticola, Don, in Lambert, Genus Pinus, ii. t. 81 (1832), and iii. t. 87 (1837); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2291 (1838); Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 23, tt. 540, 541 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 5 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 349 (1900); Masters, Joiirn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 580 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 36 (1909). Pinus Stratus, Linnœus, var. monticola, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 118 (1849). Pinusporphyrocarpa, Murray, in Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i. 83, ff. 1-8 (1884). Pinus Grozelieri, Carrière in Rev. Hort. 1869, p. 126, f. 31. A tree, usually attaining in America 100 ft. in height and 15 ft. in girth, rarely as high as 150 ft., with a trunk 25 ft. in girth. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smooth, and light grey, becoming on old trees i^ in. in thickness and divided 1 There is no record of this tree in Bunbury, Arboretum Notes. 2 Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. xiv. 492, 503 (1892). A tree at Keir, Perthshire, incorrectly reported (ibid. 531)10 be P. Lambertiana, turns out to be P. Strobus. 3 In Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. vi. 370 (1860). 4 Sargent, Pin. Wellesley, IO (1905). Pinus 1023 by fissures into small square scaly plates. Buds, as in P. Strobus, but larger. Branchlets, covered with short, brown, partly glandular1 pubescence, retained in part in the second year. Leaves, in fives, slightly spreading, dense upon the branchlets, persistent for three or four years, about 4 in. long, often only 2 to 3 in. long in native specimens, rigid, broader and thicker than in P. Strobus, serrulate, narrowed but blunt at the apex, with several stomatic lines on the inner surfaces, and two to three broken lines of stomata on the outer surface near the tip ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath about f in. long, early deciduous. Cones spreading, on short stout incurved stalks, cylindrical ; very variable in length in wild specimens, averaging 5 to 8 in., occasionally 12 and rarely 18 in.; in cultivated specimens usually about 5 in. Scales thin, oblong-cuneate, averaging i^ in. long and f in. broad ; apophysis rounded and thin in upper margin, slightly convex from side to side, and tipped with a small dark-coloured resinous umbo. Seed narrowed at the end, ^ in. long, reddish brown, mottled with black ; wing about i in. long, narrow, pointed, dark brown. Cotyledons 6 to 9. The cones are usually green in colour before ripening, but a tree at Glenalmond in Scotland produced purple cones and has been named var. porphyrocarpa, Masters.2 (A. H.) DISTRIBUTION This tree represents P. Strobus in the Pacific coast region of North America, where it occurs in the north in Vancouver Island, in the Columbia river valley, and on the Selkirk range in British Columbia ; and extends southwards to Idaho, where it attains its maximum size in the Bitter Root Mountains, and to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains in northern Montana ; and is found throughout the coast ranges of Washington and Oregon, and on the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges as far as the Kern river valley in California. It descends8 to sea-level in Vancouver Island, ascends in the Selkirks to 2500 ft., and reaches 10,000 ft. altitude in the Californian Sierras, where trees with enormous stems and short twisted branches withstand for centuries the fiercest mountain gales.4 It does not often grow as pure forest, but wherever I have seen it, is mixed with other conifers, and most abundant in regions where there is a heavy rainfall, though usually not a large tree in comparison with others in the same region, and commonly about loo ft. high. Sargent gives 150 as its extreme height, and Sheldon says 100 to 200 ft. I measured at 1650 ft. elevation near Camp 6 of the Victoria Lumber Company at Chemainus in Vancouver Island, a tree which was at least 200 ft. high by 13^ ft. in girth, with a stem clear of branches to 80 or 90 ft. It is not abundant 1 Some of the hairs are tipped with a globose gland. 2 In/«««, /?. Hort. Soc. xiv. 235 (1892). This is P. porphyrocarfa. Murray, in Lawson, Pin. Brit. i. 83 (1884). 3 Throughout the greater part of its range, it occurs at considerable altitudes, and though in south-western Vancouver Island it grows sparingly through the coast forest, it is more abundant at 500 ft. where the fogs are less and the summer days are warmer. Close to the sea, trees are usually somewhat stunted. Cf. Butters, in Postclsia, Year Book of the Minnesota Seaside Station, 1906, p. 160. 4 Garden and Forest, x. 460 (1897). In this journal, v. I, figs. I and 2 (1892), there are two excellent illustrations of trees of great age, growing in an exposed situation in the Yosemite valley. 1024 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland here, and though occasionally cut up in the sawmills, does not form an important item in the timber resources of British Columbia. According to Macoun and Anderson* the wood is used for the same purposes as eastern white pine. It is useful for window-sashes, doors, powder barrels, and similar work, but being a white and very light wood it is unfit for outside work and decays rapidly in contact with the ground. In north-western Montana, this species does not ascend above 4000 ft. and never crosses the continental divide. It is of rather rare occurrence in the Flathead region where scattered trees grow in the mixed forest, which is mainly composed of western larch and Douglas fir. It thrives best on moist soil, but on swampy ground has shallow roots and is often blown down. Seedlings2 germinate in the open, where the soil is not too dry ; but they bear a certain amount of shade, though they are never seen under the dense cover of Thuya plicata or Tsuga Albertiana. CULTIVATION Though discovered by David Douglas in 1831 and introduced by him soon afterwards, the tree did not become common in England until Lobb and others sent seeds in quantity between 1851 and 1855. It seems to be perfectly hardy as regards cold everywhere, but does not succeed as well in England generally as in Scotland, and even there it seems very subject to the attacks of a rust which was identified by Mr. W. G. Smith as Peridermiumpini? and which is described by Mr. J. Laurie, gardener at Murthly Castle, as spreading over all the trees there, but not attacking P. Strobus which grows close by. From what I have seen elsewhere this or a similar rust has destroyed other trees in different parts of the country. It seems to succeed best in the wetter parts of Scotland, and to dislike lime, as the seedlings I have raised will not grow at Colesborne. It cannot be recommended on our present knowledge as a forest tree in this country. Among the finest I have measured in England are those at Adhurst St. Mary near Petersfield, the seat of Miss Bonham Carter, where in 1908 I measured a tree growing on the lower greensand which was 78 ft. by 5^ ft. At Barton, in 1904, a tree with three leaders was 79 ft. by 8 ft. It was planted in i8484 and bore cones in 1864. At Beauport, two trees, 81 ft. by 7 ft. and 68 ft. by 7^ ft, were healthy and covered with cones in 1905. At Enville Hall, Staffordshire, Henry saw a beautiful glaucous tree which in 1904 was 77 ft. by 6 ft. At Kew, a tree on the lawn north-west of the Water Lily house, planted in 1843, measured in 1903, 63 ft. by 5 ft. i in.5 At Highnam, Major Gambier Parry in 1906 measured a tree 64 ft. 1 Brit. Columbia, Bureau Inform., Bull. No. 15, p. 239 (1903). 2 Cf. Whitford, in Bot. Gaz. xxxix. 201 (1905). Henry in 1906 saw numerous seedlings near Nyack on the Great Northern railway. The tree is of no economic importance in Montana, and is estimated by Ayres to yield about one per cent of the total timber in the Lewis and Clarke Forest Reserve. Elrod gives 10 ft. as the maximum girth. 3 Gard. Chron. xxiii. 244 (1898). Smith says that the rust is Peridermium fini and not P. Strobi. The two fungi are distinct. Cf. Smith, ibid. 202. According to Ulmer, in Natunu. Zeitsch. forst. Landwirtschaft, 1908, pt. 12, of all the five-leaved pines in the forest garden at Tharandt in Saxony, only P. monticola, of which there are several trees eighteen years old, is attacked by Peridermium Strobi. Experiments in that place have shown that the only species of Rites infected by the spores is K. sanguineum. 4 Bunbury, Arboretum Notes, 133 (1889). 6 jfew Hand-List Conifera, xiv, xxii (1903). Pinus 102,5 by 6 ft. 8 in. At High Leigh, Hoddesdon, Mr. Clinton-Baker in 1908 measured a tree 66 ft. by 4 ft. 10 in. In Scotland the largest known to us is a tree at Murthly (Plate 273), which, when I saw it in 1906, was 85 ft. by 6£ ft. and covered at the top with cones. The next is at Scone, in Perthshire, the seat of the Earl of Mansfield. This, when measured in 1891 for the Conifer Conference, was 71J ft. high, by 5 ft. 11 in. in girth at about forty years of age; and when measured by Henry in 1904 had increased to 82 ft. by 7 ft. 9 in., and was quite healthy. Another at Keillour, which is probably one of Douglas's original introduction, as it was planted in 1834, was in 1904 80 ft. by 6 ft. 9 in. ; and there are many others in Scotland which are from 60 ft. to 70 ft. high. One at Monreith, Wigtownshire, planted in 1876, measured in 1908 56 ft. by 4 ft. 11 in., whilst P. Cernera, planted with it at the same time, is only 16 ft. high. Another at Poltalloch, raised from the seed of a tree at Lamb Abbey, measured 50 ft. by 5^ ft. in 1906, and has itself produced fertile seed. In Ireland it also grows well. At H am wood, Co. Meath, the seat of C. R. Hamilton, Esq., there is a splendid tree planted in 1847 which Henry measured in 1904 and found to be 76 ft. by 7 ft. At Fota, another measured 69 ft. by 6 ft. 8 in. in 1907. - (H. J. E.) PINUS STROBUS, WEYMOUTH PINE, WHITE PINE Pinus Strobus, Linnreus, Sp. PI. 1001 (1753) ; Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2280 (1838) ; Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 17, tt. 538, 539 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 4 (1905) ', Kent. Veitch's Man. Conifercc, 377 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xxxv. 579 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 52 (1909). Pinus tenuifolia, Salisbury, Prod. 399 (1796). Pinus alba canadensis, Provancher, FI. Canadienne, ii. 554 (1862). A tree, attaining in America at the present time 150 to 175 ft. in height and 10 to 15 ft. in girth, but stated to have been much larger formerly. Bark on young stems, thin, smooth, and greenish ; on old trunks i to 3 in. in thickness, and divided by shallow fissures into broad connected scaly ridges. Buds ovoid, sharp-pointed, \ in. long, brown, resinous, with some of the scales free at the tips. Young branchlets with short tufts of pubescence below the insertions of the leaf-clusters on the slightly raised pulvini, being glabrous elsewhere.1 Leaves in fives, persistent two or three years, spreading, 3 to 4 in. long, very slender, straight, serrulate, whitened with stomatic lines on the two inner surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long, early deciduous. Cones sub-terminal, pendulous on stalks (usually less than i in. long), cylindrical, often curved, pointed at the apex, 4 to 6 in. long, i in. in diameter. Scales i to \\ in. long, \ to f in. wide, usually very convex from side to side ; apophysis smooth, rounded, and thin in upper margin, slightly thickened in the centre, terminating in a 1 Occasionally the pubescence is diffused over the whole surface of the branchlet, but remains densest on the pulvini. V E i o 2,6 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland small resinous flat umbo. Seed ovoid, £ in. long, reddish brown, mottled with black ; wing narrow, i in. long. Cotyledons 7 to 14. VARIETIES Several forms with variously coloured foliage or of peculiar habit have arisen in European nurseries.1 1. Var. nana, Knight, Syn. Conif. 34 (1850). A compact round-headed shrub rarely exceeding 6 ft. in height, with short slender branches, and crowded branchlets ; leaves short, f to i|- in. in length. A specimen of this variety planted at Bayfordbury in 1849 is about 15 ft. high. Sargent says that this is perhaps one of the most distinct and beautiful of all the dwarf conifers in cultivation ; and those which Elwes saw at Underley Hall, Westmoreland, the seat of Lord H. Cavendish-Bentinck, confirmed this opinion. 2. Var. nivea, Booth, ex Knight, loc. cit. Leaves short, and silvery white beneath. 3. Var. aurea. Leaves yellowish when young. 4. Var. variegata. Leaves variegated with yellow. 5. Var. zebrina. Leaves striped with yellow. 6. Var. monophylla, Tubeuf, Forst, naturw. Zeitschr. vii. 34 (1897). A variety with the needles more or less cohering throughout their length, and forming a single needle. 7. Beissner also mentions fastigiate and prostrate varieties, which do not seem to be in cultivation in England. DISTRIBUTION P. Strobus is the largest of all the conifers indigenous in North America east ward of the Rocky Mountains ; and its original area of distribution comprises a vast territory in Canada and the northern United States, roughly bounded on the north by the parallel of 50° from south-eastern Manitoba to Newfoundland, and on the south by the parallel of 42" from Iowa to Connecticut ; while it spreads southwards in the Alleghany mountain region from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, through Mary land, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, to the northern parts of Alabama and Georgia, becoming rarer and confined to high altitudes towards the south. It grows up to about 3500 ft. on the Blue Ridge, but does not there attain anything like the size it does farther north, 60 to 70 ft. high being about the size of the trees which Elwes saw in North Carolina. Although still met with throughout this vast region, the original forest has in many parts been cut away, and in some districts, as in New England and eastern Canada, the species only remains in small areas. The great forests, where the pine occurs in commercial quantity, are now confined to Michigan, Minnesota, and Wis consin in the United States, and to the Ottawa valley, and to the districts bordering Lake Huron and Lake Michigan in Canada. 1 Sargent, in Garden and Forest, x. 460 (1897), mentions two varieties of American origin growing in the Arnold Arboretum ; one, dwarf with pendulous, nearly prostrate branches ; the other, with short, slender, nearly erect branches, in whorls of three, growing a dense, low, round-topped head. Pinus 1027 The white pine is less gregarious than many other pines, and originally formed an important component of the mixed deciduous forest of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, attaining its best development along water-courses, and reaching its greatest size when growing in mixture with beech, maples, and birches, often towering in such woods high above the general level of the other trees. It is often, however, in the same regions associated with hemlock ; and in eastern Canada is frequent in company with hemlock, spruce, and Thuya occidentalis. The pine forests, which cover large tracts of sandy soil in the Lake States, are composed of varying mixtures of P. Strobus, P. resinosa, and P. Banksiana.1 On poor dry sand the two latter species outgrow and supplant the former, while on moist deep sand P. Strobus is the more vigorous. Its growth is much aided by the presence of organic matter and loam in the sand, and on soil of this kind, pure woods of white pine, sometimes several square miles in extent, occur. With an increase of loam in the soil, deciduous trees make their appearance, and the forest becomes a varied mixture of these trees and P. Strobus. On heavy clay soil, the white pine tends to disappear, and a forest of only hardwoods results. On sandy soil in the eastern states, P. rigida is the companion of the white pine, and in the southern states, P. echinata. This tree prefers a climate with considerable moisture in the air, as is shown by its abundance in the region of the Great Lakes and towards the sea board. It withstands windy and cold exposures, but suffers from strong sea-breezes. It excels all pines in its capacity for bearing shade in the early stage of its growth, and reproduces itself naturally under oak, but not under beech or maples. It is long in cleaning its stem, even where the young growth, as is often the case, forms dense thickets. (A. H.) Though it is improbable that any such trees now exist, Sargent quotes various old writers to show that in former times trees rivalling the giant pines of California were found in New England. A tree, 7 ft. 8 in. in diameter at the butt, on the Merrimac river; and another, 6 ft. in diameter and 260 ft. high, in Lincoln,2 N.H., are mentioned as instances. But trees of 150 ft. high, 24 in. in diameter, are now quite uncommon, and the largest actually measured in Pennsylvania by Pinchot was 155 ft. high, 3^ ft. in diameter at 4^ ft. from the ground, and 357 years old. Emerson tells us8 that fifty years ago several trees at Blanford, which grew 1 In the Cass Lake Forest Reserve, in Minnesota, which I visited in 1906, these three pines occur ; and/". Strobus invariably occupied the better soil where the sand contained a percentage of blackish mould. s With regard to the gigantic heights given by early writers I am very sceptical, and Prof. W. A. Buckhout, of the Pennsylvania State College, to whom I wrote for information, shares my doubts. The most authoritative statement is by Fox, in U.S. Forestry Bull. No. 34, p. 8 (1902), who says : "there is a record of a white pine cut in Meredith, Delaware County, New York, that measured 247 ft. in length as it lay on the ground." He adds : "Many New York lumbermen still living recall giant white pines 7 ft. or more across the stump, and over 220 ft. in height." Fox does not state where the record exists or its authority ; and Springer, in Forest Life and Forest Trees, 40 (New York, 1851 ), says : " In Dr. Dwight's Travels, there is an account of a tree in Lancaster, New Hampshire, which measured 264 ft. in length. I have worked in the forests among the timber several years, have cut many hundreds of trees and seen many thousands, but have never found one larger than the one I felled on a little stream which emptied into Jackson Lake in the eastern part of Maine. Its trunk was 6 ft. in diameter at 4 ft. from the ground. It was about 9 rods in length or 144 ft., about 65 ft. of which were free of limbs, and retained its diameter remarkably well." The tree mentioned in Garden and Forest, 1894, p. 188, which grew in Wis consin, and was said to be 200 ft. high and 45 in. in diameter, is also exaggerated, I believe, as regards its height.—(A. II.) s Woody Plants Massachusetts, \. 74 (1875). 1028 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland on rather dry land, measured after they were felled over 223 ft., and speaks of a mast cut on the Penobscot river in 1841, which, after being hewn to an octagonal shape, measured 90 ft. long, 36 in. in diameter at the butt, and 28 in. at the top. The tree lives to a very great age, remaining sound up to 350 or 400 years, and it is said in New England that no one has lived long enough to see the stump of a white pine decay. Fences made from the stumps after they have been torn up by the roots, show after 100 years few signs of decay. The white pine grows naturally on all kinds of soil, and varies very much in its habit according to the soil and surroundings, but flourishes best in a deep, moist sandy loam, and in land which, being covered with a thick growth of moss, never dries in summer. The trees now commonly seen by the traveller in New England, which have been left when the original forest was felled, or which have sprung up from- seed on abandoned farms, or as second growth in forest which has been logged, give no idea of what the tree is in a virgin forest. These are now only found in remote localities from which the logs cannot be profitably extracted ; and the ingenuity of the lumberman is so great, and the present value of large clean logs so high, that it is not easy to find any which have not been cleared of their finest timber. The reproductive power of the tree is very good, whenever fire is kept out of the forest, and large areas of land which have been abandoned by the descendants of the original settlers as unprofitable to cultivate, are now becoming1 re-covered with white pine, from which second growth in New Hampshire and Vermont alone, Sargent tells us that no less than 100,000,000 ft. of lumber were manufactured in the year 1880. A remarkable instance of the rapid growth and branching habit of the white pine on land which has been burnt over is described by Mary Robbins in Garden and Forest, viii. p. 333. These trees are in a large cemetery at St. Stephen, New Brunswick, on land which was devastated by fire in 1821. The largest of them in 1895 were 75 ft. high and n ft. or more in girth, with high horizontal or perpendicular branches coming off close to the ground, some of which are #s much as 7 ft. in circumference and spread 40 to 60 ft. from the trunk. HISTORY AND CULTIVATION The white pine was first described by Plukenet2 in 1696, and according to Aiton8 was first cultivated4 at Badminton in Gloucestershire by the Duchess of Beaufort in 1705. Its common English name was given it because Lord Wey- mouth planted it6 largely in the beginning of the i8th century at Longleat, Wilts; 1 In U.S. Forest Service, Circular 67 (1907), a leaflet on the planting of this species, it is said that in many situations, if the land is protected from fire, white pine will extend itself rapidly by natural seeding ; and planting is recommended only when natural regeneration is impracticable. 2 Plukenet, Amalth. Bot. 171 (1705). 3 flort. Kew. iii. 369 (1789). 4 It was introduced earlier into France, as a plant was growing in the Royal Nurseries at Fontainebleau in 1553. Cf. Belon, De Arboribus Coniferis, published in that year, and quoted by Bolle, in Gartenßora, 1890, p. 434. 6 The date of first planting at Longleat is uncertain, and possibly preceded that at Badminton. In London Catalogue of Trees by Society of Gardeners, 57 (1730), it is said that " Lord Weymouth's pine was raised from seed in Badminton Gardens several years since, and has been growing many years in the gardens of Lord Weymouth, where it hath produced ripe seed for several years." Pinus 1029 and Miller says that at Mersham le Hatch, near Ashford, Kent, then the property of Sir Wyndham Knatchbull, and still held by his descendant of the same name, it produced, as early as 1726, good seed from which many of the trees in England were raised. I have been unable to find any trees either at Badminton or at Longleat which can be certainly looked on as the original trees j1 but there are many places in England where trees dating from at least the middle of the i8th century still survive, and some of these, as will be shown later, are of great size. The tree is apparently at home on all good deep sandy soils, and when not too dry, grows vigorously for 100 years or more in all the southern half of England ; ripening seed in most seasons and often reproducing itself naturally ; but in Scotland it does not seem to thrive so well, probably on account of insufficient heat in summer. I do not, however, think that it is likely in any part of Great Britain to prove a profitable forest tree in comparison with Scots or Corsican pine, as the value of its timber depends on climatic and soil conditions rarely found in this country. The Weymouth pine has been extensively planted in Germany, there being, for example, 3,000,000 trees in the state forests of Bavaria. In central Europe, it is remarkably hardy, as it is not injured by the severe winter climate, never suffers from spring or autumn frosts, and is not easily broken by heavy snow. It is considered, on account of the abundant fall of its soft needles, which speedily decay, to be a better soil-improver than any European pine. Slow in growth during the first five years, it attains about the same height as the Scots pine in the twentieth year, and exceeds the latter species considerably in height and diameter growth after this period. Dr. L. Wappes,2 a Bavarian forester, states that it seeds early and heavily, is readily reproduced naturally,8 withstands crowding and shading, and produces even on poor soils a large amount of timber. On very inferior soil in the Palatinate, pure plantations, 104 years old, yielded per acre, 13,000 cubic ft. of timber, exclusive of branches and stumps. In spite of such results, much exceeded on loamy sands at other stations in Prussia and Thuringia, it is doubtful if this tree will be planted extensively in the future. It is much subject to the attacks of fungi, many plantations being ruined by Agaricus melleus and Peridermium Strobi, while deer bite the shoots and gnaw the bark, injuring many trees in the German forests. The timber produced in central Europe appears to be as good as that of America, and Wappes states that though little valued at first, it is now readily saleable, the price in 1899 being double that of 1882. Mayr4 gives an instructive comparison of the wood of two trees, one 87 years old, grown in Bavaria ; the other, 138 years old, grown in Wisconsin. The specific gravity of both was identical ; and the Bavarian 1 Forbes, in Pin. Woburn. 83 (1839), says : " The original tree, first brought to England by Viscount Weymouth, is now standing, though perfectly decayed, in a timber grove at Longleat." According to Museum Rusticanum, iv. 381 (1765), gold and silver medals were offered by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, in 1765 and succeeding years, for plantations of Weymouth Pine. According to Dillwyn, Hortus Collinsonianus, 40 (1843), Bartram sent a small tree to Collinson in 1737, which was growing at Mill Hill in 1756, when it was 40 ft. high. * Tlie articles on the cultivation of this pine in Germany, which Dr. Wappes published in Lorey's Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung for 1899, are abstracted by Spalding, in U.S. Forestry Bulletin, No. 22, The White Pine, p. 68 (1899). 3 Unwin, Future Forest Trees, 90, fig. I (1905), gives a good picture of natural reproduction of the Weymouth pine in the Rhine Palatinate. 4 Fremdländ. Wald- und Parkbäume, 378 (1906). Mayr's article on "White Pine in Europe," published in Garden and Forest, 1888, p. lo, should also be consulted. 1030 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland tree excelled in having a less proportion of sapwood. These two trees contained nearly the same percentage of resin ; and Mayr's researches have shown that the wood of the Weymouth pine contains more resin than that of Scots pine, larch, spruce, or silver fir. He considers that its qualities of lightness and softness, for which it is esteemed in America, render it useful for many purposes, for which it is better fitted than any European species. In Belgium the finest specimens of the Weymouth pine are a group of seven trees standing close together in good soil beside a pond on the farm of St. Michel, in the western Ardennes, not far from St. Hubert. These are growing at an altitude of looo ft., and the largest measured in 1909, when they were seen and photo graphed by Henry, no ft. high and 8 ft. 8 in. in girth. They have produced seed freely from an early period, and there are many seedlings of different ages in the vicinity, some, believed to have been of this source, being as far away as two miles to the westward. The dry easterly winds open the cones, and distribute the seeds to a great distance. To the eastward of the tree the seedlings, though numerous, only extend about 200 yards. The older trees are not attacked by the " rouge " (Peridermium Strobi1), but many of the younger trees are affected. This pine succeeds well at considerable elevations in the Ardennes, and would be a desirable acquisition were it not for its liability to disease. This tree grows well as far north as Christiania, where I have seen in the grounds of Baron.Wedel Jarlsberg at Bogstad a healthy specimen about 90 ft. high, with a clean trunk of about 12 ft. in girth. According to Schübeler, it has been planted at many places on the coast as far north as Trondhjem, and in Sweden as far as 64° N. On the Isola Bella, in Lago Maggiore, I saw in 1906 a fine tree, 98 ft. by 10^ ft. and covered with cones, which is said to have been brought from Paris in 1815. v REMARKABLE TREES By far the largest tree of which we have an exact record, grew in a sheltered valley at Ironmill Wood not far from Tortworth, Gloucestershire, and, as I learn from the Earl of Ducie, was measured2 in 1864 by Sir Joseph Hooker and Professor Balfour, who made it about 114 ft. high by 10^ ft. in girth. It was blown down in 1875 when it was believed to be about 105 years old, and measured 122 ft. high and 46 ft. to the first branch, containing no less than 324 cubic feet of good timber, which was cut up and used on the estate. The next largest is a tree at Stowe, probably at least 150 years old, which in 1905 when I measured it, was 104 ft. high by 13 ft. 2 in. in girth at 3 ft., where the stem divides into several massive ascending limbs. At Pains Hill, Surrey, there is a remarkable old tree with very spreading branches, not mentioned by Loudon, which in 1904 was about 90 ft. high by 12 ft. 8 in. in girth. 1 This fungus was first noticed in England, in 1892, at King's Lynn. Cf. Plowright, in Card. Chron. xii. 133, figs. 22, 23 (1892) ; xiii. 425 (1893) ; xxvi. 72, 94 (1899). Dr. Somerville, in Quart. Journ. Forestry, iii. 232 (1909), gives an account of its ravages in late years. 2 In Gard. Chron. 1853, p. 725, this pine was reported to have been planted in 1772 ; and it measured in 1853, 114 ft. by 9 ft. IO in. Pinus 1031 At The Grove, Herts, there are two large rough and branching old trees, one of which Henry in 1904 found to be 96 ft. by 12 ft. 2 in. Another at Cassiobury Park measured 102 ft. by 81 ft. in the same year. In the Belvedere plantation, Windsor, there are a number of fine Weymouth and Scots pines planted about 1760, according to Menzies, though Mr. Simmonds, who showed them to me, thought that they may be older. The best of the former measure about 100 ft. by 9 ft., are clean for half their length, and are little if anything less in size than the Scots pine presumably of the same age. At Hollycombe, Sussex, the seat of J. C. Hawkshaw, Esq., there are some of the cleanest and best grown trees of their age in England growing among larch near the entrance to the lodge. The best I measured was over 100 ft. high by 8^ ft. in girth, and contained 120 to 150 ft. of timber. Mr. Hawkshaw informs me that these trees are about 100 years old. At Woburn Abbey this tree has been planted to some extent on sandy soil, which suits Scots pine very well, but which is apparently too dry for P. Strobus. On the Green Drive there are some large old trees left, of which the best measured in 1908 about 90 ft. by 7^ ft., but the majority have died or been felled ; and the self-sown seedlings which are numerous in the plantation are mostly suffer ing from the attacks of a species of Chermes.1 At Arley Castle there is a tree 95 ft. by 11 ft. 4 in. in 1905, which is perhaps not over 80 years old. At Ombersleigh Court, the seat of Lord Sandys, a tree, with large branches forking low down, in 1906 was 90 ft. by i6| ft. near the ground. At Nuneham Park. Oxford, a tree with a clean stem, was 95 ft. by 7 ft. 9 in. in 1908. At Burwood House, near Cobham, Surrey, Mr. R. Woodward in 1903 measured a tree 92 ft. by 8 ft. 3 in. A tree in a field near Coombe Bank, Sevenoaks, was 80 ft. by 9 ft. 8 in. in 1904. At Black Park, near Slough, the property of Sir R. Harvey, Bart., in a dense wood of Scots pine near the upper end of the lake, there is a very fine Weymouth pine growing on moist sandy soil, which, when I measured it in 1908, was about no ft. high by 9 ft. in girth ; the stem forking at 58 ft. from the ground contains about 200 ft. of timber. At Gwydyr Castle, N. Wales, the property of Earl Carrington, there are several large clean trees growing in a wood, with stems clean to a considerable height, which I saw in 1906 and found to be from 100 to no ft. high and 9 to 10 ft. in girth. The largest in Scotland of which I have certain knowledge is one of nine trees on the banks of the Almond, at Logiealmond, the property of the Earl of Mansfield. Mr. A. Kinnear has recently measured these, and informs me that the largest is 94 ft. high and 7 ft. 9 in. in girth, with a cubic content of 119 ft. over bark. * The remaining eight are from 60 to 80 ft. high, growing on a steep bank of light, dry soil, facing west. 1 Gillanders, Forest Entomology, 331, 336, fig. 307 (1908), says that Chermes corticalis, Kalt., is common in the south of England, and is said to do great injury to the trees. The stems attacked resemble in appearance those of beech trees, affected by Cryftococcus Fagi ; but the two insects have no connection whatever, although on one occasion the absurd proposal was made to cut down Weymouth pines to prevent the extension of the beech disease on a certain property. This aphis is also harmful to the Weymouth pine in Germany. 1032, The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Sir Herbert Maxwell reports1 a very large tree at Dunkeld, 13 ft. 3 in. in girth. At Keir, Perthshire, there is a tree 59 ft. by 6 ft. n in., which was reported2 at the Conifer Conference in 1891 to be 40 years old, and 46 ft. by 6 ft. In Ireland, there are two fine old trees, both about 80 ft. by 7^ ft., at Wood- stock ; and a tree at Muckross, Kerry, was in 1908 about 65 ft. high, and 8 ft. in girth. Another at Coolattin, Wicklow, was 73 ft. by 7 ft. 7 in. in 1906 ; but the forester here reported that larger trees were to be found on this property, where this species thrives, and produces valuable timber. TIMBER The wood of the white pine is, in Sargent's words,3 " light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, very resinous, easily worked, light brown, often tinged with red, with thin, nearly white sapwood, weighing only 24 pounds to the cubic foot when quite dry." For a century or more it has played a conspicuous part in the material develop ment of the United States and Canada. " Great fleets of ships and long railroads have been built to transport the lumber sawn from its mighty trunks, men have grown rich by destroying it, building cities to supply the needs of their traffic, and seeing them languish as the forests disappear." Fifty years ago the supply seemed inexhaustible, and for a long period the price of white pine lumber governed that of most other woods, whilst it formed a basis of comparison for the quality of other kinds of trees. Now the best sources of supply are so much depleted that though, in Michaux's time, three-quarters of the houses, except in the great cities, were built mainly of white pine, it has become so scarce and risen so much in price that Canadian forests are largely purchased by American lumbermen to supply their own needs, and the export to Europe has very much diminished. Much of what still comes is moreover cut from smaller and younger trees, often of second growth, and is inferior in quality to that which gave its reputation, and which was preferred to all others on account of the facility with which it worked up for all domestic purposes.4 Laslett, as timber inspector to the British navy at a time when ships were still built of wood, gives numerous details5 of the experiments which were made on its strength, elasticity, and durability, and states that it was used for masts, yards, bow sprits, and in the form of deals, but says it was not strong enough for light spars subject to great and sudden strains, for which it was inferior in strength and durability to Oregon fir. Mr. Weale of Liverpool writes to me as follows :—" It is the most generally useful of all the pines, and is largely exported to Europe. As a building timber it is 3 Silva, xi. 19 (1897). 1 Memories of ike Mottths, 3rd series. Erroneously named P. Lambertiana, m fount. Roy. Hort. Soc. xiv. 531 (1892). 4 Popular Science Monthly, xxviii. 682. 6 Timber and Timber Trees, 356-66 (1894). Pinus I033 durable for such purposes as windows and doors, but deteriorates if exposed to alter nate heat and damp. It is in favour for the inside linings of furniture, but for this purpose is rapidly giving place to the American whitewood, Liriodendron tulipifera, the latter having a lower price to recommend it. For pattern-making, the yellow pine T is preferred to all other woods, being soft, easily worked, straight-grained, and of a mellow texture. Its value has been steadily advancing for some years, the fine trees producing the best timber becoming scarce in the more accessible districts, and a great and growing demand from the United States, being the chief reasons. The first quality wood in 1905 was 20 per cent greater in price than ten years previous. It is generally imported into Europe in the form of sawn deals, and the disposal in England is practically in the hands of two firms." (H. J. E.) PINUS PARVIFLORA, JAPANESE WHITE PINE Pinus parviflora, Siebold et Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 27, t. 115 (1844); Syme, in Gard. Chron. x. 624, f. 103 (1878); Engelmann, Revision Genus Pinus, 178 (1880); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (£of.) xviii. 504 (1881), and xxxv. 578 (1904); Mayr, Abiet. jap. Reiches, 76, t. v. f. 19 (1890), and Fremdländ. Park- u. Waldbäume, 386 (1906); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 353 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 40 (1909). A tree attaining in Japan in favourable situations ioo ft. in height, but usually smaller. Bark smooth and greyish for many years, ultimately becoming on old trunks darker in colour and fissuring into small scales. Buds ovoid, less than \ in. long, not acuminate at the apex, light brown, slightly resinous, with some of the scales free at the tips. Young branchlets smooth, greyish, with a scattered minute pubescence. Leaves in fives, persistent for three years, spreading, about 2 in. long, curved, usually blunt at the apex, serrulate, with the inner flat surfaces marked by three or four white stomatic lines ; resin-canals two, marginal ; basal sheath \ in. long, early deciduous. Cones sub-terminal, sessile, spreading, in clusters of three or four, ovoid-conic, 2 to 2^ in. long ; scales spreading widely when open, woody, about f to i in. long and J to f in. wide, convex from side to side, thin in margin ; apophysis thickened, incurved in the centre of the rounded broad upper margin, with a minute dark- coloured or resinous umbo. Seed obovoid, f in. long, \ in. wide, compressed, brown ; wing short and broad, scarcely exceeding \ in. long, usually left in part on the scale when the seed falls. Cotyledons 8 to 10. Seedlings very slow in growth for several years. Var. pentaphylla. Pinus pentaphylla, Mayr, Abiet. jap. Reiches, 78, t. vi. f. 20 (1890), and Fremdländ. Park- u. IVald- bäunie, 377 (1906); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 356 (1900); Masters, vu Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 577 (1904). In the northern part of Hondo, Yezo, and the Kurile Isles the tree bears more 1 The timber when imported is known as yellow fine, a name used in America for other species, and liable to be confused with yellow deal, a London trade name for the timber of Scots pine from the Baltic. V F 1034 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland pendulous larger cones,1 up to 3^ in. in length, and seeds with a longer wing, up to £ in. in length. Mayr considers this variety to be a distinct species ; but there is great variation in the size of the cones and in the length of the seed-wing ; and we have found no constant characters by which the wild and cultivated specimens that we have examined could be clearly separated into two distinct groups. There is no difference in the foliage or the branchlets.2 This species8 is a native of Japan and the Kurile Islands ; the typical form, according to Mayr, being restricted to southern Hondo, Shikoku, and Kiusiu, where it either grows scattered in the beech and chestnut forests, or forms large woods in company with Tsuga. In Kiso he found single trees in woods mainly composed of Cupressus obtiisa. Sargent * says it is a common inhabitant of mountain forests above 5000 ft. elevation, usually occurring singly or in small groves, occasionally reaching a height of 60 or 70 ft., and overtopping the deciduous trees by its hand some head of long, graceful, somewhat pendulous branches. Mayr, however, says that it attains 100 ft. in favourable situations. The large-coned variety is the prevalent, if not the only form found north of lat. 35°, where it is met with in the great central chain of Hondo, being very common in Kotzuke. Mayr states that it is always found in the broad-leaved forest, never ascending into the fir region, and becoming in deep valleys a tree of the first magni tude, but in elevated regions scarcely higher than 50 or 60 ft. Faurie6 collected it on the precipitous mountains of Aomori, and Sargent4 states that it is a rare inhabitant of the mountain forests of southern Yezo. This species is known in Japan both as himeko-matsu and goyo-matsu, the former name being restricted in books to the type, and the latter being assigned to var. pentaphylla ; yet, as is acknowledged by Mayr, in the mountains of the interior the colloquial usage varies, showing that there is little or no difference between the two forms, which only vary in the size of their cones. This pine is cultivated in pots everywhere in Japan, being dwarfed and distorted in many ways. The timber is little used. (A. H.) I saw this tree in the forest above Agematsu in Kisogawa, at an elevation of about 3000 ft. ; and, as I noted at the time, it looked so peculiar in habit and bark, that until I got the leaves and cones I could not believe that it was a pine. The illustration which I give of this tree (Plate 274) was taken for me by Mr. Masuhara of Tokio, and would, I think, be generally taken for a cypress. It was growing alone in a grassy valley, and though not of very large size seemed to be an old tree. In this part of Japan it is scattered here and there among deciduous trees and is not gregarious. 1 Cones collected in Yezo by Maries in 1879 and by J. II. Veitch in 1892 are preserved in the Kew Museum, and though larger than those from other localities, differ in no essential character. 2 Mayr says that in P. pentaphylla the branchlets are glabrous, but in the Yezo specimens which we have seen they are distinctly pubescent. In the northern tree, according to Mayr, the bark separates into larger scales. 3 This species is represented in Formosa by a closely allied species, P.formosana, Hayata, \TiJourn. Coll. Sc. Tokyo, xxv. 217 (1908), referred to in Gard. Chron. xliii. 194 (1908) as P. morrisonicola, Hayata. The Formosan tree has longer leaves (3 to 4 in.) and larger cones, with strongly reflexed scales. 4 In Garden and Forest, viii. 306 (1895) and x. 461 (1897). 6 Cf. Masters in Bull. Herb. Boissier, vi. 270 (1898). Pinus CULTIVATION I035 P. parviflora ' was introduced into cultivation in England by John Gould Veitch in 1 86 1. In England, as is the case in Japan, it bears cones at an early age, which render it rather unsightly as an ornamental tree. The seeds ripen early in the season, and are eaten by finches with great avidity. Seedlings have been raised from home-grown seed. The largest tree that I have seen is one at Wilton House which in 1906 was 36 ft. by 3^ ft. At Eggesford, in Devonshire, it forms a large spreading bush. At Blackmoor, at Westonbirt, and many other places I have seen very similar specimens, of from 20 to 30 ft. high, on lawns, and except as a purely ornamental tree it has no value whatever. At Grafrath, near Munich, the tree is rather fast in growth, and perfectly hardy ; but it suffers much from attacks of Agaricus melleus. In New England,2 Pinus parviflora grows rapidly, and resists the most severe cold. There are specimens 20 to 25 ft. in height, which produce cones in pro fusion. (H. J. E.) PINUS CEMBRA, ALPINE PINE Pinus Cembra, Linnaeus, Sp. PL 1000 (1753) ; Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2274 (1838) ; Murray, in Lawson, Pimt. Brit. i. 17, t. 3 (1884); Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 169 (1887); Mathieu, Flore Forestüre, 622 (1897); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conifères, 317 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Lin. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 583 (1904); Kirchner, Loew u. Schröter, Lebensgeschichte Blütenpfl.. Mitteleuropas, i. 241 (1905); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 14 (1909). Pinus sibirica, Mayr, in Allgem. Forst- u. Jagdzeitung, 1900, ex Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 388(1906). A tree attaining about 130 ft. high in Siberia and 70 ft. in central Europe. Bark of young trees greenish grey, smooth or warty, with resin blisters ; on old stems reddish grey, and dividing into thin scaly plates. Buds ovoid, resinous, about \ in. long, acuminate at the apex, the long subulate free points of the scales being usually appressed together and not spreading as in P. koraiensis. Young branchlets with prominent pulvini, and densely covered with an orange-brown tomentum. Older branchlets roughened by scars and dark in colour. Leaves8 in fives, persistent three to five years, densely crowded, more or less spreading or appressed and nearly parallel to the branchlets, 2^ to 3^ in. long, slender, curved, acute or acuminate at the apex ; margin with fine and not very close serrulations, which are not continued to the extreme tip ; dark green, with incon spicuous whitish stomatic lines on the two inner surfaces ; resin-canals three, median. Staminate flowers sessile, about ^- in. long, yellow ; connective violet, serrulate. Young cones, violet, nearly \ in. long, erect, solitary, or in whorls of two to six. 1 Cf Card. Chron. 1861, p. 265. The cones collected by J. Gould Veitch in 1860, figured by Murray in Proc. Hint. Sot: ii 272 fi" 13 (1862), as well as those collected by Maries in 1879 and byj. H. Veitch in 1892, came from Yezo, and are those ascribed To var. pentaphylla. From the seeds of these cones some of the trees in cultivation in this country are derived, yet these invariably bear short cones, like those of the typical form described by Siebold. Similarly, in the Arnold Arboretum, a small tree of P. pentaphylla, raised from Yezo seed, has borne short cones.—(A. H.) " Garden and Forest, viii. 306 (1895) and x. 461 (1897). 3 The leaves emit, especially in summer, a very agreeable peculiar odour. Cf. Gard. Chron. xx. 301, 309 (1883). 1036 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Cones subterminal, short-stalked, never opening, spreading, ovoid, obtuse at the apex, 2 to 3 in. long, i£ to 2 in. wide, greenish with a violet tinge before ripening, brown when mature. Scales numerous, scarcely woody, brittle, about i in. long and f in. broad ; apophysis, bent at nearly a right angle to the concealed part of the scale, with semicircular, sharp, and bevelled margin, and minutely tomentose outer surface ; umbo terminal, thickened, triangular or rounded. Seed obovoid, about ^- in. long, dull brown, convex on the lower, flattened on the upper surface, with rounded and scarcely sharp angled sides, wingless,1 edible. These are distributed by nutcrackers, squirrels, and dormice, who break the scales of the cone, which never open, and carry away the seeds to their larders or holes ; and as some are often dropped by the way, seedlings are observed in the Alps and else where at a considerable distance from the parent tree. VARIETIES 2 1. Var. sibirica, Loudon (Pinus sibirica, Mayr8). The tree occurring in Siberia is scarcely to be distinguished by any definite morphological characters from the typical form of central Europe (var. helvetica, Loudon), though Willkomm and others state that it has longer cones and larger seeds. The physiological differences are, however, considerable, as the Siberian tree attains a much greater height, forming a narrow pyramidal tree, like P. Strobus in habit ; and is faster in growth in the young stage, with longer shoots, and more branchlets developed in each whorl. These differences are preserved in trees growing in severe climates, like Scandinavia and Germany ; but in this country the Siberian variety is very slow in growth, and does not appear to be long-lived. 2. Several varieties of horticultural origin have been described, as var. aurea, Kew Handlist of Coniferœ, 127 (1903), and a dwarf form and a single-leaved form, mentioned by Carrière in Conif. 389 (1867). DISTRIBUTION This species occurs in two distinct regions, one embracing a vast area in Russia and Siberia, and the other confined to narrow limits in the Alps and Carpathians. In Europe it is widely spread in isolated tracts throughout nearly the whole of the Alps, scarcely ever descending4 below 5000 ft., and reaching timber line in different places at 6200 to 8000 ft. elevation. In France it is called arole or auvier, and is confined to the northern part of the Maritime Alps, the high peaks of Dauphiné, the Graian Alps, and Mont Blanc. In the Maurienne, close to Modane, it is well seen in the wild forest of Villarodin Bourget, where it begins at about 1 Kirchner, pp. cit. 270, fig. 136, describes and figures the vestiges of the rudimentary wing, which remains attached to the scale. 8 Var. pumila is now considered to be a distinct species, P. pumila, Regel. (See p. 1045.) 3 Mayr relies on trifling differences in the colour of the leaves, and in the shape and colour of the buds, characters which I have not been able to verify. The two trees, one of Swiss, and the other of Siberian origin, in the Christiania Botanic Garden, though strikingly different in habit, show no differences in leaves, buds, or branchlets. 1 The lowest altitude, according to Dr. Rikli, is 4000 ft., near Raron, in the upper Rhone valley. Pinus 1037 5000 ft., where Pinus sylvestris and Abies pectinata cease to grow, and is common mixed with larch and spruce at about 6000 ft., assuming in this dense part of the forest a narrow pyramidal form. Higher up, at about 7000 ft., it grows nearly pure in groups, scattered amidst rhododendrons, where seedlings are numerous, and is of a much more branching and picturesque habit, while far above on the rocky crests up to 8000 ft. isolated and broken trees are visible on the sky line. The largest specimens, which are at about 7000 ft., are of great girth, one tree which I saw in 1904 measuring 5 ft. in diameter, and dividing at 8 ft. from the ground into two stems. It is about 60 ft. high. Taller trees, up to 70 or even 80 ft., but of lesser girth, occur at the lower levels. Still larger specimens are said to exist in the forest of Arvieux in the same district. In Switzerland1 the tree is usually called Zilrbel, Zirbe, or Arve ; but is named Schember in the Engadine, which corresponds to the Italian name zembra or zimbro. The most extensive woods occur in the great central chain, as in the Pennine Alps and in the Engadine, though the tree is nearly extinct in Tessin ; whilst smaller woods and scattered trees are met with in the limestone Alps from Vaud and Freibourg to Chiirfiirsten in St. Gall. From here the distribution extends through the Bavarian Alps to Salzkammergut, whilst it is continued through the Tyrol in the main chain to Gamstein, on the Styrian frontier, its most northern and eastern station in the Alps. In the southern Alps the tree grows here and there from Mt. Adamello in the Tyrol to Bleiberg in Carinthia and the Steiner Alps in Carniola. Throughout the Alps P. Cembra is seen on all formations—granite, slate, lime stone, dolomite, etc.—but it thrives best and forms the largest woods on moist soils containing a considerable amount of clay, and remains stunted on dry limestone. (A. H.) In the Swiss Alps it is becoming in most places a scarce tree,2 as the wood is in great request for carving, and the seeds are mostly eaten by mice and birds. But in the high Alps on the south side of the Valais many fine old trees may yet be seen. A very beautiful one is shown in Plate 275, which is reproduced from a nega tive lent me by M. Coaz, Chief Inspector of the Swiss Government Forests, and forms plate xvi. of Les Arbres de la Suisse. It grows at Muotta da Celerina, near Pontresina, on a formation of mica schist and syenite rocks, at an elevation of 2120 metres, and measures 15 to 16 metres high, with a girth of 4.20 metres. It is divided into three principal stems, with many great branches, which extend to a diameter of 16^ metres, and is surrounded by numerous seedlings, which often grow from seeds dropped by the nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes). By far the best illustrations that I have seen of this tree in its native Alps are a series of twelve plates (27 B to 36 B) in Vegetationsbilder 11 (1905), by Dr. L. Klein. Of these the most remarkable is a tree broken off at a few feet up, where it measures 4^ metres in girth, with eight ascending candelabra-like branches. This grows at 1 A very complete account of this pine in Switzerland has lately been published by Dr. M. Rikli, Die Arve in der Schweiz, pp. xl + 455, with 21 maps and 60 illustrations (Georg et Cie, Basel, 1909). A review of this important work is given in Nature, Ixxxii. 399, figs. I, 2 (1910). 8 This species, according to Kirchner, op. cit. 250, was formerly much more widely spread in the Alps and Carpathians than it is at the present time. 1038 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 2300 metres behind the Findelen Hotel, on the Riffel Alp. Another decayed tree grows near it, measuring, close to the ground, no less than 7.67 metres (about 25 ft.) in girth, which Dr. Klein computes, from a careful counting of the rings in other trees, to be from 1000 to 1100 years old, and considers to be the oldest recorded tree of the species in Switzerland.1 In the Carpathians2 the woods of P. Cembra are smaller in extent and less frequent than in the Alps, occurring from the Tatra mountains in the north to Baiku in Banat, and ranging from 4200 to 7500 ft. altitude. In north-eastern Russia P. Cembra occurs in the plains of Vologda, Viatka, and Perm, to the eastward of a line drawn from the source of the river Vaga to the middle reach of the Petchora in lat. 65°, and often forms extensive forests of tall trees, with out a branch to 70 or 80 ft., which are seldom, however, cut for their timber. In the Ural mountains its range is from lat. 64° to lat. 55°. In Siberia this species occupies a wide territory, its northern limit crossing the Obi at lat. 66°, the Yenisei at 68°, the Lena at 60°, and the Aldan at 55°, and it does not appear to extend farther east than long. 130°, being replaced by P. pumila in north-eastern Siberia and Kamtschatka, and by P. koraiensis in Amurland, Man churia, and Korea. The southern limit, beginning in the Ural at lat. 55°, crosses the plain to reach the Alatau, Altai, and Sayan mountains, and, passing south of Lake Baikal, ends in north-eastern Mongolia.8 In the Ural Mountains this tree is abundant, though I did not see it myself so far south as the line of the Siberian railway. It occurs in the neighbourhood of Ekaterinburg, where Pallas first described it.4 He called it the Siberian cedar or pine of Liban, probably confusing it with the true Cedrtts Libani. He says that it grows so slowly that in a tree only 5 in. 4 lines in diameter he counted sixty-two rings, whilst a larch of fifty-nine years old was only 5 in. 9 lines in diameter. He further states that in the Ural it only produces much seed when two wet seasons occur in succession, and that in marshy places it grows to a much greater size than on the mountains. Ledebour5 says that in the south-western Altai this tree ascends from about 4500 ft. to the timber line, which is here about 6500 ft., but this is not the case in the more eastern district of the Altai which I visited, and where, probably on account of the much drier soil, I saw few or no Pinus Cembra in the Katuna and Tchuja mountains. But on my return journey it formed a considerable part of the forest on the steep mountains forming the southern shore of the north end of Lake Teletskoi, mixed with Abies sibirica, and was frequented by flocks of nutcrackers, which were feeding on its seeds. These seeds are a favourite article of food in Siberia, as well as in the Ural, and were sold in the market at Barnaoul in September. 1 Cf. Correvon in Card. Chron. xvii. 80, fig. 12 (1882), who figures an old tree in the Tyrol, about 7 ft. in diameter. 2 Cf. Pax, Pßanzenverb. Karfathen, i. 126 (1898), and ii. 247 (1908). Heuffel saw, just below the alpine pasture of Baiku, the only grove of P. Cembra in the whole territory of the Banat Alps. According to Golesco, in Bull. Soc. Dend. France, i9O7i p. 178, it occurs as a scattered tree in the P. mtmtana belt of the mountains of the Muscel district in Roumania. 3 Radde, Reisen im Süden von Ost-Sibirien, 117 (1861), gives the limit of elevation in the East Sayan as 7095 ft. On the mountains of N.W. Mongolia at Sochondo it only attains 6500 ft. 4 Pallas, Voyages, ii. 252 (1789). 6 Reise Altai Gebirge, i. 345-9 (1829). Ledebour, op. cit. 144, mentions a tree in the south-west Altai at 5700 ft. altitude, which measured 13 ft. 8 in. in girth at a foot from the ground. Pinus 1039 CULTIVATION According to Hempel1 the ripe seeds of the Cembra pine fall with the cones in the early spring, and as a rule lie a year before germinating ; but a small pro portion of the seeds that I have sown have germinated in England in the first season, and some will remain two or even three years before coming up. The seedling has nine to twelve, usually ten cotyledons, and makes but a short shoot in the first year. As mice and birds will probably devour the seeds unless protected, it is best to sow them in boxes filled with rich light sandy soil, and covered with fine wire netting. The seedlings should remain two or three years in the boxes, and will require three to five years or more in the nursery before they are large enough to plant out.'2 They are not often injured by spring frosts, but appear to dislike lime in the soil, and the seedlings which I raised from seed brought from Siberia all died at Colesborne, though one which I planted on sand in Norfolk grew much better. Though a native of climates where the summer is extremely short, and growing naturally on dry rocky situations, the tree seems to want good and fairly deep soil to develop into a fine tree in England, and is usually a very slow grower,3 though when established it will make growths of 9 to 15 in. annually until it reaches 40 to 50 ft. in height. It does not seem so difficult to transplant as some pines. REMARKABLE TREES This tree is said by Loudon to have been introduced by Archibald Duke of Argyll in 1746 ; and one of the original seedlings mentioned as being at Whitton in 1838 still survives ; and though somewhat crowded by other trees which have prevented it from branching in a natural manner, it is still fairly healthy and the tallest known to us in England, being 80 ft. by 5 ft. when measured by Henry in 1903. At Walcot in Shropshire, the seat of the Earl of Powis, a large number of this species were planted, according to Lambert, about 1820, having been raised from Swiss seed some years previously ; but when I visited this place in 1906 I could not find many survivors, though five or six handsome specimens remain in the grounds, the largest of which were 59 ft. by 8 ft. n in., 59 ft. by 8 ft. 10 in., and 65 ft. by 7 ft. 5 in. respectively. At Oakly Park near Ludlow there is a very well-shaped tree, probably of the same age as those at Walcot, on a steep bank below the house, which, though difficult to measure accurately, is about 70 ft. by 8 ft. 4 in. The trunk of this is much cleaner than usual, and contains about 80 ft. of timber. 1 Hempel u. Wilhelm, Bäume und SträucJier des Waldes, i. 175 (1889). 2 In his garden at Stratton Strawless, Mr. \V. J. Birkbeck showed me in 1907 some seedlings which he had raised from seeds gathered by him at Tolga Monastery in Russia, which were only about 3 in. high four years after sowing. 3 Correvon, in Gard. Chron. xvii. 80 (1882), states that seeds sown at Vevey, at 300 ft. elevation above Lake Geneva, and at a high altitude in the mountains, produced seedlings markedly different in their rate of growth. Those at the high elevation attained 8 ft. high, while those at Vevey were scarcely 3 ft. high at the same age. 1040 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland At Barton, Bury St. Edmunds, there is a tree planted in 1825, which is 57 ft. by 5 ft. i in. At Linton Park, Kent, a tree which was the largest reported to the Conifer Conference in 1891, when it measured 68 ft., when I saw it in 1903 was only 70 ft. by 4 ft. 6 in., and did not look at all healthy. At Woburn there is a very healthy specimen, branched to the ground, which in 1903 measured 53 ft. by 8 ft. 6 in. At Dropmore a tree said by Loudon to have been about 40 ft. high is now about 60 ft. At Osberton Hall, Notts, there is an old tree 50 ft. by 6 ft. 2 in. At Essendon Place, Herts, Mr. Clinton-Baker in 1907 measured a specimen 60 ft. by 5 ft. 4 in. At Bayfordbury a tree planted in 1840, is now 41 ft. by 5^- ft. In Scotland this tree does not seem to have been much planted at an early date, and I have heard of no trees of great age ; but it seems to have been a great favourite with the late Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort, and a great number of thriving specimens are growing at Balmoral, where the soil and climate seem to suit it remarkably well, and where it ripens good seed. There is an avenue 12 yards wide from the stables to the back door of the castle, which Mr. Michie believes to be fifty years old, and the trees, planted 6 yards apart, averaged in 1904, 38 to 40 ft. high by 3 to 4 ft. in girth. A much larger tree grows on the north side of the castle, and a number of the trees planted by royal and distinguished visitors in memory of their visits are of this species. This seems to show what I have not noticed in England, that a cold climate and dry sandy soil are, as might be expected, favourable to the health of this tree. At Abercairney, in Perthshire, Henry measured a tree 55 ft. high by 5 ft. 7 in. in girth ; and Hunter records one at Cultoquhey near Crieff, planted out from a pot in 1826, which in 1883 was 40 ft. by 6^ ft. In Ireland the damper climate does not seem to suit it, as we have not seen any trees of considerable size. A tree planted in the Park of Bogstad near Christiania, which Schübeler thought to be about 100 years old, and which he says was in 1885, 60 ft. high, was, when I measured it in 1903, about 85 ft. high with a trunk 10 ft. in girth, and divided at about 30 ft. into four stems. It is the largest cultivated tree that I have seen anywhere, and shows that it might prove a valuable forest tree in Norway. There is in the Botanical Garden at Christiania a tree believed to be of the Siberian variety which looks healthier, and is growing faster, than the European form. When I saw it in 1903 it was growing at the rate of about a foot per annum, and according to Schübeler is now about forty-one years old. This variety was growing healthily but slowly at the forest nursery at Storgaard in the upper part of Saltdalen, latitude 67°. TIMBER The wood of this tree is almost unknown in England except in the form of carvings and toys, for which it is preferred in its native country to that of any other conifer, on account of its softness, density, and the absence of hard rings. It is, however, difficult to procure in large sizes without knots ; and among a large Pinus 1041 quantity of this timber which I saw at Innsbruck, I could not find a log that would cut into clean boards over a foot wide. It is used in the Tyrol for wainscoting and domestic furniture on account of its durability and fragrance, which is said to endure for a very long period. Seebohm,1 who found this tree growing on the Yenesei as far north as latitude 67^°, says that the timber has a much higher market value than that of P. sylvestris, and is the best timber found in Siberia. It is dark in colour, but not so dark as larch, and is reputed never to rot, shrink, warp, or crack. It is soft and easy to work, fine in grain, and almost free from knots. (H. J. E.) PINUS KORAIENSIS, KOREAN PINE Pinus koraiensis, Siebold et Zuccarini, Fl.Jap. ii. 28, t. 116 (excl. figs. 1-4) (1844) ; .Masters, uijourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xviii. 504 (1881), and xxxv. 582 (1904); Mayr, Abut. jap. Reiches, 73, t. v. f. 18 and t. vi. f. 18 (1890), and Fremdländ. Wald- und Parkbäume, 386 (1906); Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. Forest. Japon, text 12, t. ii. ff. 17-33 (1900); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 334 (1900); Komarov, FI. Manshurice, i. 183 (1901); Clinton-Baker, Illiist. Conif. i. 28 (1909). Pinus mandshurica* Ruprecht, in Bull. Phys. Math. xv. 382, and Mél. Biol. ii. 567 (1857); Maximowicz, Prim. PL Amur. 263, 393 (1859), and Mél. Biol. xi. 349 (1881). A tree, attaining in Manchuria 150 ft. and in Japan 100 ft. in height, with a trunk 9 ft. in girth, but usually considerably smaller. Bark reddish grey, not unlike that of a spruce, with scales about 4 in. long and 2 in. broad, the freshly peeled places being reddish brown in colour. Buds, ^ to f in. long, cylindric-ovoid, resinous, bristly at the apex, owing to the long subulate free points of the scales. Young branchlets covered with a reddish brown tomentum, and similar to those of P. Cembra, but with the pulvini less prominent ; older branchlets brownish or grey, and much smoother than in that species. Leaves similar to those of P. Cembra in number, size, persistence, arrangement, and structure ; differing in the blunter apex,8 which is closely and sharply serrulate to the extreme tip, the apex in P. Cembra being long-acuminate, more remotely and less sharply serrulate, and often entire at the extreme tip as viewed with a lens. The leaves of P. koraiensis are whiter on the inner surfaces than in P. Cembra, the stomatic lines being more numerous and more conspicuous, and occasionally show a few broken lines of stomata on the outer surface near the apex. Staminate flowers in clusters, | in. long, pinkish. Female flowers upright, reddish, about an inch long, on stout stalks about J in. long. Cones subterminal, but often becoming lateral by the growth of a summer shoot, on short stalks, ovoid-cylindrical, 5 to 6 in. long, and about 3 in. in diameter at the base, opening when ripe. Scales, i^ to 2 in. long, i in. broad, woody ; 1 Siberia in Asia, 234 (1882). 2 This is identical with P. koraiensis, as pointed out by Maximowicz, Mél. Biol. xi. 349 (iSSi); and this opinion is shared by Komarov. 3 In the apical centimetre of the leaf the serrations average seventeen in P. koraiensis and only four in P. Cembra. V G 1042 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland apophysis shining brown, broadly triangular, reflexed in its upper third, tipped by a resinous thickened umbo. Seed T^ in. long, ^ in. wide, obovoid, sharply angled on the two sides and on the upper margin, wingless, brownish, edible. This species closely resembles P. Cembra, though the cones are very distinct ; but differs in the bristly buds, more silvery foliage, smoother branchlets, and faster growth in this country ; and examination with a lens will show the different character of the apex of the leaf in the two species. Var. variegata?—A form introduced from Japan, in which the leaves when young are yellowish white in colour, and said to be liable to injury if planted in a place exposed to full sunshine. Though mentioned in the Kew Handlist, we have seen no specimens of this variety. DISTRIBUTION Pinus koraiensis is widely distributed in eastern Asia,2 occurring in Amurland, Manchuria, Korea, and Japan. It is not a native of China, being represented in that country by P. Armandi, with which it has been much confused by several authors.8 Its northern limit in Amurland is, according to Maximowicz, about 51^° lat. in the interior in the Bureja range, and about 49° on the coast. In Manchuria, accord ing to Komarov, it grows throughout the mountain forests, extending westward to the valleys of the Chun-dsien4 and Sungari rivers, and southwards to the middle valley of the Yalu river ; often growing in extensive forests mixed with Picea ajanensis, Abies holophylla, and many species of deciduous trees, between 500 and 5000 ft. altitude. It attains a great size, up to 150 ft. in height, and the wood is highly valued by the Chinese settlers in Manchuria, and is exported for making coffins and for building purposes. Timber which we believe to be of this tree, resembling that of P. Cembra, has lately been imported from Nikolaievsk to London, and is considered likely to serve as a good substitute for the wood of P. Strobus, if it can be procured in quantity of a good size. In Korea the pine attains its southern limit in the district of Kang-ge, and was seen by Mr. J. H. Veitch in 1892 wild in various localities, notably in the Diamond mountains, where it is very abundant.5 The seeds, which are much used by the Koreans, have been sent to Kew by Consul Carles. They are known to the Chinese in the north as Hai-sung-tze. This tree was long believed by the Japanese 6 to be an exotic in Japan, brought from Korea by the soldiers who invaded that country. It is now known to be a native of the great forests of central Japan, where it usually grows mixed with deciduous trees, and occasionally ascends into the higher region of firs and spruces. Mayr saw large trees wild in Kiso and in the virgin forests of the mountains of Kotzuke. It is largely planted in Japan as an ornamental tree, the finest specimens 1 Card. Ckron. i. 710 (1887). 2 This species has been erroneously supposed to grow in Kamtschatka and the Karagin Island, where the only pine known is P. pumila, Regel. Cf. Maximowicz, Mil. Biol. xi. 349 (1881). 3 P. koraiensis is erroneously stated to be a native of China in Veitch's Man. Conifcra, 335, in Card. Chron. xxxiii. 34 (1903), Journ. Bot. 1903, p. 269, etc. Beissner's record of it from Shensi is also incorrect. Cf. synonymy given under P. Armandi. 4 An affluent of the Valu. 6 Kent, Veitch's Man. Cotlifcra, 335 (1900). 6 It is known in Japan as Choseti-matsu, i.e. Korean pine. Pinus 1043 being reputed to be those in a temple grove at Chusenji near Nikko, which measure about loo ft. in height and 10 ft. in girth, with clean stems of 30 to 40 ft. CULTIVATION This tree was introduced in 1861 from a Japanese nursery by J. Gould Veitch.1 It appears to be perfectly hardy, but rather slow in growth. The best specimens known to us are growing in Ireland—one at Fota, which was, in 1903, 32 ft. high, with a girth of 2 ft. 2 in. ; and another at Kilmacurragh, 40 ft. by 2 ft, in 1907, when it bore cones. A tree at Bicton, 34 ft. high by 2 ft. in girth in 1908, has produced cones, with fertile seed, from which a seedling was raised three years ago. A good specimen at Highnam, about 25 ft. high, was bearing cones in March 1910. Another at Grayswood, planted in 1882, is 24 ft. by i ft. 4 in. ; and one at Tregrehan is 20 ft. by i ft. We know of none in Scotland.2 At Segrez in France there is a fine specimen, which in 1904 was 40 ft. high and 4 ft. in girth. It has peculiar epicormic branches on the trunk, and bears cones and good seeds, from which plants have been raised. At Ansorge's nursery, Flott- beck, near Hamburg, there is a tree 25 ft. high, which has produced fertile seed. It is perfectly hardy in New England,8 and on account of its dense foliage is very ornamental. It produces freely cones and good seeds. The finest specimen, which is growing in Mr. Hunnewell's pinetum at Wellesley, Massachusetts, was 38 ft. high in 1905, and was bearing cones when I saw it in 1906. (A. H.) PINUS ARMANDI Pinus Armandi, Franchet, Planta Davtdianœ, i. 285, pi. 12 (1884), and mjoitrn. de Bot. xiii. 254 (1899); Beissner, in Mit. deut. dend. Ges. 1896, p. 68, Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iv. 184, t. 5, f. 2 (1897), and Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1899, p. 310; Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 549 (1902), xxxv. 582 (1904), in Gard. Chron. xxxiii. 66, figs. 30, 31 (1903), and m Journ. Bot. 1903, p. 269; Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 6 (1909). Pinus Armandi, Franchet, var. Masterstana, Hayata, in Tokyo Journ. Coll. Science, xxv. 216, fig. 8 (1908). Pinus quinquefolia, David, Voyage en Chine, i. 192 (1875), and in Nouv. Archiv. Muséum, vii. 95 (1884). Pinus scipioniformis* Masters, in Bull. Herb. Boissier, vi. 270 (1898). Pinus koraiemis, Masters, in Gard. Chron. xxxiii. 34, figs. 18, 19 (1903), in Journ. Bot. xli. 269 (1903), and in Journ. Linn. Suc. (Bot.) xxxv. 582 (1904) (in part); Beissner, in Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1899, p. 310 ; Diels, flora von Central-China, 215 (1901). (Not Siebold et Zuccarini.) Pinus Mastersiana, Hayata, in Gard. Chron. xliii. 194 (1908). A tree, attaining 60 ft. in height, with smooth and greenish bark. Buds cylin drical, obtuse, either non-resinous and bristly with free long-pointed scales, or 1 Card. Chron. 1861, p. 1114; Hortus Veitchii, 90(1906). 2 The tree at Ochtertyre, reported YD Journ. Roy. Hart. Soc. xiv. 534 (1892) as being 13 ft. in height in 1891, cannot now be found, and may have been wrongly named. 3 Garden and Forest, 1897, p. 296. 4 This species is based on a specimen of P. Armandi, with young cones, collected by myself. The aberrant position of the resin-canals in some of the leaves, noticed by Masters, is not unusual. Cf. Franchet, Jcnati. de. Bot. loc. cit. 1044 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland resinous with appressed scales. Young branchlets smooth, olive green, glabrous or with minute scattered hairs, becoming dark grey in the second year. Leaves in fives, spreading, and often bent as in P. excelsa, 4 to 6 in. long, green on the convex surface, conspicuously white with stomatic lines on the two flat surfaces, serrulate ; resin-canals usually median ; basal sheath and scale-leaves early deciduous. Staminate flowers cylindrical, f in. long, yellow, with spatulate scarious scales at the base. Cones sub-terminal, on stalks about an inch long, pendulous or spreading, cylin drical, but tapering to an obtuse apex, 4 to 7 in. long, 2 to 3 in. in diameter. Scales rigid, woody, about \\ in. long and i in broad ; concealed part broadly triangular, reddish brown ; apophysis triangular, yellow, tipped with a minute brown mucro ; apex of the scale rounded and not reflexed, or shortly cuspidate and slightly reflexed. Seed edible, wingless, \ in. to f in. long, mottled black on the convex surface, dark brown on the flatter surface, girt all round with a very narrow sharp ridge.1 This species2 is variable in the size of the cones, and in the shape of the scales, which are, however, never so much reflexed at the apex as in P. koraiensis. The foliage resembles that of P. excelsa ; but the resin-canals are marginal in the latter species. The grey-coloured branchlets, which are either glabrescent, or show under the lens a very scattered minute pubescence, are characteristic of P. Armandi; and are very different from the glaucous glabrous branchlets of P. excelsa, or the reddish brown tomentose branchlets of P. koraiensis. This species is widely spread throughout the mountains of western China, at elevations of 4000 to 6000 ft., from lat. 34° in Shensi to lat. 23° in Yunnan. It usually grows on wooded cliffs or on rocky situations, scarcely ever forming pure woods, and seldom attaining more than 50 ft. in height and 6 ft. in girth. The wood is used for building and for the coarser kinds of furniture ; and the edible seeds are sometimes sold in the markets. It is called kuo-sung (fruit-pine) in Yunnan, and tsung or niu-sung (cow-pine) in Hupeh. It is one of the remarkable discoveries made by Père David in his third journey through China in 1873, when he first saw it in the Tsin-ling range, south of the Yellow River in Shensi, where it has since been collected by Père Giraldi. It was subsequently found by Père Delavay and myself in Yunnan and Hupeh, and by Père Farges, von Rosthorn,8 and Wilson in Szechwan. This species has lately been discovered by several Japanese botanists in Formosa, where it grows on Mount Morrison at altitudes ranging from 8000 to 10,600 ft. The Formosan tree bears cones with scales slightly reflexed at the tip, as is com monly the case in Yunnan specimens, and on that account has been distinguished as a variety * by Hayata. Père Farges sent seeds of this species in 1895 to M. Maurice L. de Vilmorin, 1 This rim-like margin is absent in the seeds of P. koraiensis. 2 Some of Père Giraldi's specimens, which I saw in the museum of Florence, have been considered by Beissner to be P. koraiensis, on account of tbeir short leaves; but in the branchlets, cones, and seeds they are indistinguishable from P. Armandi. 3 Diels, Flora von Central-China, 216 (1901). 4 Var. Mastersiana, Hayata, in Tokyo fount. Coll. Science, xxv. 216, fig. 8 (1908); Pinus Mastersiana, Ilayata, in Gard. Chron. xliii. 194 (1908). Pinus who informs me that the largest specimen raised from this introduction is growing at Harcourt (Eure), and is now about 8 ft. high, and producing annual shoots about a foot in length. There are smaller trees at Les Barres and Verrières. There are also specimens of the same origin at the Arnold Arboretum, and some of these sent by Professor Sargent in 1902 to Kew are only about z\ ft. in height. A tree from the same source planted at Colesborne in 1905 has gradually pined away, possibly on account of the limy soil. The finest specimens of this species in cultivation are seven trees at Kew, which were raised from seed sent by me from Mengtse in Yunnan in 1897. They are 10 to 15 ft. high ; and three of them bore fully developed cones in 1909. Wilson1 sent seeds from Hupeh to the Coombe Wood Nursery in 1900, and the seedlings raised are about 2\ ft. high and very flourishing. P. Armandi promises to be a valuable ornamental tree. (A. H.) PINUS PUMILA Pinus pumila, Regel, in Cat. Sem. Hort. Petersb. 23 (1858), and in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxii. i, p. 211 (1859); Mayr, Abiet. jap. Reiches, 80, 103, t. vi. fig. 21 (1890); Komarov, fl. Mansh. 189, 190, 214 (1901); Clinton-Baker, Ulust. Conif. i. 46 (1909). Pinus pygmcea, Fischer, ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 142 (1847). Pinus Cembra, Linnaeus, var. pumila, Pallas, Flora Rossica, i. 3 (1784); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 318 (1900). Pinus Cembra, Linnaeus, var. pygmœa, Loudon, Arb. et Frtit. Brit. iv. 2276 (1838); Fischer, in Middendorf, Reise, Flora Ochot. 88 (1856). Pinus mandshurica, Murray, in Lawson, Pin. Brit. i. 61 (1884). (Not Ruprecht.) A shrub, usually prostrate, and rarely if ever exceeding 10 ft. in height. Buds resinous, about \ in. long, cylindric-conic, ending in a sharp-pointed apex ; scales reddish brown, closely appressed. Branchlets covered with a dense brown tomentum. Leaves closely crowded on the branchlets and directed forwards, parallel with them, in fives, those in each cluster appressed together, incurved, i^ to 2, rarely 3 in. long, white with stomatic lines on the two inner surfaces, entire or faintly serrulate2 in margin ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath entirely deciduous. Cones never opening, sub-sessile, about \\ in. long and i in. in diameter, ovoid, often curved, reddish or orange brown when ripe ; scales few, about ^ in. broad, concave interiorly with a partition between the cavities for the seeds, upper edge sharp and bevelled ; umbo terminal, darker in colour than the rest of the apophysis, ending in a minute, thickened, triangular, reflexed tip. Seed about \ in. long, pear-shaped, convex on the lower, and flattened on the upper surface, brownish, wingless, edible. 1 Cf. Hortus Veitchii, 343 (1906). Seeds of this species, erroneonsly ascribed to P. koraiensis, were sent by Wilson in 1899 from Yuanchiang in Yunnan, but do not appear to have germinated. Kent, in Veitch's Man. Conif era, 335 (1900), also erroneously considers the Yunnan tree to be P. koraiensis. 2 Specimens from Japan show both entire and seirulate leaves. Those from other regions have apparently always entire leaves. The cones are identical. 1046 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland This pine, which always remains a shrub, is distinct from P. Cembra, in the small size and different shape of the cones and seeds, and in the position of the resin-canals in the leaves, which are shorter, and entire or serrulate in margin. It is widely spread1 in eastern Asia, occurring in Kamtschatka, Siberia to the eastward of Yakutsk, Amurland, northern Russian Manchuria, Saghalien, Kurile Isles,2 and Japan. It is a native of very cold regions, growing as a dense scrub on wind-swept plateaux or on mountains close to the snow-line. In Kamtschatka8 and the Kurile Isles to the north of Urup, it thrives where no other pine is known, at elevations little above sea-level. In Iturup it grows between 1000 and 3000 ft. elevation, and in Yezo at over 3000 ft. In central Hondo it is confined to mountain peaks over 7000 feet elevation, and is often seen in the vicinity of sulphur springs, the poisonous exhalations of which it bears without injury. It is known to the Japanese as Hai-matzu, and to the Ainus as Todonup or Henekkeri; and its seeds4 are much esteemed by the natives of the Kurile Isles as an article of diet. This species appears to have been early introduced into St. Petersburg from eastern Siberia ; and Loudon mentions a plant at Dropmore which was only 6 in. high in 1837, though twenty years old, and had increased to 8J in. in height in 1866 when it was examined by Murray. The latter procured seeds for sowing in this year from Regel, but we have not found any specimens now living in England. Specimens with cones and seeds have lately been sent home by Capt. L. Clinton-Baker, R.N., who procured them from Nyoho San, near Nikko, at 8000 ft. elevation ; and two plants5 from this locality have been planted at Bayfordbury. (A. H.) PINUS FLEXILIS Pinus flexilis, James, in Longs Exped. ii. 34 (1823); Murray, in Gard. Chron. iii. 106, and iv. 356 (in part), f. 75 (1875); Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 35, tt. 546, 547 (1897), an(i Trees N. Amer. 7 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferce, 330 (1900); Masters, vcijourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 589 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 21 (1909); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 12 (1909). A tree, usually 40 to 50, occasionally 80 ft. high, with a short trunk 6 to 15 ft. in girth. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smooth, grey or silvery white ; becoming on old trunks i or 2 in. thick, dark brown, and deeply fissured into broad, scaly ridges. Branches very tough and flexible. Buds ovoid, short-pointed, f in. long, resinous, with the scales appressed or free at their subulate tips. Young branchlets glabrous or covered by a minute dense brown pubescence. 1 It is said by Masters, injourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xviii. 505 (1881), to have been found on tbe bay of Kotzebue in Alaska, but we have been unable to confirm this report. 2 Miyabe, flora of the Kurile Isles, 261 (1890). 3 This species was early mentioned by Abbé Chappe d'Auteroche, who, in Voyage en Sibérie, i. 360 (1768), says that little cedars, creeping on the ground and never growing upright, are found on the mountains and moss-covered plains of Kamtschatka. The inhabitants gather large quantities of the seed for food, and make a drink, something like Jtwas, by boiling and fermenting the young shoots, considered to be a cure for scurvy. 4 Batchelor and Miyabe, Ainu Economic Plants, 230 (1893). 6 One of these plants is figured in Card. Chron. xlvi. 93, fig. 41 (1909). Pinus 1047 Leaves in fives, persistent for five or six years, densely crowded on the branchlets, directed forwards, 2 to 3 in. long, stout, rigid, curved, scarcely twisted, entire1 in margin, sharp-pointed, marked on the three surfaces with three or four stomatic lines ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath J in. long, early deciduous. Cones sub-terminal, erect when young, spreading in the second year, sub-sessile, 3 to 5, rarely 10 in. long,2 ovoid-cylindrical; scales3 opening and spreading hori zontally when mature, about i in. long and £ in. wide, obovate, with the upper margin reflexed ; apophysis thickened, brown, tipped with a triangular umbo. Seed ovoid, compressed, J to J in. long, brownish, angled on the lateral and upper margins ; wing rudimentary, about T^ in. long, lacerated when the seed falls. This species is distinguished from all the cultivated five-leaved pines with a completely deciduous leaf-sheath, except P. pumila, by the leaves being entire in margin. The latter species, which in its continental form has also non-serrulate leaves, is readily distinguishable from P. ßexilis by the shaggy reddish brown tomentum on its young branchlets. VARIETY Shaw considers the following to be a variety of this species :— Var. reßexa, Engelmann, in Rothrock, Rep. Geol. Surveys, vi. 258 (1878). Pinus reßexa, Engelmann, in Bot. Gazette, vii. 4 (1882); Mayr, Fremdländ. Wald- u. Park bäume, 388 (1906). Pinus strobiformis, Sudworth, U.S. Forestry Bull. No. 14, p. 17 (1897) (not Engelmann4); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 33, tt. 544, 545 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 6 (1905). This differs from the type in the much reflexed, usually thin cone-scales. The leaves, either entire or serrulate in margin, are with or without stomatic lines on the back. It was found in northern Chihuahua in Mexico by Pringle in 1887, and seems to be intermediate between P. flexilis and P. Ayacahuite, though all the cones seen by Shaw resembled those of P. ßexilis in size and general appearance. According to Sargent, this pine attains 80 to 100 ft. in height, and is scattered singly, or in small groups, on rocky ridges of the Santa Catalina, Chiracahua, and Santa Rita mountains of southern Arizona, and on the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua in Mexico. It has not been introduced. DISTRIBUTION AND CULTIVATION This species is widely distributed on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains6 from Alberta to Texas, and occurs also in the mountains of northern Arizona, Utah, 1 In rare cases the leaves are slightly serrulate, and have been distinguished as var. serrulata, Engelmann, in Rothrock, Wheeler's Report, vi. 258 (1878). 2 Cones of abnormal length, in addition to those of the ordinary size, are produced on trees growing in the San Francisco mountains of northern Arizona ; and have been distinguished as var. macrocarpa, Engelmann, in Rothrock, Wheeler's Report, vi. 258 (1878). 3 Shaw, loc. cit., says : Scales straight or reflexed, and variable in thickness. 4 P. strobiformis, Engelmann, is a variety of P. Ayacahuite. 6 In the Rocky Mountains of Canada P. flexilis is found only on the margins of the rivers issuing from the mountains. Cf. Macoun, in Trans. R. Soc. Canada, xii. 4, p. 13 (1894). 1048 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Nevada, and south-eastern California, where it reaches the western side of the Sierra Nevada at the head of King's River. It occupies the sub-alpine zone, usually growing singly or in small groups, but forming open forests on the eastern foot hills of the Rocky Mountains in Montana and on the ranges of central Nevada. At low elevations it is associated with P. conforta, van Murrayana, and at higher alti tudes in the southern part of its area is often scattered with P. aristata. In Colorado, according to Engelmann, it has a tapering trunk, branching almost from the base, and attaining, at 200 or 300 years old, a diameter of one foot. It is largest in size in Arizona and in northern New Mexico, where Fendler saw it 60 to 80 ft. in height.1 In the Sandia Mountains2 in this state it ascends to 12,000 ft. ; but in the north is restricted to elevations of 4000 to 6000 ft. It also occurs in a limited area in northern Mexico, where it was collected in Coahuila by Nelson. Sargent figures - a fine tree, growing in the Yellowstone Park, at 7000 ft. elevation, which was 5 ft. in diameter. P.flexilis was discovered in 1820 by Dr. Edwin James, near the base of Pike's Peak in Colorado. Plants3 were raised in the Harvard Botanic Garden from seeds collected in Colorado by Dr. Parry in 1861, but after thirty-five years' growth were not more than 5 ft. high with tufts of stunted foliage on the ends of naked branches. There are three trees in Kew Gardens, probably of the same origin, growing near the Isleworth gate, one of which produced cones4 for the first time in 1896, when it was 25 ft. high and 2 ft in girth. This tree produces fruit every year, and is now 32 ft. by 2 ft. ID in. At Highnam, a specimen, about 20 ft. high, has borne cones. There are also two trees at Terling Place, Essex, the origin of which is unknown. Both were bearing cones in 1907, the larger measuring 32 ft. by 2 ft. 4 in. They have smooth green bark and ascending branches. There are four trees about 15 ft. high at Westonbirt which are not thriving. Elwes saw a small tree at Murthly in 1906. (A. H.) PINUS ALBICAULIS, WHITE-BARK PINE Pinus albicaulis, Engelmann, in Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 209 (1863); J. D. Elooker, in Gard. Chron. xxiv. 9, f. 2 (1885); Sargent, SUva N. Amer. xi. 39, t. 548 (1897), and Trees N. A?ner. 8 (i9°S) J Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 310 (1900) ; Masters, mjourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.} xxxv. 588 (1904). Finus flexilis, Balfour, £ol. Exped. Oregon, i, t. 2, f. i (1853) (not James). Pinusflexilis, James, var. albicaulis, Engelmann, in Brewer and Watson, Bot. California, ii. 124 (1880). Pinus Shasta, Carrière, Canif. 390 (1867). A tree, attaining 80 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth, usually smaller, and becom ing at very high elevations a low shrub.5 Bark of young trees white or pale grey, smooth ; on old trees remaining thin and scaling in small polygonal plates. Young 1 Trans. St. Louis Acad. Science, ii. 208, 209 (1863). " Garden and Forest, x. 162, fig. 19 (1897). 3 Ibid. 461. 4 Garden, Ii. 73 (1897). 6 On high cold sites, as in northern Montana, where I saw this pine in 1906, it dwindles in size till at absolute timber line it is prone on the ground in the depressions of the rock, with matted branches and a stem less than a foot in height. Pinus 1049 branchlets reddish brown, with a scattered minute stiff pubescence. Leaves similar to those of P. flexilis, persisting five to eight years. Cones sub-terminal, sessile, spreading, never opening, ovoid, i^ to 3 in. long, dark purple when growing, light brown when mature ; scales much thickened, very brittle at their base, f in. long, f in. broad, many undeveloped and unfertile ; apophysis triangular, ending in a sharp-pointed umbo. Seed, \ to | in. long, ovoid, more or less compressed, pointed at the apex, pubescent ; wing rudimentary or absent. In the absence of cones, this species is best distinguished from P.flexilis by the minute scattered stiff hairs on the reddish brown branchlets. The young branchlets of P. flexilis are either quite glabrous or covered with a soft fine tomentum. This species is more alpine in distribution than P. flexilis, forming the timber line on many mountain ranges from lat. 53° in Alberta and British Columbia,1 southward along the Rocky Mountains to the Yellowstone plateau, and through Washington and Oregon in the Cascade and Blue mountains, and in California, along the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. It reaches an elevation of 5000 ft. in the north, and 12,000 ft. in the south. This species2 endures great seasonal ranges of temperature from —60° to 100° Fahr. ; severe winds and a very short growing season being characteristic of its habitat. It is probably the least exacting of all conifers as regards both soil and moisture—the annual precipita tion, a large proportion of it in the form of snow, sometimes being as little as 15 in. In north-western Montana this species3 does not cross the continental divide, and grows at elevations between 6000 and 8000 ft., usually in scattered groves, either pure or mixed with Picea Engelmanni and Abies lasiocarpa. It is often seen on high exposed ridges, and strongly resembles P. Cembra in general appearance, being often irregularly branched and with a flattened crown of foliage. The largest tree (Plate 276) measured by me on Mount Nicholas, and photographed by Prof. Elrod, was 84 ft. high and 9 ft. 2 in. in girth. Sir Joseph Hooker describes and figures * this tree on Mount Shasta, where the trunk becomes scored and polished by the sand blasts. Elwes saw it here in 1904 at about 7000 to 8000 feet elevation. The most remarkable feature of this pine, in which it resembles P. Cembra, is that the cones never open, the seeds being distributed by squirrels, who readily break off the scales, which are very brittle towards the base. P. albicaulis was discovered5 on the mountains rising above the valley of the lower Fraser river, near Fort Hope, in 1851 by John Jeffrey, who sent seeds from Mount Shasta, California, in 1852, to Scotland, from which a few plants were raised, but none of these appear to have survived. The only specimens we know in cultivation are seedlings at Kew about 6 in. high. The timber when accessible is used by miners for props, fuel, and sleepers. (A. H.) 1 Dawson, in Canad. Naturalist, ix. 328 (1881) says ; "In the coaster Cascade ranges as far north as the Htasyouco river (lat. 53°)." 2 Cf. U.S. Sylmcal Leaflet 37, White Bark Pint (1908). 3 It occurs also in the Helena National Forest in Montana. * Card. Chron. xxiv. 9, fig. 2 (1885). 6 Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 41 (1897). V H 1050 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS BUNGEANA Pimts Bungeana, Zuccarini, ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 166 (1847) ; Murray, Pines and Firs of Japan, 18 (1863); Hance, vs\ Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot) xiii. 87 (1873); Maximowicz, Mél. Biol. xi. 348 (1881) ; Masters, in Gard. Chron. xviii. 8, figs, i, 2 (1882), m Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 549 (1902), and xxxv. 590, pi. 23, fig. 10 (1904); Lavallée, Arbor. Segrezianum, in, t. 32 (1885); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conifer«, 316 (1900); Mayr, Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume; 372 (1906); N. E. Brown, in Bot. Mag. t. 8240 (1909); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. n (1909). Pinus excorticata, Lindley and Gordon, m Journ. Hort. Soc. v. 217 (1850). Pimts Napokoni, Simon, in Bull. Soc. d'Acdim. 1863, p. 281. A tree, attaining in China 80 to ioo ft. in height, and 12 ft. in girth. Bark on young trees dark brown, smooth, and scaling off in thin flakes, exposing the whitish inner cortex ; in old trees white1 externally, as if washed with lime and marked by inconspicuous scattered brown lenticels ; on the inner surface it is fawn- coloured and covered with minute resinous depressions. Buds spindle-shaped, brown, about § in. long, slightly resinous ; external scales few, lanceolate, acuminate, free at the tips. Young branchlets glabrous, greenish, with slightly raised pulvini, which disappear in the second year, leaving the surface smooth and greyish green. Leaves in threes, with the basal sheaths entirely deciduous early in the first year, remotely placed on the branchlets, persisting three or four years, about 3 in. long, rigid, curved, serrulate, sharp-pointed, marked with stomatic lines on the three surfaces ; fibro-vascular bundle undivided ; resin-canals four, marginal. Staminate flowers in a loose spike, about 4 in. long ; each flower £ in. long, girt at the base by ovate-triangular acute bracts. Cones, solitary or in pairs, sub-terminal, though often becoming apparently lateral by the growth of a summer shoot, on stout short stalks ; globose-ovoid, 2 to 2^ in. long ; scales small at the base of the cone and unfertile, well-developed in the centre and about f in. long and |- in. broad ; apophysis brown, rhomboidal, with a transverse ridge near the upper margin ; the narrow umbo terminating in a short triangular spreading or reflexed prickle. Seeds, one or two on each scale, brownish, pear-shaped, f in. long, £ in. wide and thick, the testa produced into a narrow rim on each side and a short lacerated wing above, deciduous when the seed falls, incapable of flight, out of the cone. This remarkable pine occurs wild in the mountains of northern China, where Mayr observed it growing on stony slopes ; and it has recently been found by Wilson2 south-west of Ichang in Hupeh, on precipitous mountains at an altitude of 2000 to 4000 ft. He saw many hundreds of trees scattered for miles, evidently the remains of a considerable forest. Many of these trees were curved at the butt, a few being branched near the ground. It was also collected in northern Shensi, by Père Giraldi,3 who reports it to be a rare tree 30 to 40 ft. high. It 1 Mayr states that the hark is dazzling whitish-blue on the sunny side of the tree and greenish-white on the shady side. The name "lace-bark pine" occasionally given to the species is inappropriate. 2 Gard. Chron, xli. 422 (1907). 3 jsjote jn Botanical Museum at Florence. Pinus 1051 was formerly only known as a tree cultivated around temples, as at Peking, Shanghai, and other localities in central and northern China. It is known to the Chinese as pat-sung, "white pine," or pai-kuo-sung, "pine with a white bark." Chiu-lung-sung,1 the pine of the nine dragons, cited as the Chinese appellation by Endlicher, is the name given to a single tree of this species, standing in the celebrated temple of Tieh-tai-sze, near Peking ; and was so named by the Emperor Chien Lung, who admired its nine tall stems. As usually seen in cultivation in China, the tree has a short trunk, sometimes 12 ft. in girth, dividing at a few feet from the ground into several upright stems, which, in the oldest examples, attain a height of 80 to 100 ft. Fortune2 gives a good picture illustrating this peculiar habit. Wilson says that the wood is brittle, and only used for fuel. The seeds do not appear to be eaten by the Chinese. P. Bungeana was discovered at Peking by Dr. A. Bunge in 1831, and Zuccarini's description was based upon his specimens. Fortune introduced this pine into cultivation in England in 1846 ; and young plants reared from seed sent by him were growing in 1857 in Glendinning's nursery, Turnham Green.3 Murray reported in 1863 that specimens about 5 ft. high had withstood without injury the severe winter of 1860. Simon4 sent young plants to Paris from Peking in 1862. No trees in cultivation in Europe are as yet old enough to show the beautiful white bark which renders this pine so remarkable at Peking. As a small tree, how ever, it is fast in growth, ornamental and distinct in habit owing to its vivid green foliage, and is worthy of a place in all collections. The largest specimen known to us is growing at Pampisford, Cambridge, and is about 30 ft. high, dividing into four slender stems near the ground ; but it has been retarded in growth by the crowding of other trees. At Kew, where there are several very healthy specimens, which have produced cones for several years, the tree either assumes an erect pyramidal habit or is rounded and bushy in appearance. The largest tree is 25 ft. high and 23 in. in girth at three feet from the ground. Small trees bearing cones also exist at Flitwick, Highnam, and Tregrehan. At Messrs. Simon-Louis' nursery6 near Metz, it grows well on calcareous soil and ripened seed when only 12 ft. high. Mayr says that it is perfectly hardy at Grafrath, near Munich, where the winters are very severe. It is very hardy in eastern Massachusetts, where, though it still retains a bushy habit, cones are produced in abundance. The largest specimen in the United States is growing in Mr. Josiah Hoopes' pinetum at West Chester, Pennsylvania.6 (A. H.) i Cf. Hance, in/«»-«. Bot. xi. 91 (1873). * Yedo and Peking, 377, 378 (1863). Cf. Gard. Chron. 1863, p. 776. 3 Card. Chron. 1857, p. 216. Fortune received a further consignment of seed from Peking in 1864, according to Card. Chron. 1864, p. 197. 4 Bull. Soc. d'Acclim. 1863, p. 281. 6 Beissner, in Mitt, detit. dendr. Ges. 1905, p. 35. 0 Garden and Forest, vi. 458 (1893) and x. 470 (1897). 1052 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PIN US GERARDIANA, GERARD'S PINE Pinus Gerardiana, Wallich, ex Lambert, Genus Pinus, ii. 145, t. 79 (1832); Loudon,1 Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2254(1838); Royle, Illust. Him. Plants, 353, t. 85, f. 2 (1839); Forbes, Pinetum Woburnense, 53, t. 19 (1839); Cleghorn, in Journ. Agric. Hort. Soc. India, xiv. 266, t. 4 (1867) ; Hooker, Fl. Brit. India, v. 652 (1888); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 331 (1900); Gamble, Indian Timbers, 709 (1902); Masters, m Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 590 (1904) ; Brandis, Indian Trees, 690 (1906); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 22 (1909). Pinus Gerardi, Forbes, Hort. Woburn. 210 (1833). A tree, attaining 80 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Bark thin, grey, with scattered brown lenticels, exfoliating in irregular scales, which leave shallow brownish depressions, dotted over with minute holes. Buds about f in. long, conic, acuminate ; scales appressed and resinous. Young branchlets glabrous, olive green, with prominent pulvini, which are less marked in following years. Leaves in threes, more crowded on the branchlets, duller in colour, and less rigid than those of P. Bungeana, straight or slightly curved, 3 to 4 in. long, serrulate, sharp-pointed, marked with stomatic lines on the three surfaces ; fibro-vascular bundle undivided, resin-canals marginal ; basal sheaths loose, \ in. long in the first year and completely deciduous in the second year. Cones, on short scaly peduncles, subterminal, broadly ovoid, variable in size, 4 to 9 in. long, and 3 to 5 in. in diameter ; scales i J in. long, i in. broad, very thick and woody ; apophysis triangular, reflexed downwards at nearly a right angle, and ending in a swollen umbo, which is often tipped with a recurved spine. Seed cylindric, f to i in. long, edible ; rudiment of the wing present as a narrow deciduous border, remaining on the scale when the seed falls. Gerard's pine is a native of the western Himalayas, extending eastward to the Niti Pass in Garhwal, and occurring also in the mountains of Baluchistan, northern Afghanistan, Kafiristan, and in the Hariab district. It grows in the inner arid valleys, beyond the reach of the south-west monsoon, never forming dense forests, but occurring in isolated groups on dry steep rocky slopes, especially on granite and slate formations ; and ranges between 6000 and 11,000 ft. elevation. Thomson2 describes it as a compact small tree, with twisted ascending branches and a mottled grey bark, smooth on account of the shedding of the outer layers. Aitchison3 speaks of it as a very handsome tree, branching more like an oak than a pine, and readily distinguished at a distance by its ashy grey bark, which on close examination consists of patches of all tints from light green to red and brown, due to the peculiar way in which it exfoliates. According to Gamble, its growth is moderate, about 13 rings per inch of radius. The wood is tough, and used for the hook supporting the passenger's seat on the native rope bridges; but the tree is hardly ever felled as it is very valuable on 1 Loudon cites as synonymns, P. Neoza, Govan, and P. Chilghoza, Elphinstone, MS. names without description ; and it is doubtful whether they were applied to this species or to P. longifolia. 2 IV. Himalaya and Tibet, 74. 3 Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.} xviii. 98 (1881). Pinus I053 account of its edible seeds. These are known as neoza or chilghoza, and are an article of food in Kunawar and other parts of the Himalayas, being largely imported into the plains of India from the hills of the Punjab and Afghanistan. They are oily, with a slight flavour of turpentine, and are eaten roasted at dessert by Europeans. The bark is made into baskets and water buckets. The forests of this pine in the Shinghar and Sherghali hills, in north-eastern Baluchistan, and on the adjoining Suliman range and the Maidan plateau, in the North-west Frontier Province of India, have been fully described * by Mr. E. P. Stebbing. In his account, which is accompanied by excellent illustrations of fine isolated trees and of scattered woods on the arid slopes of the mountains, Mr. Stebbing says that the species is here seen at its best, trees with fine straight stems 70 to 85 ft. high and 9 to 12 ft. in girth occurring at 7500 to 8500 ft. elevation. The tree' grows on what is apparently solid limestone rock, with the scantiest possible supply of water. The tribesmen collect the cones into heaps, and extract the seeds by setting fire to the mass, which causes the cone-scales to gape asunder. Occasionally the tree is tapped for resin. It was first introduced2 into England by Lord Auckland, who sent seeds in 1839 to the Horticultural Society, from which plants were raised in the Chiswick Garden. The tree has never thriven in this country, and is the rarest of all pines in culti vation, the only specimen, exclusive of nursery plants, that we know of in England being a tree, about 15 ft high, in the Cambridge Botanic Garden, which is probably over thirty years old. In Ireland there is also a single specimen, growing in Lord Ardilaun's grounds at St. Anne's, near Dublin. It measured, in 1903, 25 ft. high and i ft. 9 in. in girth, and is pyramidal in habit, with mostly ascending branches. According to Mr. Campbell, the gardener at St. Anne's, it was about 5 ft. high in 1870. Seedlings planted out in 1908 endured the severe winter at Colesborne, with a slight protection of branches, and are now growing slowly. This species has lived out of doors at Grafrath,3 near Munich, for nineteen years, but has made little growth in height. Elwes saw a tree in the Botanic Garden at Montpellier, which was about 20 ft. high in January 1910. It had produced cones 4 in the preceding year. (A. H.) 1 Indian Forest Bulletin, No. 7 (1906) ; The Chilgoza Forests of Zhob and the Takht-I-Suliman, with map and 6 plates (Calcutta, 1906). 2 Gordon, in Loudon, Card. Mag. xvi. 6 (1848), in giving an account of the introduction, says that all the plants culti vated previously under the name P. Gerardiana were in reality P. longifolia. Cf. also Gard. Chron. 1842, p. 52. 3 Mayr, Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 373 (1906). 4 Cf. Pardé, in Bull. Soc. Dend. France, 1909, pp. 99, 108. 1054 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS BALFOURIANA, FOXTAIL PINE Pinus Balfouriana, Balfour, Oregon Ex fed. Report, i, t. 3, f. i (1853); Murray, in Gard. Chron. v. 332, f. 58 (1876) ; Sargent, Silva N. Amer., xi. 59, t. 553 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 8 (1905) ; Kent, Veitch's Man. Conifères, 313 (1900); Masters, \njourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 589 (1904). A tree, usually 30 to 40 ft. high and 6 ft. in girth, rarely attaining 90 ft. in height and 15 ft. in girth. Bark of young trees thin, smooth, and whitish ; becoming on old trunks f in. thick, dark red brown, and deeply divided into broad flat scaly ridges. Young branchlets stout, yellowish brown, covered with a minute pubescence. Buds ovoid, acuminate at the apex, about £ in. long, with closely appressed brownish scales. Leaves in fives, densely crowded on the branches, persisting ten or twelve years, nearly appressed together in the clusters, incurved, about i^ in. long, rigid, sharp-pointed, entire in margin, green and shining on the back, whitened with numerous stomatic lines on the inner surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath speedily splitting into five segments that become reflexed and form a rosette around the base of the leaf-cluster. Cones sub-terminal, spreading, sessile, cylindric-conic, 3^ to 5 in. long ; scales narrow, elongated ; apophysis convex, rhomboidal, transversely keeled, with a minute incurved prickle. Seed pale mottled with violet, ^ in. long ; wing narrow and oblique at the apex, about i in. long. This species is confined to California, where it is found on Scott Mountain in Siskiyou County, on the mountains at the head of the Sacramento river, on Mount Yolo Bally, in the northern coast range, and in the southern Sierra Nevada, where it attains its largest size. It occurs at elevations of 5000 to 12,000 ft., often forming the timber line,1 and growing usually on bare rocky slopes and the summits of ridges, in loose granitic soil. At high elevations it occurs in small pure scattered groves or in mixture with P. albicaulis, while at lower levels it is associated with P. montieola, P. conforta, var. Murrayana, and other conifers. The illustration (Plate 277) is from a photograph by Mr. F. R. S. Balfour in the Sierra Nevada mountains, between King's River and Kaweah River, at an elevation of 9000 to 10,000 ft. This species was discovered in 1852 on Scott Mountain by Jeffrey, who sent a few seeds to the Oregon Association of Edinburgh. It is rare in cultivation, though specimens of small size are to be seen in the botanic gardens of Kew, Edinburgh, and Glasnevin. At Messrs. Little and Ballantyne's nursery, Carlisle, there is a tree about 20 ft. high, which was planted about thirty years ago. It has never produced a single cone ; but large numbers of grafts have been propagated from it. At Welbeck, Elwes saw a small tree about 15 ft. high. (A. H.) 1 Cf. Pinchot, U.S. Forest Service, Sylvical Leaflet 26 (1908). Pinus IOS5 PINUS ARISTATA, BRISTLE-CONE PINE Pinus aristata, Engelmann, in Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 205, pi. 5, 6 (1863); Murray, in Gard. Chron. iv. 549, fig. 117 (1875); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 63, t. 554 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 9 (1905); Masters, mjourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 590 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 5 (1909). Pinus Balfouriana, Balfour, var. aristata, Engelmann, in Brewer and Watson, Bot. California, ii. 125 (1880); Webster, in Gard. Chron. xx. 719, fig. 126 (1896); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 314 (1900). A tree, occasionally attaining 40 to 50 ft. in height, with a short trunk 6 to 9 ft. in girth. Bark, buds, branchlets, and foliage, as in P. Balfouriana, though in culti vated specimens the young branchlets of P. aristata differ in being covered with a dense reddish brown pubescence ; whilst both on wild1 and cultivated trees of P. aristata the leaves are remarkable in being dotted over their outer surface with resinous exudations. Cones subterminal, spreading, sessile, about 3 in. long, ovoid-conic ; scales thin, oblong-cuneate, f to i in. long ; apophysis rhomboidal, transversely keeled, with a slender incurved brittle prickle, nearly £ in. long. Seed light brown, mottled with black, ^ in. long ; wing J to ^ in. long. This alpine species is widely distributed from the eastern range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado westward through the mountains of southern Utah, and central and southern Nevada, southwards in the San Francisco peaks of northern Arizona, and in the mountains of south-eastern California. It grows on rocky or gravelly slopes, forming the timber line in these mountainous regions at 9000 to 12,000 ft. elevation, and producing a soft light wood, which is occasionally used for fuel and in the mines. This species was discovered2 in 1861 by Dr. Parry on Pike's Peak in Colorado, and plants raised from seed sent by him to Boston had only attained 18 in. in height at the end of thirty-five years.3 Seeds were sent4 in 1863 from Colorado to England, and small trees may be seen in botanic gardens, the specimen at Glasnevin, which has produced cones of late years, being about 15 ft. high. The best specimen we have seen in England is one at Hardwick, near Bury St. Edmunds, which is about 25 ft. high by 2 ft. in girth. It was planted by Sir Joseph Hooker, and bore cones in 1905 when Elwes measured it. There is also one at Aldenham about 20 ft. high which bore cones in 1908. There are also specimens at Ponfield, Herts, and at Ochtertyre,6 in Perthshire. (A. H.) 1 Cf. Engelmann, in Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 206 (1863). 2 Murray, in Gard. Chron. iv. 549 (1875), says that it was first seen by Captain Gunnison in 1853, near Pike's Peak. 3 Garden and Forest, x. 470 (1897). 4 Gard. Chron. iv. 549 (1875). Gordon, in Pinetum, 292 (1875), says that it was first introduced by Mr. Cripps of Tunbridge Wells. ß See Masters, in Card. Chrou. xxvi. 371 and 382 (1899). 1056 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PI NUS MONOPHYLLA, ONE-LEAF NUT PINE Pinus monophylla, Torrey, in Fremont, Report, 319, t. 4 (1844); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xx. 48, f. 8 (1883), Ann. Bot. ii. 126 (1888), and Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvii. 269, f. 10 (1891), xxxv. 584 (1904); J. D. Hooker, in Gard. Chron. xxvi. 136, f. 24 (1886); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 51, t. 551 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 12 (1905); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 33 (1909). Pinus Fremontiana, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 183 (1847); Gordon, in Journ. Hort. Soc. iv. 293, fig. (1849). Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini, var. monofhylla, Voss, in Deut.^Gartenrat, Beilage 123 (1904); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 5 (1909). A tree usually 25 to 30 ft., occasionally1 40 to 50 ft. high, with a short trunk rarely more than 5 ft. in girth. Bark reddish, divided by deep irregular fissures into narrow connected scaly ridges. Young branchlets slender, grey, with scattered minute pubescence. Buds cylindrical, obtuse, £ in. long ; scales few, closely imbri cated, greyish tinged with brown, ovate, apiculate, entire in margin. Leaves solitary, remotely placed on the branchlets, persistent for four or five years or longer, incurved and directed forwards, rigid, terete, about i^ in. long, TJ0- in. in. diameter, marked with about twenty stomatic lines, and ending in a sharp cartilaginous point; resin-canals, 3 to 14, marginal. Basal sheath £ in. long, its upper part deciduous in the first year, while the lower part persists in the following years as an irregular rosette of reflexed segments. According to Dr. Masters, the solitary leaf is due to the arrested development in the bud of one leaf of a two- leaved cluster. Occasionally the second leaf is fully developed, and two-leaved clusters result. In cultivation adventitious shoots bearing flattish primordial leaves are occasionally produced on the lower branches. Cones sub-terminal, short-stalked, ij to 2 in. long ; scales few, with a thick pyramidal non-prickly apophysis and a central umbo. Seed edible, about f in. long and £ in. wide, brownish, oblong, full and rounded at the base, acute at the apex, with a thin brittle shell, and a narrow wing, about ^ in. wide, remaining attached to the scale. Cotyledons 7 to to. The primary flattened leaves, about an inch in length, persist on the seedling till it is about five years old ; after which they become shorter, buds forming in their axils and producing the adult leaves. This species is readily distinguished by its glaucous terete solitary2 leaves, with reflexed basal sheaths, and its peculiar buds. When two-leaved clusters appear the leaves are semi-terete and entire in margin.3 This pine is widely distributed, extending from the western base of the Wasatch mountains in Utah, westward through the mountain ranges of Nevada, to the Sierra Nevada in central California, and southwards to Arizona, and the coast ranges of 1 According to Pinchot, V.S. Forest Service, Sylvical Lea/let 16 (1908), a few trees have been seen in the Tehachapi mountains, 4 ft. in diameter and nearly loo ft. in height. 2 Solitary leaves occasionally occur as a sport in other pines, as in P. sylvestris, var. monophylla, but such cases present no difficulty, as the buds, leaves, and basal sheaths are entirely different. 3 Cf, Engelmann, in Rothrock, Report Geol. Surveys, vi. Botany, 259 (1878). Pinus 1057 southern California and of northern Lower California. It grows in a very dry climate, the rainfall varying from 16 in. in the northern part of its area to 5 in. in the southern part, while the temperature is extreme, ranging from a minimum of — 2° Fahr, in the Sierra Nevada to a maximum of 122° Fahr, in the Mojave desert. It occurs in arid situations on foothills, gravelly slopes, and rocky elevations, at elevations of 3800 to 6800 ft. in Utah and Nevada, and 4000 to 9500 ft. in the San Bernardino mountains, where the tree is abundant. It usually grows in mixture with other species, but frequently forms pure open woods over large areas. In Arizona it is associated with Pinus edulis, Juniperus monosperma, J. pachyphloea, and Cupressus arizonica. In Utah its chief companion is Juniperus utahensis, while in southern California it occurs sparingly in the chaparral formations, together with J. californica, oaks, and tree yuccas. Occasionally it grows with Abies concolor or with Pinus Jeffreyi. P. monophylla was considered by Newberry1 to be a depauperate or desert form of P. edulis, which has a more easterly distribution. Sir Joseph Hooker, however, was convinced that the two species are distinct, and that two-leaved forms of P. monophylla are not identical with P. edulis. The latter has dull leaden grey foliage, whereas that of P. monophylla is glaucous with a silvery sheen. P. monophylla is the stronger plant of the two, and cannot be regarded as depauperate. This peculiar pine was discovered by Fremont in 1844, and was introduced into Europe by Hartweg2 in 1848. It is extremely slow in growth, a specimen 5^ in. in diameter from Utah, which was examined by Sargent, showing 113 annual rings. It is occasionally seen in botanic gardens, there being a healthy specimen about 5 ft. high at Cambridge. Hooker, writing in 1886, mentions a tree at Kew, . no longer living, which was only 6 ft. high, though it was twenty years old, yet he considered it to be faster in growth than P. edulis. The best specimen we know of in England is a tree at Dunburgh House, Beccles, which is about 14 ft. high, and bore a single cone in 1908. Another at Paul's Nursery, Cheshunt, was 13 ft. high in 1909. Seedlings received from Kew have proved hardy at Colesborne, though they grow very slowly. Elwes saw a specimen, about 20 ft. high, in the Botanic Garden at Montpellier, which bore young and old cones with good seed in 1910. The seeds are the staple food of the Indians in Nevada, and are highly esteemed by white people, who eat them roasted. The timber is used for firewood, and is also largely employed in the mines. (A. H.) 1 Bull. Tcrrey Bot. Club, xiii. 183 (1886). M. E. Jones, in Zoe, iii. 307 (1893), states that the leaves of P. monophylla are much more robust and vigorous than those of /'. edulis. 1 Jomn. Hort. Soc. iii. 226 (1848). 1058 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS EDULIS Pinus editlis, Engelmann, in Wislizenus, Tour Mexico, Bot. Äff. 88 (1848), and in Rothrock, Geol. Surveys, vi. Botany, 260 (1878); Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 55, t. 552 (1897), and Trees N. Amer, n (1905); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xii. 563, fig. 86 (1892), and in Journ. Linn. Soc. (£ot.) xxxv. 587, fig. 2 (1904) ; Clinton-Baker, Jllust. Conif. i. 19 (1909). Pinus monofhylla, Torrey, var. edulis, M. E. Jones, in Zoé, ii. 251 (1891). Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini, var. edulis, Voss, in Deut. Gartenrat, Beilage 123 (1904); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 6 (1909). A tree, usually small in size, rarely attaining 40 ft. in height and 8 ft. in girth, with a short, often divided trunk. Bark ^ to f in. thick, irregularly divided into scaly ridges. Young branchlets stouter than in P. cembroides, grey, glabrous. Buds ovoid, acute, \ in. long, with brownish, densely imbricated, apiculate scales. Leaves in pairs, with occasional three-leaved clusters, persistent three to five years, not so crowded on the branchlets as those of P. cembroides, appressed together in each cluster, f to i^ in. long, rigid, stout, curved, sharp-pointed, entire in margin, with numerous stomatic lines on both surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath as in P. cembroides. Cones similar to those of P. cembroides, but usually smaller, with the pyramidale apophysis of each scale more elevated than in that species, and the slightly deflexed umbo armed with a minute prickle, often obscured by resin. Seed smaller and lighter in colour than in P. cembroides ; shell thin and brittle ; wing rudimentary, about ^ in. in length. This species is widely distributed along the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado through New Mexico to western Texas, and extends westward through south-western Wyoming to Utah, northern and central Arizona, and southward over the mountains of northern Mexico. Associated with junipers (J. monosperma and J. pachyphloea), it forms extensive open forests between 5000 and 7700 ft. elevation, rarely ascending as a stunted shrub to 9000 ft. F. J. Phillips ' states that in southern Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico it is a tree of great economic and silvicultural importance. It succeeds in arid localities, where the average annual precipitation is less than 13 in. Its wood is much used for fuel; and to a lesser extent for fencing, railway sleepers, and mining timber. The seeds are an important article of food among Indians and Mexicans, and are sold in the markets of Colorado and New Mexico. This species was described by Engelmann from specimens collected in 1846 by Dr. Wislizenus in New Mexico ; and was introduced into cultivation2 at Kew many years ago, but is now only represented there by one or two small plants. We have not seen it elsewhere. (A. H.) 1 In Bot. Gat. xlviii. 216-223 (19°9)- 2 Cf. J. D. Hooker, in Card. Chron. xxvi. 136 (1886). Pinus I059 PINUS CEMBROIDES Finns cembroides, Zuccarini, in Abhand. Akad. München, i. 392 (1832); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 47, t. 550 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. io (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 321 (1900); Masters, in/«w«r. Linn. Soc. "(Bot.) xxxv. 586 (1904) ; Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 15 (1909) ; Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 5 (19° 9)- Pinus Llaveana, Schlechtendal, in Linncea, xii. 488 (1838). Pinus osteosperma, Engelmann, in Wislizenus, Tour Mexico, Bot. Äff. 89 (1848). A tree, usually 20 ft. high with a short trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter, occasionally attaining in sheltered canons 50 or 60 ft. in height. Bark about \ in. thick, slightly fissured, and separating on the surface into thin reddish brown scales. Young branchlets slender, glaucous, minutely pubescent or glabrous. Buds spindle- shaped, acute at the apex, brownish, about \ in. long, with densely imbricated scales, free at their subulate points. Leaves in threes, with occasional two-leaved clusters, densely crowded on the branchlets, persistent for three or four years, nearly appressed together in each cluster, i^ to 2 in. long, curved, sharp-pointed, entire in margin, conspicuously whitened with stomatic bands on the inner surface, green with two or three stomatic lines on the outer surface ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath T50 in. long, the basal segments speedily becoming reflexed and forming a rosette around the bases of the leaf cluster. Cones subterminal, nearly sessile, almost globose, i^ to 2 in. in diameter ; scales few and only well-developed and fertile in the middle of the cone, about an inch long ; apophysis pyramidal, with a sharp transverse keel, and a depressed brown oval unarmed dorsal umbo. Seed, rather more than \ in. long ; ovoid, irregularly conical or obscurely three-angled ; blackish on the lower surface, dark brown on the upper surface ; wing rudimentary, about -3]2 in. in length, remaining attached to the scale when the seed falls. This species is widely distributed through northern Mexico, where it often forms scattered open forests of considerable extent on the lower slopes of the mountain ranges, though it occasionally ascends to 10,000 ft. The seeds are sold in the markets of Mexican cities, forming an important article of food, and are eaten roasted or are ground into flour. This pine also occurs in the mountains of central and southern Arizona, usually above elevations of 6500 ft., and was found by Brandegee, forming a forest, on the top of the Sierra de Laguna in Lower California. This species1 was introduced into England in 1830, when the Horticultural Society obtained a plant from Mr. Otto of Berlin ; and seeds were subsequently sent from Mexico by Ilartweg in 1839. The largest specimen is at Highnam, and measured, in 1908, 33 ft. by 2 ft. 8 in. Another at Glasnevin, which is about 25 ft. high, divides into two stems at 8 ft. from the ground, and bears cones freely. There are smaller trees at Kew and Menabilly. (A. H.) 1 Loudon, in Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2267 (1838), gives an incorrect figure of the cone of P. Llaveana, a synonym of the species ; but in his Trees and Shrubs, 993 (1842), cones of P. cembroides, both from Otto of Berlin and from Hartweg, are correctly figured ; and the tree in the Horticultural Society's Garden, which was 4^ ft. high in 1837, appears to have been undoubtedly this species. Cf. also Loudon, Card. Mag. xv. 128 (1839). io6o The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS PARRYANA Pinus Parryana, Engelmann, in Amer. Journ. Science, xxxiv. 332, note (1862) (not Gordon), and in Brewer and Watson, Bot. California, 124 (1880); Masters, m Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 586, fig. i (1904); Sargent, in Bot. Gaz. xliv. 227 (1907); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 39 (1909). Pinus quadrifolia, Parry, ex Parlatore in DC., Prod. xvi. 2, p. 402 (1868) ; Sudworth, U.S. Forestry Bull. No. 14, p. 17 (1897); Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 43, t. 549 (1897), and Trees IV. Amer. 10 (1905). Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini, var. Parryana, Voss, in Deut. Gartenrat, Beilage 123 (1904); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 6 (1909). A tree, usually 20 to 30, occasionally 40 ft. in height, and rarely exceeding 5 ft. in girth. Bark, buds, and branchlets similar to P. monophylla. Leaves in fours, with occasional five-leaved clusters, remotely placed on the branchlets, appressed together in the clusters, persistent three or four years, \\ to i^ in. long, incurved, rigid, sharp-pointed, entire in margin, with white stomatic bands on the inner surfaces ; resin - canals marginal ; basal sheath as in P. monophylla. Cones and seeds similar to those of P. monophylla. This species, which is scarcely distinguishable, except in the leaves, from P. monopkylla, is restricted in its distribution to the Santa Rosa1 and Toro mountains in the San Jacinto range of southern California, and to Lower California, where it grows as far south as the foothills of the San Pedro Martir mountain.2 It was discovered in 1850 by Dr. Parry, 60 rniles south-east of San Diego, California, at 2000 ft. altitude. The four-leaved pinon requires a moister climate8 than P. monopkylla, thriving where the annual rainfall is 15 to 25 in. and growing at elevations between 2500 and 8000 ft. It usually occurs in open forests, mixed with other species, as P. monopkylla, oaks, and juniper. It appears to be exceedingly rare in cultivation, the only specimen which I have seen being a small tree at Grignon in France. Dr. Masters appears to have seen young plants, as he states that the species is remarkable for the abundance and long duration of the primary needles, which are of a beautiful bluish colour. (A. H.) 1 It was found, according to S. B. Parish, in Erythea, vii. 89 (1899), by II. M. Hill on the desert slope of Santa Rosa mountain, where it exists in considerable quantity at about 5000 ft. altitude. It does not exist on the San Jacinto peak. H. M. Hill, in Univ. Calif. Publications, Bat. \. 20 (1902), reports it to be growing sparingly in the neighbourhood of Mount Toro. 1 Cf. Brandegee, in Zee, iv. 210 (1893). 3 Cf. Pinchot, U.S. Forest Service, Sylvical Leaflet 17 (1908). Pinus 1061 PINUS MONTEZUMyE, MONTEZUMA PINE Pinus Montezumœï Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 39, *• 22 (l832>; Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2272 (1838); Kent, Veitch's Alan. Conif. 345 (19°°) ', Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 600 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Illustrations of Conifers, i. 35 (1909); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 2i, t. xiv. (i9°9)- Pinus Devoniana, Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62 (1839). Pinus Russelliana? Lindley, in Bot. Keg. xxv. Misc. 63 (1839). Pinus macrophylla, Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63 (1839). Pinus filifolia? Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 61 (1840). Pinus Grenvillece, Gordon, in Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 77 (1847); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xv. 112, fig. 22 (1881). Pinus Gordoniana, Hartweg, in Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 79 (1847). Pinus Wincesteriana, Gordon, m Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 158 (1847). Pinus occidentalis, Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. ii. 4 (1817) (not Swartz). A tree, attaining in Mexico 70 ft. in height. Bark brownish red, irregularly divided into scaly plates. Young branchlets stout, glabrous, reddish brown ; their decurrent pulvini prominent, keeled, and persistent, with the epidermis peeling off in the second or third year, leaving a greyish-coloured surface. Buds ovoid, pointed, about an inch long, reddish brown, scarcely resinous ; scales ending in long acuminate points, with their bases interlaced by whitish marginal fimbriae. The brown linear- lanceolate scale-leaves with white fimbriae, persist during the first year. Leaves in fives, persistent three years, 4 to 18 in. long, crowded on the branch- lets, spreading, serrulate, with stomatic lines on the three surfaces, ending in a cartilaginous point ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath ij to 2 in. long, persistent. Flower buds, with the staminate catkins concealed, and not apparent as swellings externally. Cones, in the first year, subterminal, single or in clusters of 2 to 5, stalked, pale or deep brown, blue, or dull black ; scales armed with usually reflexed prickles. Mature cones z\ to 10 in. long, subsessile or stalked, spreading or deflexed, nearly cylindrical or ovoid-conic and tapering, often curved, opening when ripe, and falling soon afterwards, when their stalks and a few basal scales often remain on the branch ; scales variable in size ; apophyses flat, pyramidal, tumid, or slightly protuberant and reflexed, dull yellowish, reddish brown, dark brown, or nearly black, prickles usually obsolete. Seed oval, brownish mottled with black, \ in. long; wing narrow, an inch or more in length. This species is very variable, both in the length of the leaves and in the size of the cones ; and is met with, according to Shaw, at all altitudes3 in Mexico, except in the lowlands of the coast, and below 3000 ft. in the interior, where the climate is 1 Roerl's Catalogue of 82 new Mexican species, published in 1857, does not contain, according to Shaw, a single new species. They represent six or seven pines, all of which had been previously described. Roerl's list is given by Masters, in Joum. Linn. See. (Hot.) xxxv. 648, and will not be further noticed by us. 2 The type specimens of the cones of these two species are preserved in the Botanical Museum, Cambridge. P. filifolia is labelled Guatemala. 3 Gadow, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxviii. 432 (1909), makes the timber line in southern Mexico 13,500 to 14,000 ft., where there are only a few scattered trees of P. Montezumce. 1062 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland tropical. At 9000 ft. and below, this pine mingles with the oaks in the more fertile and moister soil ; while above, and more especially on the summit ridges, it some times forms dense forests. Large trees 3 to 4 ft. in diameter occur above Oaxaca.1 P. Monteziimœ was discovered near the city of Mexico in 1803 by Humboldt and Bonpland, who mistook it for the West Indian P. occidentalis ; and it was first recognised and described by Lambert in 1832. VARIETIES The following account of the principal forms of this species in the wild state is taken from Shaw, who has made a special study of the Mexican pines :— 1. The typical form is sub-tropical, inhabiting the slopes and table-lands between 3000 and 6000 ft. It is characterised by long leaves, with basal sheaths exceed ing an inch in length ; by large non-resinous buds ; and by cones 6 to 10 in. long, brown in colour, the apophyses of the scales being elevated, with usually prominent brownish umbos. 2. Var. Lindleyi, Loudon, Encyc. Trees, 1004, fig- 1882 (1842) ; Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 22, t. xv. (1909). Finns Lindleyana, Gordon, Pitictum, 229 (1858). Leaves often very slender, and drooping like those of P. pseudostrobus, 6 to 10 in. long ; cones 4 to 6 in. long ; apophyses small and numerous, flat or slightly pyramidal, often rectangular and very like var. Hartwegii, but pale brown and not black in colour. This variety occurs at altitudes with a temperate climate. 3. Var. rudis, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 22, t. xvi. figs. 1-5, 8 (1909). Pinus Montezuniœ, Gordon, mjourn. Hort. Soc. \. 234 (1846); Masters, in Gard. Chron. viii. 466, figs. 91-94 (1890), xv. 273, figs. 29-32 (1894), and xxv. 146, fig. 53 (1899). Pinus rudis, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151 (1847). Pinus Ehrenbergii, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151 (1847). Pinus ffartwegü, Pariatore, in DC., Prod. xvi. pt. 2, p. 399 (1868) (in part). Leaves 4 to 6 in. long. Cones in the first year blue or bluish-black ; when mature, 2^ to 4 in. long, dull, sometimes shining brown. This variety, which usually has leaves in fives, though there are occasionally six or seven in a cluster, grows at altitudes with a warm temperate climate, and is con nected by intermediate forms with var. Lindleyi. 4. Var. Hartwegii, Engelmann, in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sc. iv. 177, 181 (1880) ; Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 23, t. xvii. figs. 6, 7 (1909). Pinus Hartwegü, Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62 (1839) > Loudon, Encycl. Trees, 1000, fig. 1875 (1842); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 348 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Sot. (£ot.) xxxv. 600 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 24 (1909). Pinus Donnell-Smithii, Masters, in Bot. Gaz. xvi. 199 (1891), and 'mjoitrn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 600 (1904); Smith, in Bot. Gaz. xix. 13, t. 2 (1894). Leaves 3 to 6 in. long, often in threes and fours, as well as in fives. Cones 1 Cf. Garden and Forest, ix, 102 (1896). Pinus 1063 similar to those of var. rudis, but very dark brown, or almost black in" colour when mature. This variety occurs in colder regions and at higher altitudes than any other Mexican pine, forming the timber line and descending to some distance below it. Mr. Godman wrote to Dr. Masters that this pine forms a complete belt around the Volcan de Fuego, commencing at about 10,000 ft., and on the Volcan d'Agua ascends to the summit. The mixed forest of Cheirostemon and other trees ceases abruptly at about 10,000 ft., and one steps suddenly out of it into the more open pine belt, where the only undergrowth is a coarse grass. CULTIVATION Both the typical form and the varieties were introduced by Hartweg in 1839, when numerous plants were raised in the garden of the London Horticultural Society. As seen in cultivation, this species is readily distinguishable into two principal forms ; one, probably identical with the type, as defined by Shaw, and characterised by long leaves, averaging 9 in. in length, with basal sheaths i^- to 2 in. long, and large, scarcely resinous buds. In the only specimen which we have seen in fruit, a tree cultivated at Bicton ' as P. Russelliana, the cones produced are 5 in. long, and 2% in. in diameter, with large shining pale brown elevated apophyses, terminating in a dark coloured projecting umbo. It was 60 ft. by 6 ft. 9 in. when measured by Elwes in 1906. The gardener in May 1909 reported that this tree was nearly dead, though it was still bearing a few old cones. The typical form is well represented at Pencarrow, where two trees planted in 1849 measured in 1907, 50 ft. by 9 ft, and 49 ft. by 5 ft. These differ strikingly in habit, but show no differences in botanical characters. Elwes saw a fine spreading tree at Endsleigh in August 1906 which measured about 50 ft. by 9^ ft. in girth. There are good specimens at Tregothnan, Heligan, and other places in Cornwall. At Eastnor Castle, a small spreading tree, 26 ft. high, seems healthy. At Grayswood, Haslemere, a tree planted in 1881 had attained 25 ft. by 2 ft. IO in. in 1906, and did not suffer in the winter of 1895. In Ireland this succeeds well, as at Woodstock, Kilkenny, where a tree was 48 ft. by 6 ft. in 1904 ; and at Old Connaught House, near Bray, where a tree planted in 1869 was 34 ft. by 2 ft. 9 in. in 1904. The other form, which is probably var. Hartwegii, produces cones freely, which are ovoid-conic and tapering to an acute apex, 3 to 3^ in. long, with numerous small scales, with flat apophyses, and slightly raised dark brown umbos. The leaves, often in fours as well as in fives, are 5 to 6 in. long, with basal sheaths not exceeding an inch in length. The buds are slender, ^ to f in. long, with usually resinous appressed scales. Var. Hartwegii is much the hardiest form ; and we have found specimens, even in the eastern counties, as at Pampisford, near Cambridge, where a tree in a sheltered position is 28 ft. by i ft. 10 in. At Bayfordbury, Herts, a tree planted in 1845 died 1 The Hon. Mark Rolle wrote to the Director at Kew that this tree produced cones for the first time in 1899. 1064 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland in 1854 ; another specimen planted in 1875 is now 20 ft. high and 2 ft. 3 in. in girth. At Flitwick Manor, Bedford, a tree measured in 1908, 34 ft. by 2 ft. 7 in. Much finer trees, most of them producing cones, exist farther west, as at Westonbirt, where a tree planted in 1869 measured in 1909, 45 ft. high, and looked very vigorous. At Bicton there are two good specimens, 74 ft. by 5 ft. 3 in. and 46 ft. by 4 ft. 4 in. At Eastnor Castle, a fine tree was 55 ft. by 4 ft. 8 in. in 1909. At Bury Hill, Dorking, a tree, which R. Barclay, Esq., informs us was planted in 1847, is 36 ft. high and 3 ft. 8 in. in girth at 4 ft. from the ground. At Strete Raleigh, Exeter, H. M. Imbert Terry, Esq., reports a tree 52 ft. by 5 ft. n in., from which he raised about fifty seedlings in the spring of 1909. It was planted about 1855. At Pen- carrow a tree measured 44 ft. by 3 ft. in 1906. At Escot, Devonshire, the seat of Sir John Kennaway, Elwes measured a tree 65 ft. by 7 ft. in 1909, with a clean bole about 35 ft. long, which is the finest of its kind that he has seen. We have also received specimens of this variety from Wadebridge and Luscombe Castle, Dawlish. A third form, represented by a tree at Menabilly,1 and another at Fota, has longer leaves and longer cones than in var. Hartwegii, though the latter are similar in every respect except in size, and may be referred in all probability to var. rudis. The tree at Fota (Plate 278) is a fine one, and measured 50 ft. by 7 ft. 3 in. in 1908, the branches covering an area 52 paces around. Lord Barrymore informs us that it was planted in 1878. (A. H.) PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS Finns pseudostrobus, Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63 (1839); Loudon, Eruycl. Trees, 1008, figs. 1887, 1888 (1842) ; Masters, \njourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 605 (1904) ; Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 19, t. xii. (1909). Pinus orizabœ, Gordon, \njourn. Hort. Soc. i. 237 (1846). A tree attaining 100 ft. in height and 6 ft. in diameter. Bark of branches and young trees smooth ; in old trees very rough at the base. Branchlets slender, glabrous, very glaucous ; the decurrent bases of the leaves persistent, conspicuous at first, but ultimately becoming merged in the smooth bark of the older branchlets, on which they are visible as transverse lines. Buds and leaves, the latter 6 to 12 in. long, similar to those of P. Montezumœ, but usually more slender. Cones sub-terminal, described by Shaw as ovate or oblong, 3 to 5^ in. long, nearly symmetrical or oblique, opening when ripe and falling soon afterwards, the peduncle and a few basal scales usually remaining persistent on the branch ; apophysis variable, flat or protuberant. i. Var. apulcensis, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 19, t. xii. (1909). Pinus apulcensis, Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63 (1839) ; Loudon, Encycl. Trees, 1014, figs. 1899, 1900 (1842). Differs in the prolongation of the apophyses of the scales of the cone. It grows 1 Figured in Card. Chron., lee. cit. It bore cones in 1899, when it Was 20 ft. high, but Mr. Rashleigh said that no perfect seed was produced. Pinus 1065 in Mexico in company with the type, and is connected with it by intermediate forms. 2. Var. tenuifolia, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 20, t. xiii. (1909). Pinus tenuifolia, Bentham, PL Hartiv. 92 (1842). Cones ovate or long-ovate ; basal scales and peduncles persistent on the branch. Hypoderm of the leaves extending from the epiderm to the endoderm, forming partitions across the green tissue.1 Abundant at altitudes with a sub-tropical climate in the western and south-western states of Mexico, and extending southward to north-western Nicaragua. According to Shaw, P. pseudostrobus occurs in Mexico at altitudes between 6000 and 10,000 ft., where the climate is temperate, with warm days and cool nights. This zone includes the tableland and the slope immediately above it. This species, and var. apulcensis, were discovered in 1839 by Hartweg, who sent home in the same year cones and seeds, from which, according to Loudon, numerous plants were raised. Nearly all these have died, as the tree is evidently only suitable for cultivation in districts where the climate is mild, like Cornwall and southern Ireland. The only specimens which we have found, are two trees in Cornwall. One at Pencarrow, was obtained from Knight and Perry in 1849 ; and measured, in 1906, 47 ft. high, and 5 ft. 8 in. in girth. Mr. Bartlett kindly sent us photographs of this tree, and of several trees of P. Montezumee, and the difference in the bark of the two species is remarkable. That of P. pseudostrobus is smooth, and only slightly furrowed ; whereas in P. Montezumce, the bark is very rough and scaly. Another, growing at Tregothnan, was measured by Mr. A. B. Jackson as 50 ft. by 6 ft. in 1909. Neither tree has produced cones. (A. H.) PINUS TORREYANA Pinus Torreyana, Parry, ex Torrey, in Emory, Bot. Mex. Bound. 210, tt. 58, 59 (1858) ; Sargent, Silva N. Amer, xi. 71, tt. 557, 558 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 34 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 348 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 602 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 56 (1909). Pinus lophosperma, Lindley, in Gard. Chron. 1860, p. 46. A tree, attaining 60 ft. in height and 8 ft. in girth, but usually considerably smaller. Bark an inch in thickness, deeply divided irregularly into broad flat scaly ridges. Young branchlets glabrous, glaucous ; become dull grey in the second year. Buds cylindric-conic, \ in. long ; scales pale brown, interlaced by their marginal white fimbriae, and with appressed points. Leaves2 in fives, persistent two years, dark green, 7 to 13 in. long, ^ in. 1 A very fine tree near the hotel at Bussaco, Portugal, which Elwes measured in April 1909, 90 ft. in height and 9 ft. in girth, is probably this variety ; but in the absence of cones, the identification is uncertain. 2 On young plants the leaves are frequently in clusters of three and four. V K io66 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland wide, rigid, marked on three sides by stomatic lines, serrulate, ending in a sharp cartilaginous point ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath an inch long. Cones sub-terminal, spreading or deflexed, on long stalks, broadly ovoid, 4 to 6 in. long; scales thick, 2 in. long, i£ in. wide, shining brown; apophysis rhomboidal, transversely ridged, with an elevated pyramidal four-sided acute umbo, with or without a minute prickle. Seed oval, f to i in. long, dull brown and mottled below, pale brown above ; surrounded by a dark brown wing, thickened at the upper margin of the seed, and extending beyond its apex about \ in. Masters describes the seedlings, raised at Kew, as robust, with a long tapering radicle, stout cylindrical stem, and twelve linear cotyledons, succeeded by primary leaves, elliptic in section. This species is more circumscribed in its distribution than any other pine. It occurs in two localities, the main body growing in a narrow belt, about eight miles long, on the Californian coast, near the mouth of the Soledad river, north of San Diego, nowhere penetrating inland more than a mile and a half. This grove was discovered by Dr. Parry in 1850, whose attention was directed to this pine by J. L. Le Conte, the distinguished entomologist, who was then collecting at San Diego. A single grove, of about one hundred trees, with numerous seedlings, discovered by Brandegee in 1888, also grows on the eastern end of Santa Rosa island,1 on a bluff 500 ft. above the level of the sea. These trees average 30 ft. high. Miss Sessions of San Diego, who sends us an account of this pine, which was fast disappearing, states that of late steps have been taken, which will ensure its preservation. It grows on the sea-coast, buffeted, twisted, and often prostrated by the ocean winds, and averages 30 to 40 ft. in height. At Del Mar, 22 miles north of San Diego, the South Coast Land Company has bought a large tract, including all the sandstone cliffs and canons leading down to the sea, where the Torrey pines grow in this neighbourhood. The Company has built an hotel, and is protecting all the old pines, and preserving the natural seedlings, and planting in addition. The Torrey Pine Park, which is public property, is on a high and exposed point, south west of Del Mar ; and here all the trees are carefully guarded. William Lobb sent specimens, with cones and seed, to Low's nursery at Clapton in 1860, which were described by Lindley2 as P. lophosperma. Plants were reported8 to be growing in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden in 1868. It has, however, proved tender there and at Kew, and seems unsuited for cultivation except in warm districts like Cornwall and southern Ireland. The only specimen now living, that we are acquainted with, was planted at Bayfordbury in 1908. Mayr, however, states4 that he raised seedlings in Japan, which bore a temperature of — 12° Cent, without injury. There are three fairly large trees of this species in the Public Gardens, Christchurch, New Zealand, which bear a few cones.5 (A. H.) 1 Garden and Forest, x. 232 (1897). 2 Gard. Chron. 1860, p. 46. 3 Card. Chron. 1868, p. 237. « Wold. Nordamer. 276 (1890). 6 T. W. Adams, Gemis Finns, ID, paper read at Phil. lust., Canterbury, N.Z., 7th August 1907. Pinus 1067 PINUS COULTER I, COULTER'S PINE. Pinus Coulteri, Don, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 440 (1836); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2250 (1838); Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 23 (1884); Masters, in Card. Chron. xxiii. 415, figs. 73, 74 (1885), iv. 764, fig. 109 (1888), and in Jourti. Linn. Soc. (Bot.} xxxv. 597 (1904); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 99, tt. 571, 572 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 24 (1905;; Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferce, 325 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. ConiJ. i. 17 (i9°9)- Pinus macroearpa, Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxvi. app. 61 (1840). A tree, attaining in America 80 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Bark about 2 in. thick, dark brown, deeply divided into broad rounded connected scaly ridges. Young branchlets stout, glabrous, glaucous, with very prominent pulvini. Buds ovoid, acuminate or cuspidate, very large, i to i| in. long, and f in. thick ; scales appressed, coated with resin, light brown, with white fimbriae on their margins. Leaves in threes, spreading, persistent for three or four years, 8 to 12 in. long- ic to i-2 m- wide> rigid' curved, twisted, serrulate, marked with numerous stomatic lines on the three surfaces, ending in a long sharp cartilaginous point ; resin- canals median ; basal sheath i£ in. long. Cones1 lateral, on short stout stalks, pendulous, ovoid, 10 to 14 in. long, and 4 to 5 in. in diameter, yellowish brown ; scales thick, 2^ in. long, i£ in. broad ; apophyses obliquely pyramidal, terminating in flattened elongated umbos, straight or curved, and armed with flattened incurved resinous spines. Seeds, on deep depressions on the scales, oval, compressed, ^ in. long, dark brown or blackish, encircled by the wings which, very narrow and rim-like on the sides, expand above, and are oblique, brown, and about an inch in length. Cotyledons, 10 to 14. The cones open in autumn in California, remaining, after the seeds escape, on the branches for several years. Occasionally the cones are shorter and thicker than usual, with short spurs, and then resemble those of P. Sabiniana ; but they may always be distinguished by the long-winged seeds, which leave long depressions on the inner surface of the scales. This species is scattered singly or in small groves through coniferous forests on the dry slopes and ridges of the coast ranges of California, from Mount Diablo and the Santa Lucia mountains southwards to the Cuyamaca mountains, at elevations between 3000 and 6000 ft. It is most abundant on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto2 ranges, at 5000 ft. altitude. It is usually known as the big-cone pine, from the size of the cones, which often weigh three or four pounds. The seeds were formerly gathered in large quantities and eaten by the Indians. P. Coulteri differs 1 According to Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 24 (1884), a tree, eighteen years old, in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, produced two cones in 1852. 2 II. M. Hall, in Univ. Calif. Publications, Botany, i. 20, 53 (1902), says it is commonly met with on the south and west sides of the San Jacinto mountain, where it forms small groves and narrow strips along the lower edge of the belt of P. ponderosa. It is also found scattered among the other pines up to 6500 to 7500 ft. on south slopes, but does not occur on the sides of the mountain facing the Colorado desert. The seeds have a strong oily taste, and are not gathered by the Saboba and Santa Rosa Indians, those of P. monophylla and /'. 1'anyana being much preferred. io68 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland much in habit1 from -P. Sabiniana, always having a straight undivided stem, with wide spreading branches, forming a broad pyramid of foliage. This species was discovered by Coulter2 in the Santa Lucia mountains in 1832 ; and in the same year Douglas sent home specimens with seeds, from which plants were raised in the garden of the Horticultural Society. Young plants were raised8 at Kew in 1840 from the seed of a cone, the origin of which is not stated. A further consignment of seed was sent home by William Lobb4 in 1851. P. Coulteri is rare in cultivation, and the finest specimens appear to be in Herts, where a tree at St. Cross, Hoddesdon, planted by Miss Warner in 1857 (Plate 279), bore twenty large cones in December 1908, and measured, according to Mr. Clinton- Baker, 80 ft. in height and 9^ ft. in girth, but Elwes, who measured it carefully in February 1909, only made it 74 ft. by 9 ft. 4 in. Its branches, one of which is 36 ft. long, sweep the ground. At The Frythe, Welwyn, a tree, 56 ft. by 8 ft., bore cones in 1906, and had a few old cones persistent on the stem. At Youngsbury, Ware, a tree, planted in 1866, measured 51 ft. by 6 ft. 5 in. in 1907. At Ponfield, a tree, 40 ft. by 3 ft. 10 in. in 1906, also had a cone persistent on the stem at 25 ft. from the ground. At Bayfordbury, a tree planted in 1841 is 56 ft. by 8 ft. 8 in., and in 1909 for the first time bore a single cone. A larger tree here, planted in 1838, was cut down in 1906, when it measured 72 ft. by 8 ft. ii in. A plank from it is preserved in the forestry museum, Cambridge. At Garston Manor, Watford, the seat of Mr. Watney, Sir Hugh Beevor has measured a tree6 75 ft. by 9 ft. 10 in. in girth, dividing into two stems at 15 ft. from the ground, which bore cones in 1909. At Knaphill Nursery, near Woking, Elwes measured in 1907 a tree, 71 ft. by 8 ft. IQ in., which has since died. A fine healthy tree, with a few cones near the top, growing at Enville Hall, Stourbridge, measured, in 1905, 71 ft. by 9 ft. 7 in. At Orton Hall, Peterborough, there is a fine specimen 70 ft. by 7 ft. 9 in. in 1909, which has only produced a few cones at rare intervals. The largest tree in Kew Gardens is situated near the Succulent House, and measured 55 ft. by 8 ft. in 1909. There is a healthy tree at Toddington Grange, Gloucestershire, the seat of H. Andrews, Esq., which bore cones in 1909 and measures 62 ft. by 6|- ft. At Tortworth, there was a tree, growing on a slope with a westerly exposure, on the lower shaly beds of carboniferous limestone, cones ° of which were sent to Dr. Masters in 1896. It died and was cut down in 1902. We have not seen or heard of any tree in Scotland ; but at Powerscourt, Ireland, a tree measured 57 ft. by 7 ft. i in. in 1903. (A. H.) 1 Mayr, in Wald. Nordamer. 332 (1890), states that it attains in favourable conditions a height of 150 ft.; but this great height is not confirmed by Sargent or Jepson. 2 An account of Coulter's expeditions in Mexico and California is given by Coville in Bot. Gazette, xx. 519 (1895). 3 Loudon, Encycl. Trees, 985 (1842). ' Horttis Veitchii, 343 (1906). 6 Cones weighing 3 Ib. from this tree were shown at a meeting of the Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society on roth October 1905. 6 Two cones, dried after keeping seven years, weigh i£ Ib. each. Masters mentions a tree at Kenfield near Canterbury, which produced cones in 1886. The gardener informs us that it is no longer living. Pi nus 1069 PINUS SABINIANA, DIGGER PINE Finns Sabiniana, Douglas, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 747(1833); l^cxia.Gn,Arb.et.Frut.Brit.\\. 2246 (1838); Lawson, Pin. Brit. i. 85, t. n. (1884); Masters, in Gard. Chron. iv. 44, fig. 4 (1888), and v. 44, fig. 6 (1889), and in Journ. Linn. Soc. (J3ot.) xxxv. 597 (1904); Sargent, Silva JV. Amer. xi. 95, tt. 569, 570 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 23 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 375 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 50 (1909). A tree, usually 20 to 50 ft. high, occasionally attaining 80 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Bark about 2 in. thick, dark brown, irregularly divided into thick con nected scaly ridges. Young branchlets slender, glabrous, glaucous, with prominent pulvini. Buds narrowly cylindrical, acute at the apex, about i in. long ; scales closely appressed, more or less coated with resin, pale brown, with long white fimbrise on the margins. Leaves in threes, persistent for three years, spreading or drooping, 7 to 12 in. long, ^j in. wide, twisted, greyish green, with numerous stomatic lines on the three surfaces, serrulate, ending in a cartilaginous point ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath I in. long. Cones lateral, on stout stalks, pendulous, ovoid, dark brown, 6 to 10 in. long, 4 to 5 in. in diameter ; scales thick, about 2 in. long and i in. broad, with an obliquely raised pyramidal apophysis, prolonged into a hooked process, usually ending in a sharp incurved spine. Seeds in deep hollows on the scale, oblong, dark brown or blackish, f in. long, ^ in. wide, with a thick shell, encircled by the wing, which is reduced to a very narrow sharp rim below, expanding above into a brown thickened membrane, about \ in. long. The seeds are eaten and distributed by the Douglas squirrel, and, having a sweet resinous flavour, were formerly used as food by the Indians of California. Cotyledons about 15 to 18. This species is readily distinguished from P. Coulteri by the greyish green foliage and slender glaucous branchlets. Both have very massive cones, with spurred scales, armed with spines, and very large seeds, differing, however, in the length of the wing. The cones of P. Sabiniana are shorter and broader, and in this country open more freely than those of P. Coulteri. According to Jepson,1 the trees in Mitchell Canon, Mount Diablo, which he refers to P. Coulteri, resemble very closely those of P.Sabiniana in cones and foliage, and are intermediate between the two species. This pine, which_often divides into three or four stems 14 to 20 ft. above the ground, forming a round-topped tree, remarkable for the sparseness of its foliage, is scattered singly or in small groups over the dry and hot foot-hills of the inner Coast Range, of the Sacramento Valley, and of the Sierra Nevada, throughout almost the whole length of California, attaining its largest size east of the Sierra Nevada near the centre of the state, where it is often the most conspicuous feature of the vegetation. Muir, in an article in Harper's Magazine? notes that in the Sierra Nevada it grows only in the torrid foot-hills, often amongst thickets of scrubby oaks, Ceanothus, 1 Flora W. Mid. California, 22 (1901). 2 Reproduced in Gard. Chron. iv. 44 (1888). 1070 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland and Manzanita, and ranges from 500 to 4000 ft. elevation. No other tree that he knows, is so thin and pervious to light, even the largest giving no shade. In California P. Sabiniana is occasionally tapped, and exudes a nearly colourless liquid with a strong aromatic smell, resembling that of oil of orange, which is sold in San Francisco under the names abietene, erasine, aurantine, or theoline, as a substitute for benzine in removing grease spots from clothes. Wenzell described * in 1871 as abietene the hydrocarbon obtained by distilling the crude product ; and Thorpe2 afterwards showed that this was pure heptane, of which he obtained as much as 7 litres from 7^ litres of the liquid exudation of the tree. This species was discovered by Douglas in 1826, but he did not send seeds till 1832, when plants were raised in the Horticultural Society's garden. It is very rare in cultivation, and is not quite hardy, as Palmer mentions a tree, 46 ft. high, at Rolleston Hall, Staffordshire, which was killed in the severe winter of 1860. A tree planted at Bayfordbury in 1837 was also killed in the same year. There is a fine tree at Madresfield Court, close to the church, which when measured by Elwes in 1908 was 60 ft. high by 6 ft. 9 in. in girth. It has borne ripe cones, and there were young ones near the top in 1908. At Ledbury, in Lord Biddulph's grounds, a tree (Plate 280) 65 ft. high by 9^ ft. in girth bore cones in 1909. A tree at Tortworth, planted by Lord Ducie in 1856, is now about 63 ft. high and 7 ft. in girth below the fork. It is, however, sickly in appearance. A tree at Eastnor Castle, 62 ft. by 6J ft., bore fruit in 1908. At Orton Longueville, a tree with a large lateral branch at 20 ft. up, measured 58 ft. by 7 ft. 8 in. in 1909. At Hunstanton Hall, Norfolk, the seat of Hamon le Strange, Esq., there are fourteen trees growing in the park, variable in height, some with single stems, others branching into two or three stems. The largest is 52 ft. by 7 ft. ; and only one tree is bearing fruit, a single old cone. There are two trees in Kew Gardens, the larger3 of which, in 1909, was 55 ft. high and 6 ft. 4 in. in girth. A tree at Flitwick Manor, Bedford, was reported in 1908, by Mr. H. Clinton - Baker, to be 50 ft. high and 4 ft. 4 in. in girth. Miss Woolward sends us a branch from a tree, 40 ft. high and 4 ft. in girth, growing in a field belonging to Mr. Kennet-Were, Cotlands, Sidmouth. Kent reports trees at Pampisford, Cambridge, and at Highnam Court, Gloucestershire, which appear to be no longer in existence. (A. H.) 1 In a paper read before the Californian Pharmaceutical Society on I3th December 1871, and reprinted in rharm. Journ. for 3Oth March 1872. 2 fount. Chem. Soc. xxxv. 296 (1879) and xxxvii. 213 (1881). Cf. Pharm. Journ. iii. 2, p. 789. 3 Figured in Gard. Chron. v. 44, fig. 6 (1889). Pinus 1071 PINUS PONDE ROSA, YELLOW PINE Pinusfonderosa, Lawson, Agric. Manual, 354 (1836); Loudon, Arb. et f rut. Brit. iv. 2243 (1838); Forbes, Pinet. Wobnrn. 44, t. 15 (1839); Sargent, in Garden a?id forest, via. 392 (1895), Silva N. Amer. xi. 77, tt. 560, 561 (1897), ar>d Trees N. Amer. 15 (1905); Masters, in Gard. Chron. viii. 557, figs, no, in, 114, 115 (1890), and in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 593 (1904); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 363 (1900); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 24, pi. 17 (1909); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 45 (1909). Pinus Benthamiana, Hartweg, in Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 189 (1847), ar>d 'v- 2I2> wi*h fig- (J849). Pinus brachyftera, Engelmann, in Wislizenus, Tour in N. Mexico, 89 (1848). Pinus Beardsleyi, Murray, in Edin. New Phil. Journ. i. 286 (1855). Pinus Craigana, Murray, in Edin. New Phil. Journ. i. 286 (1855). Pinus Engelmanni, Torrey, in Pacific £ly. Rep. iv. 141 (1856). Pinus Parryana, Gordon, Pinetum, 277 (1875). A tree, attaining in America 150 to 230 ft. in height, and 15 to 25 ft. in girth. Bark for eighty to a hundred years broken into rounded ridges, covered with small appressed brownish scales ; on older trees 2 to 4 in. thick, deeply divided into large plates, separating on the surface into thick reddish scales. Young branchlets stout, glabrous, shining, reddish, becoming nearly black in the second or third year. Buds cylindric-conic, acute, f in. long ; scales reddish brown, closely appressed, resinous. Leaves in threes, persistent three years, spreading, densely crowded on the branchlets, 6 to 10 in. long, ^]0- to T^ in. broad, rigid, curved, marked with stomatic lines on the three sides, serrulate, ending in a sharp cartilaginous point ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath f in. long. The lanceolate-acuminate fimbriated scale-leaves persist long on the branchlets. Cones sub-terminal, solitary or clustered, sessile or sub-sessile, spreading or slightly' deflexed, ovoid, 3 to 5 in. long, light reddish brown ; scales oblong, about i£ in. long, \ in. wide, thin towards the base and thickened at the apex; apophysis rhomboidal, with a sharp transverse ridge and elevated umbo, armed with a slender prickle. Seed oval, about £ in. long, with a dark, mottled shell ; wing about i in. in length. The cones shed their seeds ' at the end of the second year, and usually fall soon after, generally leaving some of the lower scales attached to the peduncle on the branch ; and hence this species and its varieties are called " broken-cone pines " by Lemmon. This species spread over an immense area, consists of a number of geographical races which have been distinguished as distinct species by various authors. As these gradually pass into one another, and do not occupy isolated areas, they are best treated as varieties. i. The typical form described above occurs mainly on the Pacific slope, where it grows to a large size, and is mainly distinguishable from var. Jeffreyi by its glabrous, shining, non-glaucous branchlets, which emit when cut an odour of turpentine, and its resinous buds with appressed scales. The cones are ovoid-conic, I R. Douglas states that seeds of this species germinate as well in the fifth year as in the first. Cf. Gard. Chron iv l85 (l888). 1072, The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 4 to 5 in. long, narrow in proportion to their length. The leaves are variable in size, and average 6 or 7 in. long. 2. Var. scopulomm, Engelmann, in Brewer and Watson, Bot. Calif, ii. 126 (1880). Pinusponderosa, Engelmann, in Amer.Journ. Sei. Arts, xxxiv. 332 (1862) (not Lawson) ; Hooker, in Gard. Chron. ix. 796, fig. 138 (1878). Pinus scopulorum, Lemmon, in Garden and Forest, x. 183 (1897); Mayr, Fremdländ. Wald-u. Parkbäume, 370 (1906). Usually 50 to 75, occasionally 150 ft. in length, and 4 ft. in diameter. Bark dark and furrowed, or bright red broken into large plates. Leaves in clusters of both twos and threes, 3 to 6 in. long. Cones, in clusters of two, ovoid-conic, smaller than in the type, about 3 in. long. This variety occurs in the Rocky Mountains and eastward, in eastern Montana, Nebraska, Dakota,1 Colorado, western Texas, northern New Mexico, and Arizona. 3. Vtt. Jeffreyi, Vasey, U.S. Rep. Dept. Agric. 179 (1875); Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 79, tt. 562, 563 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 16 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 364 (1900); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 24 (1900). Pinus Jeffreyi, Balfour, Bot. Exped. Oregon, 2, fig. (1853); Lawson, Pin. Brit. i. 45, t. 6 (1884) ; Masters, in Gard. Chron. v. 360, fig. 65 (1889); Clinton-Baker, Hlvst. Conif. i. 27 (1909); Hemsley, in Bot. Mag. t. 8257 (1909). Pints deflexa, Torrey, in Emory, Rep. Mex. Bound. 209 (1858); Murray, in Gard. Chron. iv. 295, fig. 65 (1875). Attaining 150 to 200 ft. in height, and 20 ft. in girth. Bark t>right red, divided into large irregular scaly plates. Young branchlets glaucous, exhaling, when cut, an aromatic odour like that of lemon. Buds reddish brown, non-resinous, and with the points of the scales free. Cones ellipsoid, very large, 5 to 12 in. long, short- stalked, with either stout or slender recurved prickles. Seeds often ^ in. long, with long wings. This variety occurs in the Sierra Nevada, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Cuyamaca mountains in California, and on the San Pedro Martir mountain in Lower California. 4. Var. Mayriana, Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 8i (1897). Pinus latifolia, Sargent, in Garden and Forest, ii. 496, fig. 135 (1889); Brandegee, in Garden and Forest, v. in (1892); Koehne, Deut. Dendr. 36 (1893). Pinus Engelmanni, Lemmon, in Erythea, i. 134 (1893) (not Torrey or Carrière). Pinus Mayriana, Sudworth, U.S. Forestry Bull. No. 14, p. 21 (1897); Mayr, Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 367 (1906). Leaves very long and stout, 14 to 15 in. long, ^c- in. broad. Cones very oblique ; scales with projecting knobbed umbos, armed with sharp prickles. This variety,2 said to be a tree about 80 ft. high, was discovered on the southern slope of the Santa Rita mountains in Arizona by Mayr in 1887. 1 Cf. Graves, Black Hills Forest Reserve, published in U.S. Geol. Survey, 1897-98, pt. v. Forest Reserves (1899). 2 Tourney, in Garden and Forest, viii. 22, fig. 4 (1895), figures this tree, or a similar form, on Mount Chiricahui, in south-eastern Arizona, and believes that all the varieties of P. ponderosa occur there, gradually passing into one another. Lemmon, in Erythea, ii. 103, fig. 3 (1894), describes and figures the Chiricahui pine as P. apacheca. Pinus 1073 5. Var. arizonica, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 24 (1909). Pinus arizonica, Engelmann, in Rothrock, Rep. Geol. Surveys, vi. 260 (1878); Sargent, Sih'a N. Amer. xi. 75, t. 559 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 14 (1905). A tree 80 to 100 ft. high, with black and deeply furrowed bark. Young branchlets glaucous. Leaves usually in fives, but occasionally also in threes, according to Shaw. Cones ovoid, small, 2 to 2^- in. long. This occurs on the sides of canons of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona at 6000 to 8000 ft. elevation, sometimes forming nearly pure forests. It is more abundant and attains its largest size on the sierras of northern Mexico, in Sonora, Chihuahua, and Nuevo Leon. 6. Var. macrophylla, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 24 (1909). Pinus macrophylla, Engelmann, in Wislizenus, Tour N. Mexuo, 103 (1848), and in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv. 181 (1880). Pinus Engelmanni, Carrière, in Rev. Hort. 227 (1854). A tree 70 to 80 ft. high. Leaves 12 to 16 in. long, stout, in threes, fours, and fives. Cones large (according to Engelmann, 4^ in. long) ; scales with apophysis pro longed into a reflexed protuberance, armed with either a stout or slender prickle. Discovered by Wislizenus on the mountains of Cosiquirachi, where it is said to be abundant. According to Shaw, it occurs in Sonora and Chihuahua in northern Mexico. (A. H.) DISTRIBUTION AND HISTORY This splendid tree is the most important species of pine in western North America, being the most widely distributed, the largest except P. Lambertiana, and the most variable. It occurs over a vast region, extending eastwards to Montana, the Black Hills of Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, and western Texas, and westwards to the shores of the Pacific, attaining its most northerly limit in the dry interior of British Columbia,1 in the north Thompson valley, and around Shushwap lake, in lat. 5i£°, descending the Fraser river to thirty miles above Yale. It reaches south wards to Lower California, Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. It is essentially a tree of dry regions and sunny aspects, yet able to endure a great degree of cold in winter. It is the first pine which the traveller sees on going west across the prairies in western Nebraska,2 and forms the greater part of the forests, now rapidly disappearing, which cover the Black Hills of Dakota, where it attains a maximum height of 100 ft. and a diameter of 19 in. In Montana it becomes a larger tree, attaining a height of 150 ft. on the dry slopes of the mountains near Helena, where it ascends to 6000 ft., in company with the Douglas fir and Western larch. In the Flathead valley it grows in scattered groups on the margin of the prairie in the plain of Kalispell, and gradually advances 1 Macoun, Cat. Canad. Plants, i. 466. Palmer, in Brit. Columbia Bull. No. 21, p. 10 (1905), gives its habitat as the dry plateau between the Coast and Gold Ranges, where it is largely used for lumber. The seeds were formerly eaten by the natives. 2 Bessey, in Bot. Gazette, xxii. 245 (1896), gives its distribution in Nebraska, as along the northern border in the valley of the Niobrara river, in the south-western corner, along the river Platte, where I saw it in 1904, and in patches in the centre of the state in canons of the Loup. V L 1074 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland into the dense mixed coniferous forest of the surrounding mountains. Plate 281, from a negative taken by Prof. Elrod, represents a yellow pine near Flathead Lake. Near Whitefish, Henry measured an average tree, 148 ft. in height and 11| ft. in girth, which showed when felled 3^ in. thick of bark, 3 in. of sapwood, and 360 annual rings. In the Blackfoot valley, near Missoula, I measured a tree 140 ft. high by 15 ft. in girth. In Colorado the mountain form1 forms very extensive pure forests on the plateau between 7000 and 8200 ft., ascending occasionally to 9000 ft., and descending to 4500 ft. Here the tree rarely exceeds 80 ft. in height and 3 ft. in diameter. It extends southwards along both sides of the Rockies to western Texas, northern New Mexico, and Arizona, exhibiting in the latter state several peculiar forms, which have been distinguished, on account of their very long needles and peculiar cones, as distinct species (P. Mayriana, P. apacheca). It also spreads into the northern states of Mexico * in varieties with leaves varying in number, distinguished as P. macrophylla and P. arizonica, the latter being also a native of Arizona. In wet regions, like the coast of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, the tree is unknown ; but it grows in Washington, close to Puget Sound, on dry gravelly prairies. In eastern Washington it forms an open pure forest on the lower timber line, bordering on the arid region, and ranges from 400 to 6200 ft. According to Piper,8 it has a marked preference for granitic soil, though it grows on basaltic clay in the Blue Mountains. It here attains its maximum development at 2000 ft., reaching a height of 200 ft. and a diameter of 6 ft. It is common along the eastern slopes and foothills of the Cascade range, and becomes a conspicuous tree in southern Oregon, where the climate is drier, forming considerable forests at Grant's Pass and in the Siskiyou mountains. In California it occurs in the coast ranges,4 as in Sonoma and Napa counties, and there is a fine forest of this species on the Howell mountain plateau ; but no trees are known in the inner coast ranges bounding Solano and Yolo counties. It is not recorded from the San Francisco Bay ranges, except from the Mt. Hamilton ridges. It is abundant in the Sierra Nevada, at or above 5000 ft. ; and, according to Muir,5 ranges on the western slope from 2000 ft. to timber line, and, crossing the range by the lowest passes, descends to the eastern base, and pushes far out into the hot volcanic plains. The largest tree measured by Muir grew in the Merced valley, and was 220 ft. high and 8 ft. in diameter. Var. Jeffreyi occurs in California,6 from Scott's Mountain in Siskiyou county, and along the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, forming large forests at the headwaters of the Pitt and M'Cloud rivers, and often grows on the most exposed and driest ridges, wandering out among the volcanoes of the Great Basin. Sudworth records it from Douglas county in southern Oregon ; and it is the chief pine on the lower slopes of Mount Shasta, which it ascends to about 5500 ft., the largest that I 1 A tree growing in Monument Park, Colorado, is figured by Sir J. Hooker in Card. Chron. ix. 796, fig. 138 (1878). 3 Shaw, of. cit. 2, states that P. ponderosa extends in Mexico southwards to lat. 23° or 24°. 3 Contrit. U.S. Nat. Herb. xi. 50, 92, tt. xiv. xv. (1906). 1 Jepson, Flora W. Mid. California, 21 (1901). 6 In Harper's Magazine, xxii. 719. 0 Sir J. Hooker, in Card. Chron. xxii. 814, fig. 141 (1884), gives a sketch of a tree growing in the Silver Mountains in the Sierra Nevada range, on the eastern slope, and says he met with no specimens nearly so large as 200 ft., the height given by Sargent. Pmus I075 measured here being 120 ft. high by 13^ ft. in girth. It extends southwards to the San Bernardino and the San Jacinto ranges, up to 8000 ft. elevation, in the Cuyamaca mountains, and finds its most southerly point * on the San Pedro Martir mountain,2 in Lower California. P. ponderosa was first mentioned by Lewis and Clarke, who saw it in 1804 on the Upper Missouri, on their memorable journey across the Rocky Mountains. It was not made known to science, however, until David Douglas found it8 on the Spokane river, in Washington, in 1826, and in the Companion to the Botanical Magazine, ii. in, published in 1836, mentioned it as a new pine under the name of P. ponderosa. This name was taken up in 1836 by Lawson,4 to whom Sargent attributes its description, which was taken from a tree in the Caledonian Horti cultural Society's Garden, raised from the seeds sent by Douglas in 1827 to the London Horticultural Society. The variety Jeffreyi was discovered by Jeffrey in October 1852 in the Shasta valley, in northern California, and introduced in the following year.5 CULTIVATION So far as I have seen, this tree succeeds best and attains the greatest size on dry, well drained, but deep soil in the south of England, while it often becomes unhealthy and dies in damp situations ; and, though perfectly hardy6 in Scotland, is not so large or so thriving there as in the south. It ripens seeds freely in good seasons, from which many plants have been raised at Tortworth and other places. The seedlings are best raised in a box and planted out when a year or two old ; when once established they grow fast, and do not seem to suffer from early or late frosts. There are several trees of P. ponderosa in England, which are about 90 ft. in height and some over ; but we have seen none to equal the tree at Powis Castle near the Welshpool entrance to the park, which, when I measured it in 1908, was 105 ft. high7 and 10 ft. in girth with a clean bole of about 60 ft. At Bayfordbury a tree planted in [837, and growing on good loamy soil, was carefully measured with a sextant and different base lines in 1906, when it was ioo£ ft. in height, its girth being 9 ft. 4 in. Exactly three years later, in April 1 The southern form, growing on the mountains east of the San Rafaël valley of southern California, and on the moun- tain of San Pedro Martir, m a dry climate, is figured in Garden and Forest, v. 184, fig. 28 (1892), under the name P Teffrcyi var. fenmsulans, Lemmon, in $rd Report Calif. State Forestry Hoard, p. 200 (1891). ' * Brandegee, in Zee, iv. 201 (1893), describes this mountain as a plateau 7000'to 8000 ft. elevation, with ridges 2000 to 3000 ft. higher. It is cold in winter, ice lasting until May, and the rainfall is considerable. P. Jeffreyi is the most common tree on the plateau, a few trees of P. Lambertiana occurring on the ridges. P. Parryana is common at lower elevations than the plateau. 3 A specimen, collected by Douglas, in the Kew Herbarium, bears a parasitic plant, Arceuthotium occidentale, Engelm., figured by Loudon, t. 2137, as A. oxycedri, Bieb. 4 Lawson, Agricultural Manual, 354 (1836). 6 These particulars are taken from Jeffrey's advice note, which Prof. I. B. Balfour has allowed us to consult « At Thorpe Perrow, Bedale, all the conifers raised from seeds collected by Hartweg were killed in the severe winter of 1860-61, when 46° of frost were registered, except P. Benthamiana, the Californian coast variety of P. ponderosa of which two fine trees were surviving in 1888. Cf. Card. Chron. iii. 236 (1888). * This is the tree mentioned in the notes supplied to the Royal English Arboricultural Society on their visit in 1909 as a Corsican pine, No. 6. 10 76 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 1909, two measurements taken by Mr. H. Clinton-Baker make it 101 ft. by 9 ft. 7 in. It girthed in 1865, 4 ft. 9 in., and in 1900, 9 ft. Sir H. Beevor has measured another at Garston Manor, Watford, 90 ft. by 8 ft. 2 in. Another at Dropmore is believed to be one of Douglas's original seedlings, planted in 1829, and, as measured by Mr. Page in 1909, was 99 ft. by 8 ft. 9 in. ; in 1905 I made it 92 ft. by 8^ ft. At Arley Castle two trees of the same origin, measured by Mr. R. Woodward in 1909, were 104 ft. by 7 ft. 8 in., and 96 ft. by 6 ft. 7 in. At Highham there is a tree 72 ft. by 9 ft. 4 in. At Escot St. Mary, Miss F. Woolward measured a tree 94 ft. by 7 ft. 8 in. At Brocklesby Park, Mr. Havelock measured, in 1904, a tree 87 ft. by 6 ft. 10 in. On the heavy clay at Orton Longueville the largest is only about 70 ft. by 7^ ft. ' In the damper climate of the west it does not seem to grow so fast, the best tree at Killerton being only 72 ft. by 6^ ft. At Eastnor Castle, there are two trees of the typical form, 65 ft. by 7 ft., and 65 ft. by 8 ft. 4 in., and a specimen of var. Jeffreyi, 58 ft. by 5 ft., all the measurements being taken by Mr. Mullins in 1909. Var. Jeffreyi is 60 ft. by 5 ft. 3 in. at Westonbirt, and 56 ft. by 5 ft. i in. at Orton. In Wales I have not noticed any specially noteworthy trees, the climate at Penrhyn being clearly too wet to suit its requirements. In Scotland the best we have seen is at Smeaton Hepburn. A tree1 of var. Jeffreyi, planted in 1856, measured in 1902, 72 ft. high and 4 ft. 9. in. in girth. A tree at Scone, Perthshire, measured2 in 1891, 50 ft. by 6 ft. 8. in. Though it grows fairly well in central and eastern Scotland, we have seen no large trees in the west, and Sir H. Maxwell mentions none. In Ireland also it seems to be unsuccessful ; none of the reports of the Conifer Conference in 1891 speak well of it, and we have seen no trees worth recording for their size. In Germany cones matured3 for the first time in 1894, on a tree at Schaffenberg, near Berlin, which was 25 ft. high and growing with great vigour and apparently hardy. Both P. ponderosa and var. Jeffreyi have been experimented with in forest plots4 in Prussia, and succeeded for a time, but afterwards for some inexplicable reason gradually withered and died. The seedlings are very liable to the leaf- shedding disease, Lophodermium Pinastri. As a timber tree it is not likely to have any importance in Europe, the timber being coarse in comparison with that of the native species. In North America, however, it is one of the most useful for mining and general building purposes. As a rule, according to Sargent,5 P. ponderosa and its varieties have not proved satisfactory in the eastern states. The long-leaved Californian forms are not hardy in New England. Var. scopulorum is hardy near Boston, where it is impossible, however, to keep it alive more than a few years, as a fungoid disease disfigures and soon destroys it. Var. Jeffreyi is more successful, and the best specimens probably 1 Hist. Berwickshire Nat. Club, xviii. 211 (1904). 2 Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. xiv. 536 (1892). 3 Garden and Forest, vii. 95 (1894), where it is stated that at Berlin P. Sabiniana succumbed in the severe winter of 1893 ; while P. Coulteri is hardy, but grows slowly. 4 Cf. Schwappach, Anbauversuche fremdländ. Holzart. Ç7 (1901), and Unwin, Future Forest Trees, 57 (1905). 6 Garden and Forest, x. 470 (1897). Pinus 1077 in the eastern states are in Delaware Park, Buffalo, where there are eight trees which, planted in 1871, were in 1897, 25 to 37 ft. high. A fine weeping variety, var. pendula, Masters, which was imported from England in 1851, and planted at Woodenethe, Fishkill on Hudson, New York, is figured1 in Garden and Forest, i. 392, fig. 62 (1888) ; and was, in 1882, 59 ft. high and 5 ft. 7 in. in girth. We have not seen any tree showing this habit either in England or in its native country. (H. J. E.) PINUS TUBERCULATA, KNOB-CONE PINE Pinus tuberculata, Gordon, in Journ. Hort. Soc. iv. 218 (1849), and Pinetum, 288 (1875), (not D. Don); Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 93, t. 13 (1884); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xxiv. 786, fig. 184 (1885), and/«/r«. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 594 (1904); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 386 (1900); Sargent, in Bot. Gaz. xliv. 227 (1907); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 57 (1909). Pinus californica, Hartweg, in Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 189 (1847) (not P. californiana, Loiseleur). Pinus attenuata, Lemmon, in Mining and Scientific Press, Jan. 16, 1892, ex Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 107, tt. 575, 576 (1897); Sargent, Trees N. Amer. 22 (1905). A tree, usually 20 to 30 ft. high and i ft. in diameter, occasionally attaining loo ft. in height and i\ ft. in diameter ; often divided about the middle into two ascending stems. Bark \ to \ in. thick, brown, irregularly broken into large loose scales. Young branchlets slender, glabrous, reddish brown, with prominent pulvini separated by linear grooves. Buds cylindrical, pointed, brown, about an inch long, with closely appressed scales. Leaves in threes, persistent three or four years, spreading, usually 4 to 5 in. long, slender, firm and rigid, serrulate, ending in a sharp cartilaginous point, marked by stomatic lines on the three surfaces ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ in. long. Cones lateral, in one, two, or three whorls on the same year's shoot, in clusters of two to four, deflexed, asymmetrical, oblique at the base, short-stalked, pale brown, elongated-conical, 3 to 5 in. long ; scales thin, flat ; apophyses transversely keeled, on the outer side of the cone, pyramidale, raised into conical knobs, and armed with sharp spines, on the inner side flattened and with minute prickles. Seed oval, black, grooved, £ in long ; wing about an inch long. The cones are developed at an early age, often appearing in whorls on the stem, when it is only 2 or 3 ft. high ; and remain both on the stem and branches unopened until the advent of a forest fire or the death of the tree. They are some times found embedded in the bark of old trunks. This species is found in arid sunny situations on the mountains of south-western Oregon, south of the Mackenzie river, in .the Siskiyou mountains, and southward along the western slopes of the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada, and in the coast range of California from Santa Cruz to the San Bernardino mountains, where it is abundant at 4000 ft. It is most common in Oregon, usually growing in small groves 1 This tree is also figured in Gard. Chron. x. 236, fig. 42 (1878). 1078 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland amidst the chaparral, and where I saw it on the boundary between Oregon and California, never attained a greater height than 30 ft. with a maximum diameter of a foot, all the trees being narrowly pyramidal with short branches, and bearing numerous whorls of unopened cones on the main stem. Its range here appears to be between 2500 and 3000 ft. Sargent says it occasionally attains a height of too ft., but neither Mr. F. R. S. Balfour nor myself saw any but small trees, those of exceptional size being probably restricted to deep ravines on good soil. The hills on which it grows are very liable to be swept by forest fires, and there is no doubt that it rarely if ever reproduces itself, except on burnt areas,1 when the scorched cones let out the seeds. It is often attacked by mistletoe. In the same region it is occasionally accompanied by a peculiar variety of P. contorta with small cones, a tree of similar size and habit. P. tuberculata was discovered by Hartweg2 in 1847 in the Santa Cruz mountains, about twenty miles north of Monterey, and was introduced by him into the garden of the Horticultural Society, London, in the same year. This species grows slowly in England, and is of rare occurrence in collections ; the best specimen we have seen is a tree 50 ft. high at Bury Hill, Dorking, which divides into several stems at i ft. from the ground, where it girths 10 ft. 5 in. There is an ill-shaped and decaying tree at Bayfordbury, 36 ft. high, dividing at 3 ft. from the ground into two stems, 3 ft. and 3^ ft. respectively in girth. A branch of the tree 4 ft. in length bore forty-one cones. A tree at The Heath, Leigh ton Buzzard, measured by A. B. Jackson in 1908, was about 35 ft. high. Smaller specimens occur at Kew, Blackmoor in Hants, and Ochtertyre. In New Zealand,3 this species is a rapid grower, second only to P. radiata. At Canterbury, three varieties have arisen, all of which come true from seed and are very constant in character. (A. H.) 1 A graphic account of this pine and its relation to forest fires, by Muir in Harper's Magazine, xxii. 715, is reproduced in Card. Chron. xxiv. 786 (1885). Jepson, in Flora W. Mid. California, 23 (1901), says that a burnt forest of the knob-cone pine is promptly re-sown with its own seed. a Hartweg described, it in Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 189 (1847), but erroneously supposed it to be identical with P. californiana, Loiseleur. 3 Adams, Genus Pinus, 6, paper read at the Philosophical Institute, Canterbury, New Zealand, 7th August 1907. Pinus 1079 PINUS RADIATA, MONTEREY PINE Pinus radiata?- Don, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442 (1836); Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 103, tt. 573, 574 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 21 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Cûntferœ, 370 (1900); Masters, \njourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot) xxxv. 595 (1904). Pinus tuberculata, Don, loc. cit. (not Gordon). Pinus insignis, Uouglas, ex Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2265 (1838); Forbes, Pin. Woburn. 51, t. 18 (1839); Lawson, Pin. Brit. i. 37 (1884); Baines, in Gard. Chron. ix. 108, figs. 22, 23 (1878); Masters, in Gard. Chron. ix. 337, fig. 77 (1891); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 26 (1909). Pinus Sinclairit, Hooker et Arnott, Bot. Beechefs Voyage? 392, t. 93 (1841). Pinus Montereyensis, Rauch, ex Gordon, Pinelum, 197 (1858). A tree, attaining at Monterey about ioo ft. in height and 20 ft. in girth. Bark about 2 in. thick, dark brown, deeply divided into broad flat scaly ridges. Young branchlets glabrous, reddish brown, with prominent pulvini. Buds ^ to f in. long, cylindrical, pointed, brown ; scales closely appressed and coated with resin. Leaves in threes, persistent three years, densely crowded on the branchlets, bright green, 4 to 5 in. long, about T^ in. broad, slender and flexible, serrulate, ending in a short cartilaginous tip, marked with stomatic lines on the three sides ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath ^ in. long. Cones lateral, on stout short stalks, solitary or in clusters of two or three, deflexed or spreading, about 3 to 5 in. long, ovoid with a pointed apex, shining brown, very asymmetrical, with the scales much thickened from the middle to the base on the outer side, their apophyses elevated into protuberances, directed down wards ; elsewhere with the apophyses flatter, rhomboidal, marked with a transverse linear ridge and a dark brown umbo, armed with a minute prickle. Seed oval, about £ in. long, blackish and tuberculate ; wing light brown, with darker longitudinal stripes, about an inch long. In this species the shoots, when vigorous, are multinodal, and often show a ring of buds in the middle of the branchlet, as well as one subtending the terminal bud. At Monterey,3 the shoots regularly produce two whorls of cones ; and many trees show three, four, or even five whorls, but in this case many of the cones remain unfertilised and shrivel up at the beginning of the second year. In cultivated trees in this country and in dense stands at Monterey the cones are persistent, remaining unopened on the branches for several years, or in some cases even retaining the cones on the main stem or on the largest and oldest branches. In exposed trees at Monterey, the cones usually open, immediately after ripening, with the onset of the warm weather that occurs in autumn. The seedlings have five to seven cotyledons, and are variable in habit, some 1 This is the oldest certain name, and the one exclusively used by American botanists and foresters. P. adunca, Poiret, in Lamarck, Encycl. Suppl. iv. 418 (1816), may be this species, but the description is very imperfect. 2 The drawing and description represent a large coned form of P. radiata. The cone in the Kew Museum labelled " P. Sinclairii (?) " is P. Monteeumce ; but it is not the cone described by Hooker and Arnott ; and Engelmann in Brewer and Watson, Bot. Calif, ii. 128 (1880), is incorrect in assuming P. Sinclairit to be a factitious species. 3 J. B. Ilickman, in Erythea, iv. 194 (1896). io8o The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland young plants giving off lateral shoots immediately above the cotyledons, while others have a long unbranched stem.1 The primordial needles are very long, narrow, and finely serrate ; and are succeeded by the ternate leaves when the stem attains 6 or 8 in. in height. VARIETIES Both in wild and cultivated trees there is great variation in the size of the cones ; and the length of the leaves is not constant. P. radiata was formerly supposed to differ from P. insignis in having larger cones ; but intermediate forms are numerous.2 Var. binata, Engelmann, in Brewer and Watson, Bot. California, ii. 128 (1880). —Leaves usually in twos. Specimens3 at Kew bear much smaller cones than in the type, symmetrical at the base and with scales not swollen on the outer side. This variety was discovered in 1875 by Dr. Palmer on Guadalupe island, off the coast of Lower California, and was found in 1888 by Brandegee4 on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa isles, off Santa Barbara in California. Dr. Franceschi says5 that this pine is found on the northern and north-western part of Guadalupe, which in times past must have been covered with a dense forest. It grows in company with a palm, Erythea edulis, and with Querctis tomentella, at considerable elevations. The trees6 are vigorous and handsome, averaging 70 ft. in height and 7^ ft. in girth. Near the sea they are cut like a hedge owing to the force of the wind. Var. aurea. A form with bright golden foliage has appeared in New Zealand, and is being propagated there for sale.7 DISTRIBUTION This species has a very restricted distribution, occurring only in a narrow belt a few miles wide on the coast of California from Pescadero to San Simeon Bay ; on the islands of Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz off Santa Barbara, and on Guadalupe island, off the coast of Lower California, the insular form belonging as described above, to var. binata. It is most abundant and of its largest size on Point Pinos,8 south of the Bay of Monterey. At Pacific Grove,9 where the forest of this pine is extremely important, 1 Cf. Gard. Chron. ix. 337 (1891). 2 Large cones, var. macrocarpa, Gordon, Pinetum, 206 (1858), are said by Hartweg, mfoiirn. Hort. Soc. iii. 226 (1848), to be characteristic of the pines forming a wood at San Antonio, some distance from the sea. Lemmon, however, m West American Cone-Bearers, 6 (1895), says that trees with large cones occur near the sea, those with small cones being seen on the outskirts of the forest, farthest from the ocean. 3 Collected in Guadalupe by Dr. Palmer in 1875, ty **• Franceschi in 1892, and by A. W. Antony in 1896. * Cf. Proc. Calif. Acad. i. pt. ii. 217 (1889). 5 In Zee, iv. 130 (1893). e According to Palmer, in Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. xi. 119 (1876). 1 Cf. T. W. Adams, Genus Finns, 4, a paper read at the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand, on 7th August 1907. Mr. Adams saved seed from a cone without any knobs on its outer side, and all the trees raised are now bearing cones of the ordinary type. A number of varieties have arisen in New Zealand, remarkable for the variation in the size of the cones and in the colour of the foliage. 9 Here it mixes slightly with P. muricata. 9 Cf. G. J. Pierce, in Bot. Gazette, xxxvii. 448 (1904), who describes the attacks of a fly, Diplosis pini-radiata, Snow, which produces a basal hypertrophy of the needles of this pine. It is also much attacked by a kind of mistletoe, Arceuthbium occidentale, Engelm. ; and an interesting account of the dissemination of the seeds of this parasite on the pine is given by Pierce in Ann. Bot. xix. 99-113 (1905). Pinus 1081 being the main protection of the town of that name against the sand, which now piled up in large dunes would otherwise be blown inland over the town. Paths and roads have been cut through the forest, and a few years ago a serious fire swept over part of it, so that the pine is now having a hard struggle for existence. Prof. Jepson informs me that this pine grows on the Monterey peninsula from the sand dunes of the seashore inland over the adjoining hilly ridges, which nowhere exceed 400 ft. elevation. The average rainfall* for the twenty-three years, 1878 to 1900, was 15*37 in. annually, occurring on forty to sixty days in the winter from October to April. The months of June, July, and August are perfectly dry. The number of cloudy days in the year varies from 120 to 150. The thermometer never rises above 89° F., and rarely descends below freezing-point, and then only for short periods in the night,—though 24° F. was registered in 1905, and 27° F. in 1906. This species was discovered2 by Douglas during his stay at Monterey in 1831 and 1832 ; and from seeds sent home by him in 1833 plants were raised in the garden of the Horticultural Society and in the Duke of Devonshire's grounds at Chiswick, which were 3 to 5 ft. in height in 1838. Coulter also sent cones at about the same time, from Monterey, which were described by Don as P. radiata in 1836. Subse quently, in 1850 and 1851, consignments of seed were sent to Messrs. Veitch by William Lobb.8 (A. H.) CULTIVATION Near the sea in almost all parts of Great Britain, but especially in the south west of England, in Wales, and in Ireland, Pinus radiata has proved to be a tree of great value for shelter and ornament ; and though its timber is too coarse to come into competition with that of Baltic or even home-grown pine, its growth is so extremely rapid that it may prove profitable to grow for mining timber in Cornwall and South Wales. It produces seed freely at an early age. The seedlings grow more rapidly than those of any other pine which I have raised ; and though they are not so easy to transplant as those of the Scots pine, the proportion of losses in transplantation is much less than in the Corsican species. In a mixed plantation made by C. Daubuz, Esq., of Killiow, about two miles from Truro, in 1864, Monterey pines when I saw them in 1902 averaged about 8 ft. in girth, larch 3 ft., chestnut 3 ft, and silver fir about 40 in. The pines were raised from seeds of a home-grown tree under twenty years old ; and it seemed to me that in this locality, if planted thick enough and cut at the right size, they might be equal to imported pit-props. Though the tree is hardy enough to grow in many inland parts of England, it seems to succeed best near the sea; and at Colesborne, though it has endured frosts as low as zero in sheltered places, the growth is slow, the young shoots are 1 The rainfall, however, has been more considerable lately:—in 1905, 21-63 in. ; in 1906, 25-03 in. ; and in 1907, 28-98 in. 2 Colligon, a gardener who accompanied the La Peyrouse expedition, is supposed to have sent a cone of this species to the museum at Paris in 1787, which was described by Loiseleur in NOHV. Duhamel, v. 243 (1812) as P. californiana. The latter states that a plant raised from the seed of this cone was living in 1812 in the open in the Jardin des Plantes. The seed, however, is described as being large and edible like that of P. Cemtra, and the foliage as being in twos and threes ; and in all probability this plant was P. Pinea. 3 fforlus V'eitchii, 39 (1906). V M 1082 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland often killed back by frost, and in low-lying or exposed situations the trees are killed outright in cold seasons. In the garden of the Rev. A. Boscawen at Ludgvan, near Penzance, the growth of seedlings is extraordinary, and the ability of the tree to bear sea-winds is greater than that of any other pine. As regards soil it must be well drained and light to ensure success. Mr. Rogers, of Penrose, Cornwall, says1 that he planted about 1000 trees, many in the most exposed borders of plantations near the sea in Mount's Bay, most of them being seedlings from his older trees. He considers it one of the best of nurses, giving better shelter and growing faster than either the Austrian or maritime pine; but it suffers severely from snow in a cold winter, losing entire limbs and often dying from its effects.2 He has used wood of thirty years' growth both for furniture and for wheelbarrows, etc., and finds it easily worked, light in weight, tough and strong, though liable, as might be expected from immature timber, to be worm-eaten. If planted closely, it will produce clean straight timber. REMARKABLE TREES The largest specimens reported in 1891 were at Dropmore, then 90 ft. by n ft, planted in 1839, and Boconnoc, then 68 ft. by 13 ft. ; but these are now far surpassed by many others. The most remarkable that I have seen is a tree in a sheltered dell called the Wilderness at Cuffnell's, near Lyndhurst, which in 1907 was 116 ft. by 8J ft., with a clean bole about 40 ft. long. Plate 282 shows how very unlike this is to its usual habit both in California and England. The next tallest was a tree, no longer living, which, as I am told by Rev. A. Boscawen, was carefully measured at Heligan in Cornwall in 1897 by the Hon. Charles Ellis, who found it to be 108 ft. high. This was a seedling of unknown age, raised from a tree which I saw on the lawn at Heligan in 1905 ; a very rugged and wide-spreading tree which, though only about 50 ft. high, was 18 ft. in girth. It was blown down in May 1909. There are many other very large trees, of which I give particulars in tabular form as follows :— Girth. 14 ft. 6 in. 14 ft. Haldon House, Devonshire . Heanton Satchville, Devonshire Knowle Hotel, Sidmouth, Devon shire . . . . . Lamorran, Cornwall Coldrennick, Cornwall . Height. 90 ft. 92 ft. Year. By whom measured. 1903 H. J. Elwes. i9°S 83 ft. 14 ft. 2 in. 1907 Miss F. Wool ward. 90 ft. 13 ft. 6 in. 1905 H. J. Elwes. Not over fifty years old ; very rough tree. 83 ft. 14 ft. S in. 1905 A. Bartlett. 1 Woods mid Forests, 1883, p. 19. 2 Louden, in Card. Mag. xv. 269 (1839), states that plants were killed nearly everywhere in Britain by the severe winter of 1838-39 ; but one survived at Sunning Hill, in the grounds of Mr. R. Mangles. It was growing on dry elevated ground. A tree at Gunnersbury, 48 ft. high, was reported in Gard. Chron. 1868, p. 152, to have been killed by the severe frost of 1867. In the severe winter of 1908-9, when the temperature fell at Kew to 10° F. on 3Oth December, the leaves on this pine tree were injured, and turned a rusty brown colour. Cf. Kew Bull,, 1909, p. 225. Pinus 1083 Northerwood, Hants Dropmore, Bucks Bury Hill, Surrey. Deepdene, Surrey. Goodwood, Sussex (Plate 283) Beauport, Sussex . Sandling Park, Kent . Cobham Hall, Kent . . . 90 ft Trebah, Cornwall. . . 95-100 ft. Essendon Place, Herts * . .69 ft. Fulmodestone, Norfolk. . 70 ft. Eastnor Castle, Herefordshire2 . 80 ft. Bellshill, Northumberland . . 55 ft. Stackpole Court, Pembrokeshire Bodorgan, Anglesea Height. Girth. Year. By whom measured. 106 ft. 14 ft. 6 in. 1907 H. J. Elwes. A very fine tree, painted by Mr. Short. 77 ft. 15 ft. 1909 C. Page. 98 ft. 14 ft. 6 in. 1908 H. J. Elwes. 86 ft. 9 ft. 2 in. 1905 A. Henry. 83 ft. 9 ft. 1906 H. J. Elwes. Very clean stem to 35 ft. ; not spreading. 90 ft. 12 ft. 9 in. 1905 H. J. Elwes. Raised about 1855 from seed of tree by house. 85 ft. i s ft. loin. 1907 H. J. Elwes. Large branches coming at 2 \ ft. off at s ft. 11 ft. 9 in. 1906 A. Henry. 12 ft. s in. 1909 A. B. Jackson. IQ ft. 1906 H. Clinton Baker. IG ft. IQ in. 1905 Sir Hugh Beevor. loj ft. 1909 J. Mullins. 9 ft. 1906 H. J. Elwes. Healthy in this cold county three to four miles from the sea. 90 ft. 9 ft. 9 in. 1906 H. J. Elwes. 75 ft. 17 ft. at ground 1906 H. J. Elwes. Large branches come off at s ft. ; 72 paces round. At Dropmore8 trees from cuttings planted in 1839, treated exactly the same way as seedlings put out in the same year, were in 1882 somewhat smaller in height and in girth. At White Knights, Reading, a tree eighteen years old, from seed, measured in 1904, 52 ft. high by 4 ft. in girth. At Highnam Court, Gloucester, there are two trees, one with short leaves and small cones, which measured in 1906, 54 ft. by 8 ft. 4 in. The other, with much larger cones and larger leaves, was 56 ft. by 4 ft. 7 in. At Bicton a remarkable specimen, 75 ft. high and about 15 ft. in girth near the ground, dividing into many large branches higher up, was measured by me in 1902. A large tree at Longford Castle, planted in 1845 and growing on yellow loam close to the river Avon, in 1893 was 60 ft. high and 15! ft. in girth at a foot from the ground, dividing above into eleven great branches.4 Now it is about 65 ft. high and 75 ft. in diameter, perfectly healthy, and unhurt by frost. There are several fine trees at Osborne. In Scotland this species was killed8 in many places in the severe winter of 1860- 1861 ; and has not thriven subsequently in other places, as it is a failure at Glamis Castle, Forfarshire, and at Murthly, Perthshire. At Hopetoun, Linlithgowshire, the best specimen was killed in 1860, and a survivor was so much injured by the frost of 1879-80 that it was cut down in 1881. Similarly in the north of England, at Lambton Park, Co. Durham, it has been repeatedly tried and failed. The Monterey pine, however, thrives on the west coast of Scotland ; and a tree planted at Monreith, Wigtownshire, in 1884 was 63 ft. high by 5 ft. in girth in 1908. 1 A tree at Essendon Place, perhaps the same as this, measured, in 1866, 50 ft. high by 2| ft. in diameter, according to Gard. Chron. 1866, p. 950. 2 Card. Chron. ix. 108, fig. 23 (1878). 3 Cf. Hutchison, in Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc. Scotland, xiv. 59 (!882). Mr. Frost expressed the opinion that cuttings of this pine throve as well as seedlings. 4 Gard. Chron. xiv. 725 (1893). 6 Cf. Hutchison, op. cit. 58. 1084 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland At Castle Kennedy there are two trees, which girthed in 1904, 9 ft. 4 in. and 8 ft. 6 in., both being 68 ft. in height. At Bargaly, Kirkcudbright, a tree was 75 ft. by ii ft. 8 in., in 1904. At Keir, Perthshire, there is a healthy tree, although it has never borne cones, which measured in 1905, 73 ft. by n ft. This species thrives amazingly in most parts of Ireland. The finest specimens which we have seen are as follows :— Height. Girth. Year. By whom measured. VVoodstock, Kilkenny . . . no ft. izjft. 1909 H. J. Elwes. „ „ ... 90 ft. 14^ ft. 1909 H. J. Elwes. Curraghmore, Waterford1 . . 95 ft. 13 ft. 3 in. 1909 H. J. Elwes. „ „ 98 ft. n ft. 3 in. 1909 H. J. Elwes. Fota, Cork . . . . . 90 ft. 15 ft. 2 in. 1908 H. J. Elwes. An immense tree, 96 paces in circumference. Muckross, Kerry (Plate 284). . 85 ft. 14 ft. 10 in. 1909 H. J. Elwes. Powerscourt, Wicklow2. . . 97 ft. n ft. 5 in. 1904 A. Henry. Planted 1865. Kilruddery, Wicklow . . . 82 ft. 16 ft. 1904 A. Henry. Charleville, Wicklow . . . 86 ft. n ft. 9 in. 1904 A. Henry. Moüntshannon, Limerick3 . . 89 ft. 15 ft. 2 in. 1905 A. Henry. Adare, Limerick . . . . 87 ft. 6 ft. 10 in. 1905 A. Henry. A narrow, pyramidal tree. Glenstal, Limerick . . . 91 ft. 15 ft. 1903 A. Henry. Clonbrock, Galway . . . 90 ft. 12^ ft. 1903 A.Henry. Planted 1857. Hamwood, Meath . . . 70 ft. 17 ft. at ground 1905 A. Henry. Divided into four stems. The Monterey pine has been largely planted on the Pacific coast as far north as Washington, and as a rule has been successful. It thrives well near the coast at San Francisco ; but requires careful watering in the arboretum of the Stanford University in the Santa Clara valley. It has been largely planted of late years in South Africa, but is only climatically suited to the winter rainfall districts, and the wholesale planting of the tree in Natal and the Transvaal has produced disappointment.4 According to Mr. J. S. Lister, Conservator of Forests, the average annual increment per acre of ten-year-old trees has been no less than 526 ft., as compared with 152 ft. for Blue Gum and 203 ft. for Pinus Pinaster. Lately the leaves have been injured by the larva of a moth, Antherœa cytherea. In New Zealand,6 no other tree approaches this species in rapidity of growth, and even should it be found that the timber is not of a durable kind, the rate at which it is produced will render it profitable to grow. Mr. T. W. Adams says that his experience of the wood grown in New Zealand satisfies him that it will prove valuable for many purposes. In Madeira, as I am informed by Dr. Watney, it grows with extraordinary rapidity. A tree at Camacha, sown in situ in 1883, measured in 1907, 99 ft. high, and about 8 ft. in girth at the base. (H. J. E.) 1 Here trees about ten years old and IO to 23 ft. in height were killed in the severe winter of 1879-80. Cf. Ilutcliison, op. cit. 64. 2 Seedlings have been raised from home-grown seed at Powerscourt. 3 This tree was reported, no doubt erroneously, by the gardener, H. Lynch, to have been 98 ft. high in 1878. Cf. Card. Chron. xv. 21 (1894). J Hutchins, in Flint and Gilchrist, Science in Smith Africa, 396 (1905). 5 In Agric. Journ. Cape of Good Hope, xxii. 447 (1903), and in Rep. Consens, forests, 1899, p. 93, app. N. 6 Adams, loc. cit. Pinus 1085 PINUS PATULA, MEXICAN PINE Pinuspatula, Schlechtendal et Chamisso, in Linnœa, vi. 354 (1831), and xii. 488 (1838) ; Lambert, Genus Pinus, i. 36, t. 19 (1832); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2266 (1838); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xxiii. 108, tt. 20, 22 (1885), and in Journ. Linn. Soc. (£ot.) xxxv. 598 (1904); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 355 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. \. 41 (1909); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 29, t. xxii. (1909). A tree, attaining 80 ft. in height. Bark towards the base fissured longitudinally into large scaly plates ; higher up thin, papery, reddish brown, and scaling off similarly to that of P. sylvestris. Young branchlets glabrous, glaucous, with slightly raised pulvini, becoming reddish brown in the second year. Buds cylindric-conic, acuminate, 3- in. to f in. long ; scales brown, interlaced by their white marginal fimbrise, with apices free and directed upwards or spreading. Leaves in threes, persistent two to four years, very filiform and slender, 6 to 9 in. long, -fa in. or less in width, flexible, bent, pendulous, serrulate, ending in a cartilaginous point, marked with stomatic lines on the three sides ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath about an inch long. Cones lateral, in clusters of two to five, on stout short scaly stalks, deflexed, ovoid-conic, slightly curved, oblique at the base, about 3 to 4 in. long, pale brown, shining ; scales oblong, thin, ^ in. long, ^ in. wide ; apophysis rhomboidal, with upper margin rounded, and a slightly elevated linear ridge ; umbo dark grey, depressed, with a minute or obsolete prickle. Seed triangular, grey mottled with black, | in. long ; wing J in. to f in. long. Cones are borne freely on cultivated trees in Cornwall and the south of Ireland, and apparently contain good seed, though we have not heard of any seedlings being raised. These cones remain closed on the old branches for seven or eight years, as they also do on native trees in Mexico. This species is easily recognisable by its bark, peeling off in the upper part of the stem like P. densiflora and P. sylvestris, its very slender filiform long needles, multinodal glaucous reddish branchlets, and buds with scales free at the points. This species, according to Shaw, attains 40 to 50 ft. in height, and grows, in company with P. Teocote, at warm temperate altitudes in the central and eastern states of Mexico. Near Jalapa it occurs at 7000 to 8000 ft, mixed with P. Montezumce and various species of oak. Hartweg found it in the mountains around Real del Monte at 9700 ft. Stahl, in Karsten and Schenk, Vegetationsbilder, ii. pi. 13 (1905), figures a wood of this species under the Vigas, about 7000 ft. above sea-level, on the road from Perote to Jalapa. This species was discovered by Schiede and Deppe in 1828, and was probably introduced by them, as Lambert, according to Loudon, had a plant 6 ft. high at Boyton in 1837. Hartweg collected seeds in 1838 from which plants were raised in the garden of the Horticultural Society. (A. H.) This species succeeds in the mild climate of the south-west of England as in io86 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Cornwall, and of the south of Ireland, where there are many fine specimens. One at Carclew (Plate 285) measured, in 1908, 61 ft. in height and 6 ft. 3 in. in girth. At Luscombe Castle, Dawlish, a tree 55 ft. by 6 ft. 3 in. was bearing cones abundantly when I saw it in 1908. At Tregrehan, a tree,1 42 ft. by 8 ft. in 1898, was 60 yards round the branches. At Bicton, Mr. A. B. Jackson measured in 1908 a tree 48 ft. high, dividing at 2 ft. from the ground into two stems, 5 ft. u in., and 7 ft. 5 in. in girth. At Pencarrow, Lamorran, and Menabilly, I have seen other specimens of less dimensions. At Fota, near Queenstown, a branchy tree, with a short bole of 8 ft. dividing into wide-spreading limbs, measured in 1908, 63 ft. high by 11 ft. in girth. Many of the branches had been broken by previous gales. This tree was planted in 1847. (H. J. E.) PINUS TEOCOTE Pinus Teocote? Schlechtendal et Chamisso, in Linnœa, v. 76 (1830); Lambert, Gemts Pinus, i. 37, t. 20 (1832); Loudon, Arl. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2266 (1838), and Encycl. Trees, 991 (1842); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 356 (1900); Masters, m.Journ. Linn. Soc. (Hot.) xxxv. 598 (1904); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 16, t. ix. (1909). A tree, attaining 90 ft. high in Mexico, with bark fissured into scaly plates. Young branchlets glabrous, glaucous, pale brown ; the epidermis of the decurrent pulvini peeling off in the second and third year. Buds cylindric-conic, obtuse, about f in. long, resinous ; scales with tips free, interlaced at their bases by white marginal fimbrise. Leaves in threes, persistent three years, 4 to 8 in. long, -fa in. broad, spreading, rigid, sharp-pointed, serrulate, with stomatic lines on the three surfaces ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath about an inch long. Cones sub-terminal, rarely lateral, single or in pairs, spreading or reflexed, short-stalked, opening when ripe, and falling soon afterwards, ovoid-cylindrical, about 2\ in. long, dull brown or slightly shining ; scales numerous, f in. long, \ in. broad ; apophysis thickened at the margin, slightly raised, transversely ridged ; umbo usually depressed and ashy-grey, with a minute, straight, often obsolete prickle. Seed small, with a narrow wing. Var. macrocarpa, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 17, t. x. (1909). Pinus leiophylla, Bentham, PI. Hartw. 58 (1842) (in part). Leaves in threes, fours, or fives. Cones considerably larger than in the type, and illustrated by Lambert's plate. Recorded from a few localities in Mexico, Chiapas, and Tlaxcala. P. Teocote, according to Shaw, grows at temperate altitudes in the southern, central, western, and north-western Sierras of Mexico, associated with P. leiophylla, 1 This tree is figured in Gard. Chron. xxiii. 108, fig. 22 (1885). Fig. 20 represents a cone from a Carclew tree. Three trees are mentioned as existing at Carclew in 1885, measuring 30 ft. by 6 ft., 40 ft. hy 64 ft., and 30 ft. by 5 ft., the girths being taken at three feet from the ground. One of these has since been destroyed by lightning. The dimensions of other trees in 1885 were :—Lamorran, 24^ ft. by 3 ft. 10 in. ; Pencarrow, 43 ft. by 7 ft. 3 in. ; and Bicton, 36 ft. in height. 2 According to Shaw, the word "ocote," from which the tree derives its name, signifies in Mexico, pitch pines and their products. Small bundles of firewood offered for sale in the markets of the cities arc also called " ocole." Pinus 1087 Schiede and Deppe. It grows on the high lands, particularly on the sloping sides of the mountains of Orizaba and Real del Monte. It is also plentiful in Oaxaca,1 at 9000 ft. elevation, on dry, hard, and poor soil, composed of reddish clay, where it is a slender tree, of moderate size, with hard and resinous reddish wood. According to Loudon, a single plant was in cultivation at Boyton in 1826. Subsequently, in 1839, cones were sent by Hartweg to the Horticultural Society of London, who distributed the seed, from which many plants were raised. Most of these succumbed in severe winters; and only a few trees are now living in this country. There are two at Bicton, one2 of which, measured by Mr. H. Clinton- Baker in 1898, is 60 ft. by 5 ft. 9 in. ; the other is 57 ft. by 6 ft. 10 in. At Luscombe Castle, another is about 50 ft. high by 5 ft. 4 in. in girth. A small tree also exists at Fota, which I saw in 1907. (A. H.) PINUS RIGIDA, NORTHERN PITCH PINE Pinus rigida, Miller, Diet. ed. 8, No. 10 (1768); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2239 (1838); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 115, t 579 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 20 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 373 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 599 (1904); Mayr, Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 361 (1906); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 49 (1909); Bean, in Gard. Chron. xlv. 178, fig. 75 (1909). Pimts Taeda, Linnaeus, var. rigida, Aiton, Hort. Kew, iii. 368 (1789). Pimts Taeda, Linnaeus, var. A, Poiret, in Lamarck, Diet. v. 340 (1803). A tree, attaining in America 80 ft. in height and 9 ft. in girth. Bark on young stems thin and broken into reddish brown scales, on old trunks an inch thick and deeply and irregularly fissured into broad flat scaly ridges. Young branchlets glabrous, reddish brown, with prominent keeled pulvini. Buds cylindrical or conical, sharp-pointed, % to f in. long; scales interlaced and matted together by their white fimbriated edges, their long acuminate brown apices free and spreading. Leaves in threes, persistent two years, spreading, 3^ to 4^ in. long, rigid, slightly curved and twisted, serrulate, ending in a callous point, marked on the three faces by numerous stomatic lines ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath f to ^ in. long. Cones lateral, usually clustered, sub-sessile, spreading, variable in size, averaging 2^ in. in length, ovoid, light brown, symmetrical at the base ; scales thin, flat, f in. long, f in. wide; apophysis shining, rhomboidal, with a raised sharp transverse keel, and an elevated dark-coloured umbo, terminating in a recurved slender prickle. Seed triangular, with a blackish roughened shell, and a pale brown wing, broadest below the middle ; seed with wing about f in. long. Cotyledons five. The cones often persist on the branches, and even on the stem, for many years, many opening when ripe and letting out the seed, others remaining closed for an indefinite period. Cones are freely produced on very young trees. This species is remarkable amongst pines for the frequent occurrence on untouched old stems of adventitious buds, which usually produce branchlets, the shortest of these resembling tufts of leaves arising from the bark, the largest 1 Cf. Garden and forest, ix. 102 (1896). 1 This tree was labelled P. oocarfa. The other was named correctly P. Teocote, 1088 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland attaining a few inches in length and branching. Carrière1 records an instance where clusters of staminate flowers, without any foliage, issued from the trunk of a tree of this species. In New Jersey,2 after the destruction of the trees by fires or by felling, sprouts arise from the stumps, which grow to a considerable size, 6 to 8 in. in diameter ; and suckers also spring from the roots, giving rise to a dense bush-like growth. At Grafrath,3 near Munich, only 4 per cent of a number of trees, broken by snow, gave stool-shoots, most of which were short-lived. Similarly, at Les Barres, numerous stool-shoots were produced from the stumps of felled trees, but M. Pardé4 believes that these will never make trees. This faculty of regeneration by coppice shoots, so rare amongst conifers, appears in this case to be of no economic value. DISTRIBUTION This species is the one always known in eastern North America as the pitch pine, though having nothing in common with the pitch pine of commerce (P. palustris). It is widely distributed, crossing the northern boundary of the United States, as far north as the valley of the St. John River in southern New Brunswick, the north shore of Lake Ontario, and the valley of the lower Ottawa river ; extending southward in the Atlantic States from Franklin County, Maine, where it is a mere shrub, to northern Georgia, and crossing the Alleghany Mountains to their western foot-hills in eastern Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. It is common in the New England states, often forming extensive forests, and grows mainly on sandy plains and dry gravelly slopes, though occasionally it is seen in swamps. In New Hampshire, where I saw this species, the greater part of the land on which it occurs has been repeatedly burnt over ;5 and it appears to be adapted for regeneration after forest fires, as, like P. Banksiana, it produces cones freely and at an early age ; and a considerable percentage of the cones hold the seed for several years. Near Hinsdale, it grows in pure open woods on poor sand, the trees scarcely ever exceeding 60 ft. in height and 4 ft. in girth ; but in slightly better soil, where the sand contained the mould of decayed leaves, P. Strobus grows with it in mixture, and will eventually suppress it, owing to the taller growth of the Weymouth pine. Sargent6 gives an account of a pure forest of the species in Ocean County, New Jersey, which occupies land that had been farmed fifty years previously. An illustration shows a forest of crowded small slender trees about 50 ft. in height. According to Prof. Cooke,7 it is one of the most profitable trees to plant in this 1 Conif. 448 (1867). 2 Garden and Forest, viii. 472 (1895), a"d x- '92> %• 24 (l&97)t tne fig11*6 showing new growth after the destruction of all the foliage by fire. 3 Mayr, Frcmdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 363, fig. 116 (1906), the figure showing a burnt tree with numerous adventitious shoots on the stem. 4 Principaux Vf get. Ligneux Exotiques, 37. Mr. T. W. Adams, in a paper read 7lh August 1907, at the Philosophical Institute, Canterbury, New Zealand, says :—"Trees nearly a foot in diameter, which I cut down in thinning a plantation, sent out leaves along the trunk, while lying on the ground, as some broad-leaved trees do." 6 Cf. Chittenden, U.S. Forestry Bulletin, No. 55, p. 55 (1905). 6 Garden and Forest, i. 166 (1888). 7 Ibul. 59. Pinus 1089 state, where, after thirty years, it yields a net profit averaging $15 per acre. Owing to the facility with which it can be raised by sowing1 on the poorest soil, it has lately been planted in barren tracts on the coast of Massachusetts and New Jersey, for the production of firewood, though old houses timbered and floored a hundred years ago with this wood, grown on better soil, are still in a good state of preservation. Grown singly, it assumes a ragged appearance, as is well shown in a picture of a wind-swept specimen given in Garden and Forest, iv. 397, fig. 65 (1891). (A. H.) CULTIVATION According to Aiton, it was in cultivation at Woburn before 1759; but though it grows better and lives longer than any of the eastern American pines, except P. Strobus, it has never become common, and has no qualities which make it desirable to cultivate in this country, except in botanic gardens and collections of conifers. It is hardy, and often ripens seed in the south of England ; and as it grows well on the seashore and does not object to salt in the soil, it might be planted on barren sandy shores, though it might not be so suitable for this purpose as P. radiata or P. austriaca. It has been tried as a forest tree in Germany, where it was at first believed to be the species which produced the pitch pine of commerce, but has not shown any promise of success.2 In France, according to M. M. de Vilmorin,3 it is only fit for firewood and of no economic importance, though it might be tried on sandy soils in localities too cold for P. Pinaster. I saw trees at Baleine, near Moulins, and at Geneste and Catros, near Bordeaux, of considerable age, but of no great size, which seems to prove that a warmer climate does not favour its development. In the Hertogenwald, in Belgium, about fifty trees4 of this species, planted in mixture with the common pine at 1500 ft. elevation, on poor soil, at fifty-five years old, average 48 ft. high, and, though healthy and bearing cones, show no advantage in this situation over P. sylvestris. Forbes states that there were several trees of this species believed by him to have been planted in 1743 in the evergreens at Woburn in 1839, one of which measured 75 ft. high and 11 ft. in girth ; but I could hear of none now living. The largest tree, which we have seen or heard of, is growing at Dropmore, and in 1909 was 84 ft. high by 7 ft. 8 in. in girth. It was probably planted in 1847. There are three good trees at Arley Castle, two of which, represented in Plate 286, measured in 1904, 69 ft. and 66 ft. in height, both being 7 ft. 2 in. in girth. The third is 66 ft. high by 5 ft. 11 in. in girth. A tree in Mr. Kaufmann's grounds, The Wilderness, White Knights, measured in 1904, 48 ft. by 8 ft. i in., and has thrown out from the stem numerous small adventitious branchlets. Mr. A. B. Jackson measured in 1909 a tree at Bury Hill, Dorking, 56 ft. by 4 ft. Another at Essendon Place, Herts, measured 45 ft. by 6^ ft. in 1908. There are also smaller 1 It is sown broadcast or in shallow drills. No other conifer grows so rapidly in New England on dry sterile gravels. Cf. Sargent, in Garden and Forest, x. 470 (1897). 2 Cf. Mayr, of. cit. ; Schwappach, Anbauversuche frcmdländ. Holzarten, 58 (1901) ; and Unwin, Future Forest Trees, 49, 86 (1905). 3 Garden and Forest, x. 113 (1897). 4 Seen by Henry in 1908. V N 1090 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland specimens in Kew Gardens, where most of the trees of the species show similar adventitious branchlets ; at Nuneham Park, Beauport, Bayfordbury, and Tortworth. A tree at Bargally, in Kirkcudbright, measured 42 ft. by 4 ft. i in. in 1904. Trees at Coollattin, Wicklow, about 30 ft. high, are very thriving. TIMBER The wood1 of this pine is little valued in its own country except for firewood, being light, soft, and brittle ; and so far as I know is never exported. It contains large quantities of resin ; and a century ago was of some economic importance in the production of tar and turpentine, though when the pitch pine of the south became more generally known, it was superseded by the abundant supplies yielded by that tree. (H. J. E.) PIN US SEROTINA, POND PINE Pinus serotina, Michaux, H. Bor. Amer. ii. 205 (1803); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 119, t. 580 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 20 (1905); Masters, mjotirn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 599 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 51 (1909). Pinus rigida, Miller, var. serotina, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2242 (1838); Engelmann, in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Science, iv. 183 (1880); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 374 (1900). This species, which is probably only a southern geographical variety of P. rigida, is distinguished from the latter by its more resinous buds, and by its longer leaves, usually 6 to 7, rarely 8 to 10 in. long. The cones are variable in shape, either sub-globose or shortly ovoid, or elongated conical, 2 to 3 in. in length, similar in position and colour to P. rigida, but with the more slender prickles usually deciduous. The cones, moreover, as a rule, remain closed on the tree for several years before opening and letting out their seeds. Adventitious branches are produced on old trunks.2 The pond pine grows in low wet flats or in sandy or peaty swamps, near the Atlantic coast from Albemarle Sound southward to the head of St. John's river in Florida, and occurs also, according to Roth,3 on the west side of the peninsula of Florida, and along the Gulf of Mexico westward to near Pensacola. In its manner of growth it resembles P. Tœda, and produces similar timber, and is occasionally4 tapped for turpentine. It is generally found, either mixed with P. Tœda or with P. Caribœa, occasionally associating in North Carolina with broad-leaved trees, and is rarely seen in considerable quantity. It often takes possession of abandoned fields. This species was introduced in 1713, according to Loudon,5 who mentions trees about 30 ft. high, at Dropmore, Syon, Pains Hill, and Kenwood. It is probably 1 Hough, Trees AT. States and Canada, 9 (1907), says the wood is of medium weight and hardness, with coarse conspicuous grain, resinous and of a brownish red colour with abundant lighter sapwood. It is used for coarse lumber, flooring, sills, etc. ; and to some extent for fuel and charcoal. 2 Cf. Garden and Forest, x. 209 (1897). Engelmann, lac. cit., states that felled trees or posts set in the ground sometimes produce sprouts bearing primary leaves. 3 In U.S. Forestry Bulletin No. 13, p. 169 (1897). 4 According to Sargent, in Trees N. Amer. 21 (1905), but it is not mentioned by Mohr, and must be done on a very small scale. 6 Ency. Trees and Shrubs, 979(1842). Pinus 1091 short-lived in our climate, where it bears shorter foliage than in America ; and the only trees we have been able to identify, are one at Bicton,1 which was 53 ft. by 4 ft. 8 in. in 1908; and another at Bayfordbury, in an unhealthy state, measuring 41 ft. in height, and 5 ft. 7 in. in girth. This was planted in 1842. (A. H.) PINUS PALUSTRIS, LONG-LEAF PINE, PITCH PINE Pinus palustris, Miller, Diet. ed. viii. No. 14 (1768); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 151, tt. 589, 590, (1897), and Trees N. Atner. 17 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 352 (1900); Masters infourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 604 (1904) ; Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 38 (1909). Pinus lutea, Walter, fl. Carol. 237 (1788). Pinus longifolia, Salisbury, Prod. 398 (i 796). Pinus australis, Michaux, Hist. Arb. Amer. i. 64, t. 6 (1810); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2255 (1838) A tree, attaining in America 120 ft. in height and 9 ft. in girth. Bark thin, dark, scaly. Young branchlets thick, orange-brown, much roughened by the numerous prominent pulvini. Buds non-resinous, cylindrical, pointed, i^ in. to 2 in. long; scales lanceolate-acuminate, silvery white, interlaced by their white marginal fimbrise and with their apices free and reflexed. These persist as a dense sheath of reflexed bud-scales at the apex of the branchlet of the second year. Leaves in threes, deciduous at the end of the second year, about 8 in. long on old trees, 9 to 18 in. long on young vigorous trees, densely crowded on the branchlets, slender, flexible, serrulate, ending in a cartilaginous point, with stomatic lines on all three sides ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath f in. to i in. long. Cones sub-terminal, spreading or pendulous, on short stout scaly stalks, cylindric- conic, slightly curved, 5 to 8 in. long ; scales thin, flat, 2 in. long, \ in. wide ; apophysis rhomboidal, slightly elevated, crenate in upper margin, with a transverse sharp ridge, and projecting umbo, armed with a small reflexed prickle. Seed triangular-oval, rather less than ^ in. long, inner surface whitish and three-ridged, outer surface dark-spotted ; wing narrow, \\ in. long. The seeds are shed during dry weather in autumn ; and occasionally, when wet sultry weather sets in late, begin to sprout in the cones. The cones usually fall, after dehiscence of the seeds, in the latter part of the winter of the second year, leaving as a rule the lowest rows of scales attached to the branch. (A. H.) This 2 is perhaps of all the pines of North America the one which formerly existed in greatest abundance, throughout a wide belt of country from Virginia through the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama and Florida, where it extends south to Tampa bay, west to the valley of the Trinity river in Texas, and up the Mississippi valley to the northern borders of Louisiana. It is mainly confined to low-lying tertiary sands and gravels ; but Mohr8 found it in Talladega county, Alabama, up to 1 This tree has long been labelled erroneously "P. resinosa." 2 A complete account of this pine is given by Mohr in U.S. Forestry Bulletin, No. 13, pp. 29-75 (1897). Cf. also G. F. Schwarz, The Longleaf fine in Virgin Forest, pp.-135, 23 illustrations (1907). 3 Mohr, op. cit. p. 73. 1092, The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 2000 ft. above the sea. It averages about 100 ft. in height, and occasionally reaches 120 ft, girthing 6 ft. to 8 ft. ; and grows usually in pure forests, but near the limits of its area is mixed with other trees. No tree has suffered so much at the hand of man as the pitch pine. When I first passed through the southern States in 1888 it formed an almost unbroken forest for hundreds of miles along the railway, but is now diminishing so rapidly, that to use Sargent's words, " it seems hopelessly doomed to lose its commercial importance at no distant day." The literature of this species is very voluminous, and has been largely quoted by Sargent and Loudon ; but as it seems impossible to cultivate in this country, we need not say much about it, except that it has been repeatedly tried since 1730 and has usually failed to growl for more than a few years. However, a tree of about 12 ft. high exists in a stunted state at Kew ; and another similar in size and un healthy was seen by Mr. H. Clinton-Baker in 1908 at Menabilly, Cornwall. A seedling raised at Steventon and planted in the Tubney arboretum near Oxford, survived about 25° of frost in the winter of 1908-9. In France P. palustris2 has been grown successfully in one place at least, as we learn from an article3 by M. Maurice de Vilmorin, who gives an excellent photograph of two trees at Geneste, near Bordeaux, which were sown in 1831, and are the only survivors of seventeen. In 1897 the largest was 18 metres high by 170 metre in girth, the other 16 metres by 1*50 metre. Near them was a Loblolly pine, whose volume was said to be twice as great, though no dimensions were mentioned. They grow on the edge of the dunes near the sea, and M. de Vilmorin states that as producers of timber they cannot in that region compare with P. Pinaster, which is mature at forty years old. I visited Geneste, the property of Mile. Ivoy, in April 1909, and measured these trees carefully. The two largest are 68 ft. by 6 ft. 3 in., and 59 ft. by 5 ft. They seem perfectly healthy, but bear no cones. As the tempera ture in occasional severe winters, as in 1893, descends at Bordeaux to — 16° Cent., it seems as though the want of sufficient heat in summer is the reason why this tree will not grow in England. I believe that on the coast of Portugal it would succeed well. On the banks of Lago Maggiore, however, in the garden of Rovelli Frères, there is a pitch pine with a clean trunk measuring about 60 ft. by 5^ ft. ; and at Intra, in the grounds of the Villa Barbot, I measured a still finer tree, about 75 ft. by 7 ft. Though the import of the timber of this species to Europe has only assumed great importance in the last twenty years, it is now shipped in larger quantity than any other American timber. Marshall Ward4 identified the pitch pine of commerce with P. rigida, which it certainly is not ; but Laslett himself was evidently writing of the true pitch pine, which he said came chiefly from the ports of Savannah, Darien, and Pensacola, where P. rigida is not found. He says it was much used for masts in shipbuilding, and in architecture wherever long, straight, and large 1 Webster in Hardy Coniferous Trees, 95 (1896), says a few specimens have done well at Penrhyn and Woburn. There are no trees of this species at either place, the tree named P. australis at Penrhyn being P. ponderosa. a According to ^4«». Hort. Paris, xix. 212, quoted by Loudon, Gard. Mag. xv. 236 (1839), the species may be grafted on P. Laricio, and is then rendered much hardier. 3 Garden and Forest, x. U2 (1897). 4 Laslett, Timber and Timber Trees, 367 (1894). Pinus 1093 scantlings were needed ; and gives details-of experiments on its strength and elasticity made for the Admiralty. Sargent describes the timber as exceedingly hard, very strong, tough-grained, and durable, of light red or orange colour, with nearly white sap-wood. In the United States it is preferred to any other wood for the construction of railway cars, and is now in great demand for railway sleepers, which are replacing those made of oak and chestnut in the northern states. In consequence of the large consumption in America, and of the great quantity of trees destroyed for resin and by fire, the price has lately risen very much in the English market, being in February 1906 as much as is. 6d. to 2S. per cubic foot ; and for very long squared balks a higher price is obtained. Mr. Weale writes as follows :—" The heaviest of the American pines ; princi pally exported from Pensacola and Mobile. It contains resin in quantity, which makes it very durable, and permits its employment in exposed situations. Is moderately hard and straight-grained, and being easily obtainable in long lengths, is in demand for bridge and pier work, and as a building timber. The wood is frequently figured, and used for panelling. For school fittings and furniture, church pews and seatings, it is eminently suitable. In America it is in request for railway sleepers and mining timber, but the low prices at which the Baltic goods are imported prevents its use for the latter purposes in this country." A handsomely marked variety of this wood, known as curly pitch pine, is found on the outside of some logs, which, when polished, has a nice effect in panels, and being- cheap and easy to match, is oftener used in England than the more beautiful, though softer, curly redwood, a variety of the wood of Sequoia sempervirens. Pinchot1 states that in the Government statistics, under the heading "Yellow Pine," are grouped all the reports of pine production in the south and west, except those of white pine (P. Strobus) and Norway pine (P. resinosa). Several species, such as P. palustris, P. Tœda, P. caribœa, P. echinata, and P. rigida, enter into this total. Most of the lumber cut in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida is P. palustris ; while practically all that of Arkansas and Missouri is P. echinata. Most of the pine cut in Virginia and North and South Carolina is P. Tœda. The resin2 or crude turpentine obtained by tapping P. palustris, and to a lesser extent P. caribœa? furnishes the raw material for the production of resin and spirits of turpentine. At present these two species furnish the great bulk of the supply for the whole world. France and Austria, the only other countries where resin is pro duced on a considerable scale, account for perhaps one-tenth of the total produce. In 1907 the total export of resin from the eastern states was z\ million barrels, valued at $11,000,000; while that of spirits of turpentine amounted to 16 million 1 U.S. Forestry Bull. ^^, p. 18 (1906). 2 This industry is known in America as turpentine orcharding, and is well described by Ashe in N. Carolina Ceci. Survey Bull. No. 5 (1894) ; by Mohr, op. cit. 67 (1897) ; and by Bastin and Trimble, N. Amer. Conifera, 48 (1897). 3 P. serotina is occasionally tapped in the coast region of North Carolina. P. Tada is never tapped. See our remarks under these species. IO94 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland gallons, valued at $10,000,000. Judging from the statistics,1 the annual production is stationary, but the price has increased enormously since 1903. P. rigida was tapped for resin in the colonial days in the northern States. Pine-wool,2 used in the manufacture of carpets and mats, is prepared from the leaves of this species. (H. J. E.) PI N US TJEDA, LOBLOLLY PINE fîmes Tceda, Linnœus, Sp. PI. 1000(1753); Lambert, Genus Pinus, L 14, t. 15 (1832); Loudon, Art. et Prut. Brit. iv. 2237 (1838); Forbes, Pin. Woturnense, 43, t. 14 (1839); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. in, tt. 577, 578 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 19 (1905); Mohr and Roth, U.S. Forestry Bulletin No. 13, p. 113, tt. 17-20 (1897); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 382 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 598 (1904); Clin ton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 54 (1909). A tree, 80 to 100 ft. high, with a straight trunk, usually 6 ft., occasionally 15 ft. in girth. Bark about an inch thick, reddish brown, divided by shallow fissures into broad flat scaly ridges. Young branches glabrous, glaucous, becoming yellowish brown, roughened by the raised and imbricated pulvini. Buds conic, about \ in. long ; scales brown, matted together by their white marginal fimbrise, and with their apices free and reflexed. Leaves in threes, persistent for three years, densely crowded, spreading, 6 to 9 in. long, ^ in. wide, rigid, slightly twisted, serrulate, ending in a sharp cartilaginous point, pale green, with numerous stomatic lines on the three sides ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath nearly an inch in length. The reflexed bud-scales remain as a persistent sheath at the apex of the shoots of the second and third years. Cones lateral,3 solitary or clustered, sub-sessile, spreading, cylindric-conic, usually 3 in. long, occasionally 4 or 5 in., light brown ; scales thin, about an inch long and ^ in. wide ; apophysis rhomboidal, raised, with a transverse elevated ridge, and a triangular umbo, ending in a short, usually reflexed prickle. Seed rhomboid, \ in. long, with two or three distinct ridges, dark brown mottled with black, surrounded to the base by the narrow border of the delicate wing, which is pale brown, shining, and about an inch long. Cones are produced abundantly every year, opening in autumn and winter of the second year, and falling off in the succeeding season through the decay of their short stalks. The seedlings have usually six cotyledons, and grow fast, producing adult ternate leaves in their first season, when they attain 6 to 8 in. in height. They average in the forest at the end of the fourth year 3 ft. in height. The Loblolly pine extends along the coast from Cape May in New Jersey, and the Delaware and Maryland peninsula, southwards to Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay in Florida, and westward to near New Orleans, extending inland as far northward as 1 Pinchot, U.S. Forest Circular No. 153 (1908). 2 Cf. J. R. Jackson, in Card. Chron. xliv. 366 (1908), who states that pine-wool is also prepared in Breslau, Silesia, from the leaves of the Austrian pine (P. Laiicio, var. austriaca). The latter is used for stuffing cushions, and is made, mixed with ordinary wool, into a kind of flannel. Specimens of both kinds may be seen in the Kew museum. 3 They are subterminal in badly-developed trees. Pinus 1095 the parallel of 35°, occupying large tracts in the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, extending into southern Tennessee. West of "the Mississippi river it occurs as far north as the south-eastern border of Indian Territory and southern Arkansas, where it frequently grows in extensive nearly pure forests on the rolling uplands, and occurs in Louisiana and eastern Texas as far west as the valley of the Colorado river. On the Atlantic slope, near its northern limit, it grows most frequently on the flat lands of the tidewater districts, usually crowded with other pines, oaks, and hickories ; and in Virginia and North Carolina springs up rapidly on lands exhausted by agriculture, the primeval forests having nearly all disappeared. In the swamps bordering the Albemarle and Pimlico sounds, gigantic trees of this species, known as the Rosemary pine, sometimes attained* a height of 170 ft. In Berkeley county, South Carolina, the forest land2 consists of four distinct regions. On the fresh and moist uplands, where the soil is a light sandy loam, P. Tceda occurs both in pure stands or in mixture with P. palustris and broad-leaved trees. P. palustris is confined mainly to the higher situations and the drier and lighter soils, either pure or mixed with P. Tceda and hardwoods. In the alluvial land, either along rivers or bordering swamps, where the soil is best, the forest is mixed, consisting of maple, ash, hickory, oaks, with P. Tceda and P. serotina. In the swamps, where there is standing water all the year round, there is the same admixture of species, with the addition of Taxodium distichum. (A. H.) This pine is of considerable economic importance in the southern and south western states, where it forms considerable forests ; and though there are no reliable statistics, it appears to be one of the main trees cut for lumber at the present time in Virginia and the Carolinas.3 A considerable proportion of the long and heavy sticks of hewn timber reaching the Mobile market from Alabama for export as " pitch pine " are Loblolly pine.4 Half the lumber cut in Arkansas and shipped as " yellow pine " to northern markets is Loblolly pine, the other half being P. echinata. The timber is very variable in quality under different conditions of growth. Sargent says that very large and fine masts were formerly made of this tree, and used in the United States as well as shipped to Europe ; but were not distinguished by Laslett from those made of P. Strobus. In England this tree has been grown for nearly two centuries, having been introduced6 by Bishop Compton before 1713, but though it has attained a considerable size in some instances, it cannot be said to thrive in this country, requiring a much greater degree of heat than our climate affords. Loudon figures a tree 75 ft. high, growing at Syon in 1838, and mentions others at Kew, Dropmore, Whitton, and Pains Hill, the latter being then 60 to 70 ft. high, and, as he said, the handsomest tree in Europe. All these are now dead, 1 Cf. Curtis, Trees and Shrubs, N. Carolina, 23 (1860). 2 Cf. Chapman, in U.S. Forestry Bulletin 56, pp. 8-10 (1905). 3 Pinchot, in U.S. Forestry Bulletin 77, p. 18 (1906), says:—Most of the pine cut in Virginia and North and South Carolina is P. Ttzda, which is widely known in commerce in the United States as North Carolina pine. * Mohr says the best qualities are equal to true pitch pine, and are used by house carpenters. Large amounts of inferior stuff are shipped as firewood from the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina. 6 Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 368 (1789)- 1096 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland and the only tree1 which we have found is one growing at Bicton which Mr. H. Clinton-Baker measured in 1908, as 50 ft. in height, and 6 ft. 9 in. in girth at 3 ft. from the ground. This tree bears cones ;2 but the seed does not seem to be fertile. The leaves are 4^ to 5 in. in length, much shorter than is usual in American trees of this species. At Geneste, near Bordeaux, I saw several large trees of this pine in 1909 growing near the pitch pines, which they much exceeded in size. The largest was 92 ft. by 9g- ft., and bore abundant cones, which produce fertile seed, and natural reproduction is here common. Another was 95 ft. by 9 ft., a third about 85 ft. by 9^ ft. Mademoiselle Ivoy informed me that the resin of this tree was much more aromatic than that of the native P. Pinaster. Mr. Weale sends us the following note :—" Loblolly pine is not imported into this country in steady quantities and is often sold as Carolina pine. When pitch pine is imported in the form of sawn boards, this wood is frequently observed amongst them. It is not comparable with pitch pine in strength and durability, and cannot hope to find a market upon any other considerations than those of price." Though the wood of this species contains but little less resin than that of P. fialustris, and the composition and the distribution of the resin in the log are the same in both species, yet for some unexplained reason the resin of the Loblolly pine does not flow freely, and hardens so rapidly on exposure that it cannot be worked. The statements frequently made3 as regards the use of this tree for resin are erroneous and can only be explained by a confusion of names, and it is most likely that the Cuban pine (P. caribœà) was referred to.4 (H. ]. E.) PINUS CANARIENSIS, CANARY PINE Pinus canariensis, Ch. Smith, in Buch, Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. 159 (1825); De Candolle, PI. Rar. Jard. Genève, i. tt. i, 2 (1829); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2261 (1838); Webb et Berthelot, Phyt. Canar. iii. 280, Atlas, t. 6 (1845-50); Christ, in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. vi. 486 (1885); Masters, in Gard. Chron. iii. 723, f. 94 (1888), and in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 593 (i904); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 13 (1909). A tree, attaining 80 ft. in height and 10 ft. or more in girth. Bark thick, reddish, slightly fissured, and separating on the surface into irregular scales. Young branchlets glabrous, yellow, with prominent keeled pulvini. Buds ovoid, acute, f in. long, £ in. broad ; scales reddish brown, matted together at the base by their marginal white fimbriae, spreading, with their tips free and reflexed. The apices of the branchlets of the second and third years are each marked with a conspicuous sheath of the persistent reflexed bud-scales. Leaves in threes, persistent two years, densely crowded on the branchlets, spreading, 7 to 12 in. (averaging 9 in.) long, ^ in. wide, flexible, serrulate, ending in a fine cartilaginous point, with two to four stomatic lines on each of the three sides ; marginal canals median ; basal sheath f in. long. 1 The tree at Tortworth Court, mentioned as P. Tmda by Kent in Veitch's Manual, p. 383, is P. rigida. 2 Figured by Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 54 (1909). 3 As in Bastin and Trimble, Noith American Coniferce, 44 (1897). 4 Cf. Mohr, op. cit. 121 Pinus 1097 Cones subterminal, solitary or clustered, deflexed or pendent, on short stout scaly stalks, cyltndric-conic, with a flattened apex, very variable in length, averaging 5 in. long ; shining yellowish brown, and closely resembling those of P. Pinaster in appearance ; scales thick, about if in. long, and f inch wide ; apophysis rhomboid, slightly elevated, with a transverse sharp ridge, and a dark brown prominent non- prickly umbo. Seed ^ in. long, pointed at both ends, with a pale brown wing i£ in. long. The seedlings have six to eight cotyledons, and grow rapidly, attaining 10 in. in their first year. In Gard. Chron. xv. 333 (1881), it is stated that Hochstetter had succeeded in fixing the juvenile form of this species and of P. Pinea by cuttings, producing beautiful bushes with solitary needles. This species is endemic in the Canary Islands. It does not occur on some of the dry eastern islands, as Lanzarote and Fuerteventura ; and only a single tree exists on Gomera, and a small wood on Ferro. According to Christ, it is called tea by the Spaniards, and was formerly widely spread, and descended lower on the mountains, than at present. Large woods still exist in Teneriffe, Palma, and Grand Canary, beginning at 3700 ft. altitude and ascending to where the snow lies in winter, solitary trees being met with on Teneriffe as high as 6600 ft. It grows on dry slopes, exposed to the sun and wind, and appears to prefer basalt, where the soil contains no lime. Its upper elevation is limited not so much by the cold, as by the poverty of the soil, which at high elevations consists of pumice stone, on which no tree growth can exist. Christ saw many beautiful woods, with an undergrowth of Cistus, and numerous seedlings growing under the shade of the parent trees. Many of the trunks1 show the same character as P. rigida, as they produce epicormic branches covered with solitary primary leaves. The trees are conical in shape, often branched to the ground, and somewhat weeping in habit, with pendulous leaves. Most of the famous trees of this species, one of which was mentioned by Loudon as 30 ft. in girth near the ground, were destroyed even in Webb's time ; and the largest tree seen by Christ, the Pino del Paso, in Teneriffe, is only 10 ft. in girth ; but he mentions old trees on Palma twice as thick. The timber is reported to be remarkably heavy and durable. In the museum at Kew, there is preserved part of the beam of a wine-press, made of the heart-wood, which is quite sound, although the press was over 200 years old and had stood all the time in the open air. This species is rare in cultivation in England, except as a green-house plant. Loudon states that specimens in the open were killed at Dublin. There is, however, a small tree, at Heligan, Cornwall, which in 1906 was fifteen years old and about 25 ft. high ; and another at Carclew about 6 ft. high, which was slightly damaged by frost in 1908-1909. It succeeds well on the Riviera, even on calcareous soil ; and there are fine specimens at La Mortola and Grimaldi.2 Elwes measured one at the Villa Thurêt, Antibes, 92 ft. by 5^ ft., which bore fertile cones in January 1910. (A. H.) 1 Cooley, in Bot. Gazette, xxxviii. 441, fig. I (1904), describes a tree in the Botanic Garden at Naples, the stem of which is clothed to the ground with shoots like those of/", rigida. 2 Cf. Gard. Chron. iv. 39 (1888). V O 1098 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS ECHINATA, SHORT-LEAF PINE Pinus echinata, Miller, Diet. Ed. 8, No. 12 (1768); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 143, t. 587 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 29 (1905); Mohr, U.S. Forestry Bulletin No. 13, Timber Pines of Southern U.S. 91, plates 13-16 (1897); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 624 (1904). Pinus virginiana, Miller, var. echinata, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 44 (1771). Pinus squarrosa, Walter, Fl. Carol. 237 (1788). Pinus Tœda, Linnaeus, var. variabilis, Aiton, Hort. Knv. iii. 368 (1789). Pinus Tœda, Linnaeus, var. echinata, Castiglioni, Viag. negli Statt Uniti, ii. 312 (1790). Pinus mitis, Michaux, Fl. Bor. Amer. ii. 204 (1803); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2195 (1838); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 342 (1900); Mayr, Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 358 (1906); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 32 (1909). Pinus variabilis, Lambert, Genus Pinus, i. 22, t. 15 (1803). A tree, attaining in America 120 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Bark about an inch thick, broken into large irregular scaly plates. Young branchlets slender, brittle, glabrous, glaucous ; in the third year the bark of the branchlets exfoliates in large flakes. Buds, £ in. long, cylindrical, sharp-pointed, brownish, shining, with resinous and appressed scales. Leaves, both in pairs and in threes, deciduous in the second and third years, spreading, about 3 in. long, slender, flexible, curved, slightly twisted, serrulate, sharp- pointed, with stomatic lines on all three surfaces ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath f in. long. Cones lateral, either subsessile and spreading, or short-stalked and pendulous, in pairs or clusters of three or four, ovoid, i|^ to 2 in. long, dull brown ; scales about f in. long, obovate, cuneate, rounded at the apex, thin and flexible ; apophysis slightly thickened, with a transverse ridge and a central umbo, armed with a short, often deciduous, prickle. Seed triangular, brownish-black, ^ in. long ; wing ^ in. long, pale, streaked with brown lines ; cotyledons 4 to 7. This species is readily distinguishable by the leaves, both two and three in a cluster, and by the peculiar scaling of the bark on the branchlets in the third year. A complete account of this pine, with a map of its distribution, is given by Mohr, who states that it is a tree of the plains and foothills, in the south rarely ascending to 2500 ft., and in the north never higher than 1000 ft. East of the Mississippi it is now found scattered amongst the broad-leaved trees ; but in the beginning of the nineteenth century it formed a considerable part of the coniferous forest, growing on light sandy soil in the Atlantic states from New York to Virginia. (A. H.) This tree has much the same distribution as P. Tœda, occurring from Staten Island, New York, and east Pennsylvania, through the Atlantic states to northern Florida, crossing the Alleghany Mountains to Kentucky and Tennessee, and extending west to north-eastern Texas, north-western Louisiana, Arkansas, southern Missouri and south-west Illinois. It is more abundant inland than on the coast region of the Gulf states, where the pitch pine replaces it ; and is most abundant and in the greatest perfection west of the Mississippi river, where it forms large forests and is the most important source of the timber known in the United States as yellow Pinus [°99 pine, which is used more largely for ordinary building purposes in the south-western states than any other wood ; and as this tree has the power of spreading itself rapidly over abandoned fields, which it soon covers with healthy forest, it is not likely to become scarce. According to Mohr, average trees in Arkansas and Texas range from 95 to 120 ft. high, and 17 to 25 in. in diameter, at ages of 100 to 200 years. According to Sargent this timber* is very variable in quality, but only second to true pitch pine in its class, and being less resinous, softer and more easily worked, is often preferred for cabinet-making, interior finish, doors, window-sashes, etc. It is also largely used for flooring, weather-boarding, railway cars and sleepers. Though it does not yet seem to be well known in Europe, yet as pitch pine becomes scarcer and dearer, it will no doubt be substituted for it, or for white pine (P. Strobus), which is already known in the English market as yellow pine. This pine is remarkable for its capacity of producing vigorous sprouts2 from the stumps, when the tree is felled or injured by fire. These coppice shoots, ten to thirty in number from each stump, remain bushy, attaining no great height, and are of no value for the regeneration of the tree. P. echinata was introduced into England about 1739, as Miller had it in culti vation in that year ; but has proved as unsuitable for this climate as most of the other pines of the Atlantic coast, and is probably short-lived, as it is very rare in collections.8 A tree at Dropmore, which in 1908 measured 50 ft. high and 3 ft. 4 in. in girth, is probably the specimen mentioned by Loudon as being cultivated there under the name P. variabilis, which it still bears. Mr. Page says that it occasionally bears a few cones, but that he has not succeeded in raising plants from the seed. Another specimen at Bayfordbury is 34 ft. by 3 ft. ; and one in Kew Gardens, which bore a few cones in 1908, measured 32 ft. by 2 ft. 4 in. in 1909. (H. }. E.) PINUS HALEPENSIS, ALEPPO PINE Pinus halepensis, Miller, Diet. Ed. 8, No. 8 (1768); Loudon, Arb. et. Frut. Brit. iv. 2231 (1838); Boissier, Flora Oriental's, v. 695 (1884); Masters, Gard. Chron. xxii. 552, f. 97 (1884), iii. 627, f. 84 (1888), and Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 606 (1904); Willkomm, Forstliehe Flora, 237 (1887); Mathieu, Flore Forestière, 607 (1897); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conifera, 332 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 23 (1909). Pinus alepensis, Poiret, in Lamarck, Did. v. 338 (1804). Pinus hwrosolymitanaf Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, ii. 126 (1755). Pinus maritima, Lambert, Gen. Pinus, i. t. 6 (1832) (not Miller). A tree attaining 80 ft. in height and 12 to 15 ft. in girth, though often, on poor soils, considerably smaller. Bark at first smooth, silvery grey, and shining, becoming 1 The wood of this pine is indistinguishable from that of P. Teeda. Cf. Fernow and Roth, in U.S. Forestry Bulletin No. 13, pp. 13, 14 (1897). 2 Cf. Garden and Forest, x. 192, 209 (1907), and Roth, in U.S. Forestry Bulletin No. 13, p. Ill (1897), who observed hundreds of acres along the railways in Texas and Arkansas, covered with bushy clusters of vigorous sprouts from the pine stumps. In Bot. Gaz. xxviii. 69 (1899), P. echinata is said to produce root-suckers, but this seems to be erroneous. 3 A tree at Bicton, of which we have specimens with stunted foliage, doubtfully referable to this species, died recently. 4 This name is uncertain, and cannot be adopted ; moreover, it would be inconvenient to set aside halepensis, which has been in use for over a century. Cf. Graebner, in Mitt. dent, fiend. Ges., 1908, p. 68. I 100 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland on old trunks reddish brown, fissured, and scaly. Young branchlets glabrous, glaucous grey, flexible, with slightly raised pulvini. Buds conical, slender, less than | in. long, brownish white; scales interlaced by white fimbriated margins, with the tips free and often reflexed. Base of the shoot girt with a sheath of reflexed bud-scales. Leaves in pairs, persisting two years, 2^ to 4 in. long, slightly spreading, slender (about -3V in- wide), curved, twisted in the upper third, serrulate, short- pointed, with stomatic lines on both surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath \ in. long, persistent. Cones, solitary or two or three together, lateral, spreading or deflexed, on thick scaly stalks (about \ in. long), ovoid-conic, 2 to 3 in. long ; scales shining, yellowish brown, oblong, flat, about an inch long and f in. wide ; apophysis rhomboidal, flat, or slightly raised towards the centre, with a transverse linear ridge ; umbo greyish, de pressed, often with a slight ridge, unarmed. Seed, nearly \ in. long, light brown on the lower and blackish on the upper surface ; wing pale brown with a dark border, nearly an inch in length. The cones are variable in direction, though often directed backwards, and are irregular in the time of opening, some remaining closed till May in the third year, others not letting out the seeds till the fifth or sixth year. VARIETY Var. Bmtia. Pinus Brutia, Tenore, Flora Napolitana, \. Prod. p. Ixxii (1811), iv. 136 (1830), and v. 266, f. 200 (1835) ; Loudon, Arb. et Prut. Brit. iv. 2234 (1838) ; Boissier, Flora Orientalis, v. 695 (1884) ; Masters, infourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 608 (1904). Pinus resinosa, Loiseleur, in Nouveau Duhamel, v. 237 (1812) (not Solander). Pinus Pithyusa? Steven, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. \. 49 (1838). Pinus persica, Strangways, in Loudon, Gard. Mag. xv. 130 (1839). Pinus Loiseleuriana, Carrière, Conif. 382 (1855). Pinus Paroliniana, Webb, ex Carrière, Conif. 391 (1855). Pinuspyrenaica? Carrière, Conif. 391 (1855) ; Masters, in Gard. Chron. iv. 267, f. 32 (1888); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferce, 368 (1900); Mayr,3 Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 360 (1906). Pinus Parolinii, Visiani, Mem. 1st. Venet. vi. 243 (1856). Pinus Eldarica, Medwejew, in Act. Hort. Tiflis, vi. 2, p. 21 (1902), and Bäume u. Sträuche Kaukasus, i. 20 (1907); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xxxiv. 251 (1903). This is a geographical variety of P. halepensis, distinguished by its longer, darker green, and more rigid leaves, 4 to 6 in. in length. The cones,4 which occasionally arise in whorls of three to six, are never deflexed, but always spreading or pointing forwards, and are in rare cases sub-sessile. The staminate flowers are also larger 1 Referred to P. Brutia by Lipsky, in Act. Hort. Petrop. xiv. 309 (1898). According to Loudon, Card. Mag. xv. 130 (1839), the cone is like that of P. halepensis in the strong woody peduncle. 2 Probably not P. pyrenaica, Lapeyrouse, Hist. Abrégée PI. Pyrén. Suppl. 146 (1818), occurring in the Pyrenees, and identified by Calas with the Pyrenean variety of P. Laricio. Cf. our vol. ii. 407, note 2. The large forests of P.pyienaica in Spain, described by Captain Cook, are P. Laricio. Cf. Willkomm, Pflanzemierb. iberischen Halbinsel, 109 (1896). 3 Mayr places P. halepensis and var. Brutia in different sections, though the character on which he relies for this dis tinction, the position of the cones, is identical in both. 4 All the specimens of P. Bnitia in Parlatore's herbarium at Florence are from cultivated trees, and differ only from P. lialepensis in their longer leaves and larger cones. So far as I could judge from these, and from a Calabrian specimen, the differences between this variety and typical P. halepensis simply depend on the greater vigour of the former, due to better soil and climate. Pin us I 101 than in the type. The differences observable, due to the influence of soil and climate, are similar to those seen in the Austrian and Corsican varieties of P. Laricio. DISTRIBUTION The Aleppo pine is a Mediterranean species, occurring in almost all the countries bordering on its shores, from Spain to Asia Minor, and from France and Dalmatia to Morocco and Algeria. In France this species occurs in Provence, in the region of the olive, from the foot of the Alps westward to Sommières, Gard, never extending far from the sea- coast, and not extending above 2700 ft. altitude. It grows mainly on limestone, occupying dry rocky slopes, where scarcely any other tree will grow, but is also common on the porphyry of the Esterei, and is met with on gneiss near Cannes.1 On Mount Ventoux it ascends to 1300 ft., but at this elevation and distance from the sea is liable to suffer from frost. Large forests occur, as that of Mérindol on Mount Luberon, which covers 4000 acres, and is composed of a mixture of Aleppo pine and Quercus Ilex. Here the trees are usually small in size and stunted in growth, with crooked stems, as the soil is arid and shallow limestone ; but in a ravine, where there was some moisture and a growth of ferns, I measured a tree 80 ft. in height, with a straight stem, free of branches to 50 ft., and 8 ft. in girth. In Spain2 this species is a native of all the provinces bordering on the Mediterranean, and extends inland as far as Huesca, Saragossa, Teruel, Cuenca, and Guadalajara, growing in the lower regions of the mountains up to 3300 ft., and somewhat rare on the coast itself, though there is a remarkable wood, covering the greater part of the Dehesa de Valencia, a sandy spit of land, about 8 miles long, separated from the sea by the Albufera lagoon. There are small woods on limestone east of Gaucin, north of Gibraltar, where I measured a tree at 900 ft. elevation, 65 ft. in height, and 10 ft. 8 in. in girth. It is common in the Balearic Isles, where it ascends in Majorca as a tree to 3200 ft., becoming a mere bush at 3900 ft. On Iviza there is a forest 16,000 acres in extent, consisting of P. halepensis, partly pure and partly mixed with deciduous trees. In Italy it is not found north of the Apennines, but it is fairly common on the west and east coasts. It grows,3 though in much less abundance than in the Riviera, on serpentine rocks between Savona and Genoa, and occurs in the mountains of Umbria between Spoleto and Terni, ascending on Somma to about 2000 ft. About the falls of the Velino, and in the defile through which the Nar flows below Narni, it is pretty frequent, growing on limestone amidst the woods of Quercus Ilex. On the eastern side of the Adriatic4 it succeeds as a planted tree in Dalmatia, but is only wild south of latitude 43°, occurring in small quantity about Ragusa and in the Meleda and Curzola islands. It has also been observed by Baldacci in Albania. It is common in Greece, except in southern Peloponnesus, and also occurs in Crete and most of the islands, often forming extensive forests near the sea-coast, and 1 Bunbury, Bot. Fragments, 8 (1883). 2 Willkomm, Fßanzenverb. iberischen Halbinsel, 95, 190 (1896). 3 Cf. Bunbury, Bot. Fragments, 8 (1883). Sprenger, in AIM. deut. dendr. Ges., 1905, p. 182, says there are fine trees on the heights of Posilippo, near Naples, and notes the great quantity of its cones, even when the trees are very young. The pollen is so abundant that people who suffer from hay fever avoid it. 4 Cf. Beck, Veget. illyrischen Länder, 135 (1901). I IO2, The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland occasionally ascending to 3000 ft. Prof. Samios of Athens informs us that a tree at Chalcis, which Elwes saw many years ago, is 130 ft. in height, and 10^ ft. in girth. In Cyprus1 this is a finer tree than P. Laricio, often attaining in the forest 10 ft. in girth, but on dry ground on the hot coast it assumes a bushy form. Mr. A. K. Bovill, Principal Forest Officer in Cyprus, informs us that he has photographed a tree 15 ft. in girth. According to Madon,2 it flourishes on all soils up to 5000 ft., mixing above 4500 ft. with P. Laricio. This species also occurs in west and south Asia Minor, covering the sand dunes of the Cilician coast westwards from Mersina ; and on the coast of Syria and the lower ranges of the Lebanon is a handsome tree, judging from a photograph (Plate 287) sent us by Dr. Day of Beyrout. In Algeria P. halepensis, pure or mixed with Quercus Ilex, forms the greater part of the forests, where the rainfall is less than 12 in. annually, and extends from the sea-coast to about 5000 ft. altitude. It grows mainly on limestone, but is occasion ally seen on clay, sandstone, and conglomerate. It is remarkable for its repro ductive power, as seedlings are very numerous, and regeneration is certain to ensue after the destruction of the forests by axe or fire. In the dry regions of Algeria, where forest fires are common, it is apparently adapted for natural regenera tion on burnt areas, as cones with fertile seed are always present on the trees. Young trees bear cones when only 5 or 6 ft. high, while older trees retain many of the cones closed for six or eight years ; and these, when scorched by fire, burst and scatter the seed to a distance of 10 or 20 yards.3 This is well seen in a forest near Affreville, where P. halepensis is the predominant species, mixed with a small proportion of Callitris quadrivalvis and Quercus cocci/era. Here the trees are of no great size, but I measured one in the open 70 ft. high and 14 ft. n in. in girth. In Morocco it apparently does not occur near the coast, but is reported by Ball* to grow in the mountains to the south at 4000 to 5500 ft. altitude. It is met with in Egypt, near Alexandria, but is probably planted there.6 Var. Brutia has a more restricted and a more easterly distribution than the type. It is met with in Calabria in Italy, where it was discovered by Tenore in the Aspro- monte mountains between 2400 and 3600 ft. altitude. According to Sprenger,6 it grows here on limestone, ascending to 5000 ft., and attaining about 80 ft. in height and 250 years in age. He says that the wood is white and free from resin. Accord ing to Halacsy,7 it is absent from the mainland of Greece, but occurs at high elevations in Crete. It grows on the shores of the Sea of Marmora, where it is known as kara jcham or black pine.8 It seems to be the mountain form in Asia Minor, occurring in Pamphylia, Cilicia,and on the Taurus and Lebanon, the tree near the coast being typical P. halepensis. Specimens collected in 1874 by Elwes in Lycia, and noted as growing on 1 Cf. Hartmann, in Mitt. deut. dend. Ges., 1905, p. 169. • 2 Forests of Cyprus, in Cyprus, Parliament. Paper No. 366, of 1881. 3 Cf. Lefebvre, Les Forêts de F Algérie, 421 sec. (1900). The part which the persistent closed cones play in the regeneration has not been understood by local observers, who assert that the cones on very young trees produce unfertile seed. This requires further investigation. 4 ïajourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xvi. 669 (1878). 6 Boissier, Flora OrietttaKs, v. 695 (1884). 0 In Mitt. deut. dend. Ges., 1904, p. 191. T Consp. Fl. Graecae, iii. 453 (1904). 8 Specimens procured for Mr. H. Clinton-Baker by Mr. Stuart Hogg. Pinus 1103 limestone, are var. Brutia. This variety1 also grows sparingly on the north-east coast of the Black Sea near Pizunda,2 and a small forest, about 4 miles in length, of trees not exceeding 40 ft. in height, occurs in the centre of Transcaucasia, at the foot of the great Caucasus, on the west edge of the Eldar Steppe, between 1400 and 2000 ft. elevation.3 This variety is cultivated in Afghanistan, where it was collected by Aitchison, and in Persia where, Dr. Stapf informs us, it is a tall tree, resembling P. sylvestris in habit, and very hardy, as it bears without injury severe winters and a heavy snow fall. Two plants raised at Vienna from seed brought home by Dr. Stapf from Shiraz were at first indistinguishable from seedlings of typical P. halepensis, but as they grew older bore the longer foliage of var. Brutia. (A. H.) CULTIVATION Though this tree was introduced by Bishop Compton in 1683, and has been often planted since, it is not hardy enough to endure severe winters ;4 and the trees mentioned by Loudon5 at White Knights, Berks, and Croome, Worcester, which in 1838 were 57 and 40 ft. high, are no longer living. The only trees6 of considerable size which we have seen are one at Margam, Glamorganshire (Plate 288), which in 1907, when I saw it, was a healthy tree, measuring 72 ft. by 10 ft., and bearing many cones, which are conspicuous from their green colour, and another in the Botanic Garden, Bath, which was 46 ft. by 4 ft. 6 in. in 1909, and is a healthy tree with smoother and greyer bark than P. Pinaster. There are small trees at Kew and Bicton. Seedlings which I raised from Spanish seed in 1907 were, with three excep tions, killed by the frost of January 1909, though protected by boughs laid over them, and it seems useless to attempt to grow this tree except in very dry, warm, and sheltered situations near the sea in the south of England. According to Loudon,7 var. Brutia was introduced in 1836, when it was raised from seed by the Earl of Mountnorris. Strangways, in 1839, obtained seeds from Persia, plants from which were raised in the garden of the Horticultural Society, and were known as P. persica. No trees of this variety are now in cultivation in this country, so far as we know, except a small specimen at Kew. In February 1910 I saw the tree in the Botanic Garden at Naples, on which Tenore founded his description of P. Brutia. It is very vigorous, with a wide- spreading crown of foliage, and measured 82 ft. by 10 ft. A branch sent to Cam bridge by the director, M. Cavara, bears seven young cones in a whorl, and two mature cones in a second whorl, which scarcely differ from those of P. halepensis. 1 Lipsky, in Act. Hort. Petrop. xiv. 309 (1898), denies the occurrence of P. halepensis in Russian territory bordering on the Black Sea, all the specimens being P. Brutia. 2 Radde, Pflanzenverbreit. Kaukasus, 147 (1899). 3 This is supposed to be a distinct species, P. eldarica of Medwejew, who refers the tree on the Black Sea to P. pithyusa, Strangways. Cf. Derevya Kavkasa, 12, 14 (1905), and Moniteur Jardin Bot. Tiflis, ii. 26 (1906). 4 Mouillefert, Essences Forestières, 386 (1903), says that it is killed by 14 or 15 degrees of frost, and that it grows rapidly in youth, and is very intolerant of shade. 6 Lambert says that he saw a flourishing tree of this species bearing cones abundantly at 17 years after planting in the garden of Stoke Park, Wilts, on sandy soil ; but Lady Lushington informs me that when she first lived, in 1881, at this place, now called Stokke, there was no such tree there. B The tree at Penrhyn, a cone of which was figured in Card. Chron. xxii. 552, fig. 97 (1884), no longer exists. Webster in Woods and Forests, igth November 1884, says it was 45 ft. high and 4 ft. in girth. 7 Trees and Shrubs, 968 (1842), and Card. Mag., 1839, p. 267. 1104 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland The leaves are longer than is usually the case in var. Brutto,, measuring about 7 in. in length, which is probably due to the rich volcanic soil in which the tree is growing. Henry sees no reason for supposing that the tree is a hybrid, though from its vigour M. Cavara thinks that it differs from the wild trees in Calabria, which are ascribed to var. Brutia. There is a fine tree, under the name P. pyrenatca, in the grounds of the Villa Thurêt, Antibes, which was 70 ft. by 6 ft. 2 in. when I saw it in 1910, and bore cones larger than those of typical P. halepensis. The timber1 is considered in France inferior to that of P. Pinaster, and is characterised by large resin-canals, which often cause infiltrations of resin in the wood, rendering it hard, heavy, and difficult to saw. It is little used, except for making packing-cases, though sometimes it is suitable for telegraph poles and sleepers. Tapping for resin, formerly practised in Provence, is now little in vogue ; but in 1906, an experiment was made in the forest of Slisser, in western Algeria, when about a million trees were tapped. The resin produces a turpentine of good quality. The bark contains a considerable amount of tannin, and in Provence is occasionally ground into powder, which is used for dyeing fishing nets, and for mix ing with the tanning material obtained from the bark of Qtterctis coccifera. (H. J. E.) PINUS MURICATA, BISHOP'S PINE Pinus mitricata, Don, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 441 (1836); Lambert, Genus Pimts, iii. t. 84(1837); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2269 (1838); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xxi. 49, tt. 7-9 (1884), and Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 620 (1904); Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 139, tt. 585, 586 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 32 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 350 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 37 (1909); Bean, in Gard. Chron. xlv. 260, figs. 112, 113 (1909). Pinus Edgariana, Hartweg, \njourn. Hort. Soc. iii. 217, 226 (1848). A tree, usually 40 to 50, occasionally 90 ft. high, and 6 to 10 ft. in girth. Bark reddish brown, fissuring into long narrow rounded scaly ridges, becoming very thick,2 4 to 6 in., towards the base of old trunks. Young branchlets glabrous, stout, reddish brown, with projecting pulvini, separated by linear grooves. Buds conic or cylin drical, pointed, f to i in. long, encrusted with white resin. Scale-leaves persistent at the base of the leaf-clusters. Leaves3 in pairs, persistent for three or four years, spreading, crowded on the branchlets, 4 to 6 in. long, yellowish green, rigid, slightly curved and twisted, serrulate, marked with numerous stomatic lines on both surfaces, ending in a short callous tip ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath ^ in. long. Cones, both sub-terminal and lateral, in clusters of 3 to 7, deflexed, sessile, asymmetrical, oblique at the base, ovoid, about 3 in. long, shining brown, very prickly : scales transversely keeled ; on the inner side of the cone with flattened apophyses and slender prickles; on the outer side of the cone with elevated 1 Mr. Hutchins, however, informs me that in Cyprus it is of better quality, and is used for all purposes for which deal is used here. 2 In Garden and Forest, x. 232, fig. 30 (1897), a figure of the tree is given, showing the remarkable thickness of the bark. 3 The leaves have a strong peculiar odour. Pinus 1105 pyramidal apophyses, armed with stout sharp spines, in the basal scales directed downwards, in the apical scales recurved and pointing upwards. Seed triangular, £ in. long, roughened, grooved, and blackish ; wing nearly i in. long. The cones often remain closed for many years, persisting on the stem and branches of the tree, without becoming embedded in the bark. As in the case of other pines, with late-opening cones, this is a provision for the germination of the seeds, which retain their vitality for a long period, until forest fires cause the scales to gape asunder. This species, in the absence of cones, is readily distinguished amongst the two- leaved pines with persistent sheaths, by its long yellowish green leaves, and its long buds whitened in a peculiar manner by resin. On a vigorous branch two whorls of buds, branchlets, and cones are usually produced. This species is one of the four coast trees* of California, only growing near the sea within the range of the sea-fogs, and occasionally rising to 2000 ft. altitude. It occurs in Mendocino County, where it attains its largest size, southwards, usually in widely separated localities, to Tornales Point, north of San Francisco Bay ; and from Monterey to San Luis Obispo County. It is also met with in Lower California, on Cedros island, and on the coast between Ensenado and San Quintin. This pine, like P. conforta, which replaces it northward, grows on ocean bluffs, and sometimes is common over considerable tracts of poor sandy soil. In Sonoma County,2 it reaches its most vigorous development in peat-bogs, the trees attaining a height of 80 to 150 ft. It is remarkable in its native habitat for its flattened crown of foliage. Jepson mentions a very fine forest of this species on Point Reyes, within a few miles of Olema. (A. H.) P. nmricata was first discovered in 1832 by Dr. Coulter at San Luis Obispo, and is sometimes known as Bishop's pine, from its occurrence in this locality, named after Bishop St. Louis. It was introduced into England in 1846 by Hartweg, who found it near Monterey, and who named it P. Edgariana, after Mr. T. Edgar, Secretary of the Horticultural Society. It is perfectly hardy in most parts of England, and though seldom planted is perhaps suitable as a shelter tree on the sea-coast, though it is much surpassed in growth in such situations by P. radiata. Mr. Bean says that it thrives very well in Scilly and in the Channel Isles in very exposed situations. Probably the finest specimen of this species in England is a tree, growing at Claremont, which has a tall straight stem, and measured in [907, 71 ft. high by 7 ft. in girth. In Kew Gardens there is a tree of no great height, but of considerable age, remarkable for the old cones, which are borne unopened on the stem ; and another,3 near the Pagoda, prostrate and bushy in habit, is very peculiar in its appearance. In the wilderness at White Knights, a fine healthy tree, 57 ft. by 7 ft., was measured by Henry in 1904. At Pitt House, Chudleigh, there is a large spreading tree, about 50 ft. high, with many stems, and covered with old persistent cones, of 1 The others are Pinus radiata, P. conforta, and Cupressus macrocarfa. 2 Jepson in flora W. Mid. California, 23 (1901). Engelmann, in Brewer and Watson, Botany of California, ii. 128 ( 1880), says it is also found of large size growing in peat-bogs in Mendocino County. 3 Figured in Gard. Chron. xlv. 260, fig. in (1909). Mr. Bean attributes its prostrate habit to the attacks of a boring beetle in early life, which killed many buds and prevented the formation of leading shoots. V - P iio6 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland which I counted about sixty whorls, the oldest of which were nearly buried in the bark. At Eastnor Castle, a tree was about 40 ft. by 6 ft. in 1907, with large bunches of cones, no less than thirty-seven of which were counted in one cluster. At The Heath, Leighton Buzzard, a large but ill-shaped tree measured 55 ft. by 7 ft. 2 in. in 1908. At Flitwick Manor, Bedford, Mr. H. Clinton-Baker measured in 1908, a tree 64 ft. by 8 ft. 8 in. At Essendon Place, Herts, there is a fine wide- spreading tree,1 49 ft. by 7 ft. 3 in. in 1906. At Garston Manor, Watford, Sir Hugh Beevor found one which measured 64 ft. by 6 ft. 3 in. in 1909. At Brickendon Grange, in the same county, there is a tree, about 25 ft. high, from the seed of which, obtained by heating in an oven an old cone from a main branch, Mr. J. Trotter raised seedlings in 1907. At Bayfordbury, a tree planted in 1850 measures 45 ft. by 4 ft. 7 in. ; and numerous seedlings were raised in 1906 from the seed in its old cones. A healthy wide-spreading tree at Enville Hall, Stourbridge, measured 56 ft. by 8 ft. 9 in. in 1904. At Highnam, Gloucestershire, there is a tree with a divided stem about 60 ft. high. At Hafodunos, North Wales, a wide-spreading tree, densely clothed to the ground, was 56 ft. by 7 ft. 3 in. in 1905. In Scotland, Sir Herbert Maxwell reports a tree of this species at Stonefield, Argyllshire ; and Mr. Austin Mackenzie measured a tree at Carradale, in the same county, 43 ft. by 4 ft. 9. in. in 1906. At Castle Kennedy, a spreading tree, bearing numerous cones, was 35 ft. by 5 ft. 7 in. in 1904. In Ireland,2 the finest specimens, five in number, are growing in Lauragh churchyard, near Derreen, one of which in 1907 measured 66 ft. by 6 ft. There is also a tree about 50 ft. high in the grounds of Derreen. At Coolattin, Co. Wicklow, a tree, very vigorous in growth and coning freely, was 42 ft. by 4 ft. 8 in. in 1906. At Castlemacgarrett, Co. Mayo, another measured 49 ft. by 5 ft. 9 in. in 1904. (H. J. E.) PINUS PUNGENS Pinus pungens, Lambert, in Konig and Sims, Ann. Botany, ii. r98 (1806); Michaux f., Hist. Art. Amer. i. 6 r, t. 5 (1810) ; Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2197 (1838) ; Sargent, Suva N. Atner. xi. 135, t. 584 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 33 (1905) ; Kent, Veitch's Man. Conifera, 367 (1900) ; Masters, mjourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 623 (1904); Clinton-Baker, lllust. Conif. 1.47(1909). A tree, attaining 6o ft. in height and 9 ft. in girth ; but usually smaller with a short thick trunk, frequently clothed to the ground, and forming a flat-topped or rounded head of foliage. Bark i in. thick, broken into irregular reddish brown scaly plates. Young branchlets glabrous, shining brown, with projecting pulvini, separated by linear grooves. Buds cylindrical, pointed, about f in. long, resinous. Leaves in pairs, deciduous in the second and third years, crowded on the branchlets, spreading, dark green, stout, rigid, curved, twisted, 2 to 2^ in. long, serrulate, ending in a sharp cartilaginous point, marked with numerous stomatic lines on both surfaces ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath £ in. long. 1 According to an account of the pinetum at Essendon in Gard. Ckroit., 1866, p. 950, this tree was, in 1866, 35 ft. high, and bore cones twenty years old on the branches. 2 In Gard. Chron., 1869, p. 193, a tree, 20 ft. high, was reported as growing at Sonierville, near Navan, Co. Meath, which had branches with seven to nine whorls of cones. Pinus 1107 Cones lateral, usually in clusters of three or four, rarely seven or eight ; sub- sessile, spreading or deflexed, oblique at the base by the greater development of the scales on the upper side, light brown and shining, ovoid-conical, about 2^ in. long; scales thin and tough, about i in. long and ^ in. broad ; apophysis pyramidale divided by a sharp transverse ridge into a narrow upper and a broad lower part, umbo produced into a long sharp-curved spine. Seed nearly triangular, \ in. long, light brown ; wing f to i in. long ; cotyledons 7 or 8. This pine is readily distinguished from the other species with short leaves in pairs, by the stout sharp-pointed rigid leaves, and the shining reddish brown branchlets, which, when vigorous, develop buds, branchlets, or young cones about their middle point. This species occurs in the Alleghany mountains, from Pennsylvania to North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, ascending to 3000 ft., and growing mainly on dry gravelly table-lands and slopes. To the northward it is local in its distribution, and generally scattered among other trees, as Pinus echinata, P. rigida, and P. virginiana, oaks and hickories ; but in the southern Alleghanies it forms nearly pure forests of considerable extent. It is also found1 in three isolated stations, distant from its mountain home : in Virginia, between Fredericksburg and Washington city ; in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania ; and near Rosemount, in New Jersey. It is hardy and thrives well when planted in the middle and eastern states, as far north as New England ; but according to Sargent, has little to recommend it but its large abundant cones, which often, after opening, remain persistent on the branches for many years. The wood2 is light, soft, brittle, and coarse-grained, and is little used except for fuel and charcoal. This pine was introduced3 into England in 1804, by Sir W. Strickland,4 but has never become common. The only trees which we have found, besides one or two specimens of no great size in Kew Gardens, are two at Bayfordbury, planted in 1851, and now about 30 ft. high and a foot in diameter, which bear cones profusely ; a tree at Bicton, 42 ft. by 3 ft. 7 in. ; and another at Grayswood, Haslemere, 35 ft. by 2 ft. 7 in. There is also one about 30 ft. high at Menabilly. (A. H.) PINUS VIRGINIANA, JERSEY PINE, SCRUB PINE Pinus virginiana, Miller, Diet. Ed. 8, No. 9(1768); Sargent, Suva N. America, xi. 123, t. 581 (1897), and Trees N. America, 30 (1905); Masters, mjourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 623 (1904). Pinus inops, Solander, in Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367 (1789); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2192 (1838); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 333 (1900); Clinton-Baker, lllust. Conif. i. 25 (1909). Pinus Royleana? Jamieson, ex Lindley mjourn. Hort. Soc. ix. 52 cum icone (1855). A tree, attaining 40 ft. in height, with a short trunk rarely more than 5 ft. in girth. Bark % to ^ in. thick, broken by shallow fissures into scaly 1 Cf. T. C. Porter, in Garden and Forest, 1893, p. 204. 2 Hough, Trees U. States and Canada, 19 (1907). 3 Aiton, Hort. Kew. v. 314 (1813). 4 The late Sir C. Strickland informed us that he remembered the tree at Boynton, 10 or 12 ft. high, and hearing prickly cones, which never produced good seed, and died many years ago. 6 The specimen described under this name, was a tree 30 ft. high, cultivated in the Residency Garden at Kathmandoo, India. According to Gordon, quoted by Lindley, in Gard. Cliron., 1855, p. 612, this is P. inops (P. virginiana), with which the figure of the cone and leaves agrees. Seeds were sent to the Horticultural Society from India, and only a few germinated. no8 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland plates. Young branchlets slender, tough, flexible, glabrous, glaucous, violet in colour. Buds about f in. long, cylindrical, pointed, coated with resin. Leaves in pairs, deciduous ' in the third and fourth year, slightly spreading, i£ to 3 in. long, curved, slightly twisted, serrulate, sharp-pointed, marked by numerous stomatic lines on both surfaces ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath ^ in. long. Cones lateral, spreading, solitary or in pairs, shortly stalked, ripening and opening the scales in the autumn of the second year, ovoid-conic, 2 to z\ in. long, reddish brown, prickly ; scales, f in. long, f to \ in. broad, thin, nearly flat, oblong- cuneate ; apophysis rhomboidal, elevated, crenate in the upper margin, with a sharp transverse ridge, and a convex umbo, tipped by a slender spreading prickle. Seed nearly oval, pale brown, ^ in. long ; wing \ in. long ; cotyledons 4 to 6. This species is readily distinguishable from the other species with short leaves in pairs, by the glaucous violet branchlets, which, when vigorous, develop about their middle either buds or young cones. P. virginiana * occurs from New York and Long Island, southward, generally near the sea-coast to the Savannah river in Georgia, usually growing on sandy soil, never in great abundance, and often spreading over lands gone out of cultivation, branching in habit and of small size. It extends inland to north-eastern Alabama, central Tennessee, Kentucky, and southern Indiana, in the latter state sometimes attaining8 on low hills as much as 100 ft. in height and 10 ft. in girth. It is of little economic value in any part of its range, the wood * being brittle and soft with abundant sapwood, and mostly used for firewood. It is often planted as a shade tree. This species was introduced into England before 1739, when Philip Miller had it in cultivation at Chelsea ; but, having neither useful nor ornamental qualities to recommend it, it has remained very scarce in cultivation. The trees mentioned by Loudon as existing in 1838 at Pains Hill, Dropmore, White Knights,5 and Syon, have died or disappeared ; indicating that this species is usually short-lived in England. The largest specimen known to us is at Bayfordbury. Planted in 1842, it is now 47 ft. high, with a short butt, dividing at 2 ft. from the ground into four stems, the largest of which is 4 ft. in girth, with wide-spreading branches and sparse foliage. It bears cones freely. A tree probably planted in 1845 in the Queen's Cottage grounds at Kew is about 20 ft. high with a trunk i ft. in diameter, and dividing at 3 ft. up into two wide-spreading limbs. There are smaller specimens at Kew on the mound near the Lily House. (A. H.) 1 Galloway, in Bot. Gaz. xxii. 437 (1896), states that in young trees the needles fall in the second year, whereas on old trees, growing on good soil, they persist for three to five years. " Pinus clausa, Sargent, Forest Trees, 199 (1884), a closely allied species, growing on the coasts of Florida and Alabama, differs mainly in the ashy grey, usually clustered and reflexed cones, which remain closed on the tree for several years, before opening their scales to let out the seeds. This species is not introduced, and probably would not be hardy in our climate. 3 Galloway, who, in Bot. Gaz. xxii. 433 (1896), gives an account of the ravages on this pine of a fungus, Coleosporium Fini, says that it attains 100 ft. high and Z\ ft. in diameter, and is the most common species around Washington, D.C., many of the abandoned fields being covered with trees 10 to 15 ft. in height. 4 Hough, Trees of U. States and Canada, 17 (1907). 6 A tree at White Knights, supposed to be this species, is P. montana ; and a tree long labelled P. inops at Kew, and referred to by John Smith, in Records of Kew Gardens, 286 (1880), has been recognised for several years to be P. montana. The species cultivated on the sand-dunes of east Prussia and Denmark, sometimes known as P. inofs, is also P. montana. Cf. Mayr, Fremdländ. Wald- a. Parkbäume, 357 (1906). Pinus 1109 PINUS BANKSIANA, JACK PINE' Pinus Banksiana? Lambert, Genus Pinus, i. t. 3 (1803); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2190 (1838); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferce, 315 (1900); Mayr, Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 353 (1906); Sargent, in Bot. Gazette, xliv. 226 (1906); Clinton-Baker, Ilhtst. Conif. i. 9 (1909). Pinus sylvestris, Linnœus, var. divaricata, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii. 366 (1789). Pinus divaricata, Dumont de Courset, Bot. Cult. iii. 760 (1802); Sargent, Silva N. America, xi. 147 t. 588 (1897), and Trees IV. America, 27 (1905); Masters, in Joiern. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 620 (1904). Pinus rufestris, Michaux f., Hist. Arb. Amer. Sept. i. 49, t. 2 (1810). Pinus Hudsoni, Poiret, in Lamarck, EncycL, v. 339 (1804). Pinus Hudsonica, Pariatore, in DC. Prod. xvi. 2, p. 380 (1868). A tree, attaining in America in favourable situations, 90 ft. in height8 and 6 ft. in girth ; but usually smaller, and sometimes becoming a mere shrub. Bark thin, dark brown, irregularly divided into narrow connected scaly ridges. Young branchlets slender, flexible, glabrous, greenish, turning purplish brown in the first winter and following year. Buds ovoid, pointed, covered with resin, about \ in. long. Leaves in pairs, the clusters not very dense on the branchlets, persistent for two or three years, spreading, i to i£ in. long, more or less curved, slightly twisted, serrulate, ending in a short cartilaginous point, with about ten stomatic lines on each surface ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ to \ in. long, lacerated. Cones lateral, solitary or clustered, shortly stalked, directed towards the apex of the branchlet, much incurved, oblique at the base with the scales on the outer side most developed, ovoid-conic, i^ to 2 in. long, yellow and shining when ripe, often remaining unopened for several years ; scales thin and stiff, about f in. long and £ to f in. broad ; apophysis raised, pyramidal ; umbo depressed or projecting, the minute incurved prickles of the first year usually becoming obsolete. Seeds only developed on the large scales of the outer side of the cone, triangular, blackish, \ in. long ; wing \ in. long, broadest at the middle, full and rounded at the apex. This species is readily distinguished by the short needles, and the occurrence of a whorl of buds, branchlets, or cones in the middle of each year's shoot when this is well-developed. The cones are peculiar in colour, shape, and direction. This species has the most northerly range of all the pines of eastern North America, extending in Canada over a vast territory, bounded on the north by a line drawn in a north-westerly direction from northern Nova Scotia, lat. 45°, to near the southern end of Great Bear Lake, lat. 65°, not touching Hudson Bay or James 1 The tree is commonly known by this name in Michigan, Minnesota, and Canada. Scrub pine, Grey pine, and Black pine are also used in New England and Canada. From Quebec to Hudson Bay it is called Cypress. Banksian pine is often used in books on forestry. 2 This is the correct name, according to the rules for botanical nomenclature adopted by the Vienna Congress. Cf. Graebner, in Mitt. deut. dend. Cts., 1908, p. 68, who points out lhat the name divaricata was not accompanied by a sufficient description. Sargent now accepts P. Banksiana as the correct name. 3 This is the maximum size given in U.S. Forest Service Circ. 57 (1907). According to Mayr, op. cit. 356, Macoun gives 115 ft. (35 metres) as the height which the tree sometimes attains in Canada. I have seen no exact measurements quoted, higher than those taken by me in Minnesota. T 11 o The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Bay ; and reaching on the west the valley of the Mackenzie river and the Rocky Mountains. This pine extends southwards in the United States to Maine,1 northern New Hampshire, Vermont, and northern New York, where it is rare and local and stunted ; becoming common and of large size in Michigan, Wisconsin, and central Minnesota, and reaching its most southerly point in the northern parts of Indiana and Illinois. In Canada, it attains its maximum size and is most abundant west of Lake Winnipeg and north of the Saskatchewan river, where it spreads over great areas of poor sandy soil, and is common and large in size in the regions north of Lake Superior.2 Mr. J. C. Langelier,8 in his description of the immense forests of the province of Quebec, north of lat. 48°, where this tree is only second in importance to black and white spruce as a source of supply of sawn timber, says :—" Botanists describe Banksian pine as a stunted, short, and branchy tree. This description certainly applies not to the Banksian pine of the Lake St. John and Saguenay district, where these trees grow to a considerable height, and attain a diameter which renders them fit for saw-logs. On the Rivière au Rat in 1898, a jobber cut a tree of this kind, which gave 91 ft. of usable timber, viz. five saw-logs and two ties. This tree measured 15 in. across the stump and over 7 in. at the top. At the Escoumains Mills, they sawed for many years Banksian pine logs, turning out good boards which were exported to the United States. Banksian pine ties are from year to year coming to the front, and are transported by railway from Roberval to Quebec, a distance of 190 miles. When there will be no more cedar (Thuya occidentalis) to supply the enormous quantities of ties required yearly by railroads, one of its most valuable substitutes will unquestionably be found in the Banksian pine, which the northern region is in a position to supply for a very long period." In the province of Quebec, south of lat. 48°, Banksian pine grows nearly every where on the poor rocky and gravelly lands, chiefly in the dry plains which have been formerly laid waste by fire. It is not so tall or so good as in the northern region, but nearly always is large enough to make railway ties. In this part of Quebec province, P. Strobus and P. resinosa are more important as sources of supply of sawn timber.8 This pine never approaches the sea-coast, but it occupies outlying stations in the centre of Nova Scotia and of New Brunswick.4 In Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and central Minnesota, immense tracts of poor sandy soil are covered by Banksian pine, either pure or in mixture with red pine (P. resinosa). In Michigan8 these tracts are known as Jack pine plains or barrens ; 1 Around Lake Urabagog, in Maine, it attains a height of 60 ft. ; but is usually in New England a low tree, 15 to 30 ft. high. Cf. Dame and Brooks, Trees of New England, 8 (1902). 2 Bell saw large groves on Albany river, south-west of James Bay, with trees 70 ft. high aud 2 ft. in diameter at the butt. Cf. Card. Chrm. xx. 503 (1883). 3 Canadian Forestry Association, 6lh Annual Report, 1905, pp. 64, 67, 69. * Bot. Gazette, xxiv. 299 (1897). 6 Cf. E. J. Hill, in Garden and Forest, iv. 278 (1891). In Michigan the trees are usually not more thau 30 or 40 ft. high, with short scraggy trunks, and are occasionally mere shrubs. Britton, however, measured trees near Marquette on Lake Superior, 70 ft. high. Cf. Bull. Torrey Bot. Cliib, 1883, p. 82. An account of this tree on the dunes bordering Lake Michigan is given by Cowles, in Bot. Gaz. xxvii. 371 (1899). Pinus in i and the soil, containing little or no vegetable mould, is often nothing but a shifting mass of sand. In Wisconsin, according to Roth,1 it is always a small tree, generally less than 10 in. in diameter and below 60 ft. in height. In Minnesota, where I saw it on the Cass Lake forest reservation, it is much finer, many groves averaging over 80 ft. in height and i ft. in diameter, the largest tree which I actually measured being 87 ft. high and 3 ft. 3 in. in girth. These groves of pure Banksian pine, which in other localities are often many square miles in extent, consist of tall slender trees, all of the same age and very uniform in size and appearance, with a stem clear of branches to 30 or 40 ft., and a narrow crown of foliage, standing very close together on the ground, which is bare of undergrowth. Plate 289 is taken from a photograph for which I am indebted to the U.S. Forestry Bureau. The Banksian pine not only withstands extreme cold, but even thrives in a severe climate, as is witnessed by its luxuriant development in the northern and western parts of Canada and in Minnesota. It has been successfully cultivated in the Dakotas and Nebraska2 for shelter belts, where a better tree will not thrive; and according to Saunders8 has succeeded when transplanted quite young, on the experimental farms at Brandon, Manitoba, and at Indian Head in the North-west Territories. Barty and Jack say :4—" Timber made from it in former times when it was fairly abundant was considered to be of good size if it averaged three-quarters of a ton to a tree. The wood is hard, full of pitch, and free from sap, but apt to be full of streaks. It is much used for ties and railway sleepers, being one of the best woods for this purpose. Certain sections of country on the south-western Miramichi, the forests on which were destroyed by the great fire of 1825, have since become so thickly covered by forests of Banks's pine that it is almost impossible to force one's way through the trees." It is specially adapted for seeding burnt areas, which have resulted from time immemorial by lightning striking dead trees. It produces cones at an early age, often when only four or five years old ; and on adult trees many of the cones6 remain for years unopened on the older branches and even on the stem, the seeds retaining their fertility for an indefinite period. These cones open their scales when scorched by fire, and disseminate large quantities of seed, usually in spring and summer, the season of the forest fires, when the seed of other species is not mature. The seedlings6 are very rapid in growth, often attaining i^ ft. in height when only three years old ; and once an area is covered with the seedlings of this pine, no other 1 Forestry Conditions of Wisconsin, 21 (1898), published as Bull. I of Wisconsin Geolog, and Nat. Hist. Survey. 2 Cf. U.S. Forest Service Circ. 57 (1907), a planting leaflet, which gives hints concerning the cultivation of this species. 3 Ottawa Exper. Farm Bull. No. 47, p. 46 (1904). 4 Trans. Scot. Arb. Soc. xi. p. II. 5 Dr. Bell, in Canad. Forest. Assoc. 6th Ann. Report, 1905, p. 59, states that the cones must be scorched before the seeds will escape. Many cones, however, open, like other pines, when two years old. Specimens which I collected, show that the opening of the cones is very irregular ; and no explanation is forthcoming as to why some cones open and others do not. Unwin, Future Forest Trees, p. 83 (1905), supposes that the cones after opening, close again in damp weather. This is incorrect, as the old unopened cones contain the normal number of seeds, some of which would have escaped if the cones had opened. 0 Schwappach, in Anbauversuche mit fremdländischen ffolzatteu, 54 (1901), gives as instances of the very rapid growth of seedlings, the average size of two-year-old plants, 8 in. ; five years old, 5 ft. ; nine years old, 10 ft. It is incorrectly stated that it makes two or three shoots in a year ; the two or three whorls of branches produced are all formed in the winter bud, and appear on the first and only shoot of the season. 1112 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland species can obtain a footing. This explains the occurrence of dense woods of this species, uniform in age, over large areas. After a time the growth slackens, and at 60 to 80 years ceases, so that other species, attaining a greater age and height, eventually succeed in replacing this species. (A. H.) CULTIVATION The date of introduction of this tree into Great Britain is unknown, though Aiton says that it was in cultivation before 1783. Lambert described it in 1803 from a tree growing at Pains Hill which had probably been planted by the Hon. Charles Hamilton, who founded that place before I735>1 and which he describes as a remarkably fine tree, though he gives no measure ments. He also mentioned trees then growing at Kew and at Croome in Worcester shire. All these2 had disappeared when Loudon wrote, and he says that a tree at Dropmore, which in 1837 was 27 ft. high and i^ in. in diameter, was then the finest known to him. There was also one at White Knights 30 ft. high. Neither of these is still alive, and we have found only a few trees now living in England besides those at Kew. One growing at Arley Castle, which is the only survivor of five or six planted there probably about 70 years ago, measured in 1909, according to Mr. Woodward, 45 ft. by 3 ft. 3 in. Another at Nuneham Park, Oxford, covered with cones, and apparently having attained its maximum height, was 44 ft. by 4 ft. 7 in. in 1907. Another at Pencarrow measured by Mr. A. Bartlett in 1906 was 35 ft. by 3^ ft. ; and there is a poor stunted tree bearing cones at Menabilly. A specimen at G. Paul's Cheshunt Nursery, is about 30 ft. high by 3 ft. 4 in. in girth. Mr. Paul says it was probably planted in 1845-1850, and remembers it in 1860 nearly as tall as it is now. All these facts show that this species is likely, from an economic point of view, to be worthless in this country, as might be expected, considering that the tree inhabits a climate unlike that of any part of Britain. Nevertheless, several writers have strongly recommended this tree for planting in England on the strength of a very short experience on the barren sands of northern Germany,3 where the tree, growing very rapidly from seed, has been widely puffed by enterprising nurserymen, and where it may possibly be useful for shelter in places where nothing better will grow. I was seriously advised by an expert in forestry to plant it on a large scale, and might have done so if I had not previously known the tree in its own country. Dr. Mayr of Munich, whom I consulted before utterly condemning the tree, and who is second to none in his knowledge of the trees of the northern hemisphere, agrees with me that, if planted at all, it is only fit for the worst class of sandy soil ; but as young plants can now be procured at a cheap rate in Germany, there will 1 London, op. cit. i. 70. 2 Loudon, in Card. Mag. xviii. 585 (1842), mentions a P. Banksiana, 14 ft. high, at Dalhousie Castle, where many American trees had been introduced by the Earl of Dalhousie when he was Governor of Canada. 3 In Bavaria, according to Mayr, over 500,000 have been planted in the State forests, and one firm in Germany sold 6,000,000 plants in 1905. The tree has also been planted extensively at Römershof, near Riga, and experiments are now being made with it on the sand dunes of Jutland. Pinus 1113 be no harm in trying a few as an experiment on dry poor soils on the mountains of eastern Scotland. Mayr's account, in his recent work, of the favourable results obtained by the cultivation of this tree in Germany should be studied by those who wish to try it ; but he recommends it only as a sheltering and improving crop for the worst kinds of sand and gravel soil in places which suffer severely from spring frost, and where nothing better will grow. He does not expect it to produce valuable timber. Its growth is remarkably fast when young, and it produces good seed when only fifteen years old. Of these recent introductions, Dr. Mayr showed me, in May 1905, a tree grow ing at Grafrath, near Munich, from seed brought from Wisconsin in 1885. It was 20 ft. high, and bore fertile cones. m. J. E.) PINUS PINASTER, MARITIME PINE Pinus Pinaster^ Solander, in Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367 (1789); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2213 (1838); Lawson, Pinet. Brit. \. 71 (1884); Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 233 (1887); Mathieu, Flore Forestière, 610 (1897); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 358 (1900); Kirchner, Lebensgesch. Blütenpfl. Mitteleuropas, 238 (1905); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 43 (1909). Pinus maritima, Lamarck, Flore Franc, ii. 201 (1778); Poiret, in Lamarck, Encycl. v. 337 (1804); Masters, vajourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 621 (1904). Pinus syrtica, Thore, Prom. Gascogne, 161 (1810). Pinus Lemoniana, Bentham, in Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 512 (1835). Pinus Hamiltoni, Tenore, Cat. Hort. Neap. 90 (1845). A tree attaining 120 ft. in height and 14 ft. in girth. Bark soon becoming scaly and furrowed ; on old trees deeply fissured and broken up into scaly plates, dark- brown externally, and reddish internally. Young branchlets brown, glabrous, with raised keeled pulvini ; older branchlets, from which the leaves have fallen, roughened by the pulvini, bearing at their apices the reflexed bases of the scale-leaves ; the bases of the shoots surrounded by a sheath of reflexed bud-scales. Buds f to i in. or more, stout, spindle-shaped, pointed ; scales brown, interlaced by their white fimbriated margins, and with free and reflexed points. Leaves in pairs,2 persistent usually for three years, slightly spreading, 5 to 6 in. long, stout, rigid, curved, ending in a callous point, serrulate, with numerous stomatic lines on both surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath an inch long, persistent. Staminate flowers in a dense spike. Young cones f in. long, brownish red, with non-prickly scales, on a scaly peduncle, about è in. long. Mature cones,8 sub- terminal, in a whorl4 of 2 to 8, shortly stalked, spreading or much deflexed, ovoid- 1 This is the oldest certain name, and the one almost universally adopted. P. maritima, Miller, Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 7 (1768), is insufficiently described, and has been referred to both P. Pinaster and P. Laricio. Cf. Graebner, in Mitt. d. detid. Ges., 1908, p. 68. 2 They sometimes occur in clusters of threes on young trees. 3 The cones in France usually open and let out the seed in the spring of the third year ; but in Corsica and Spain I observed many trees, with cones unopened and five to twelve years old. Here also trees begin to bear cones very early, which remain unopened in numerous whorls on the main stem, resembling exactly the trees of P. tuberculata in the Siskiyou mountains. One tree, IO ft. high, had seven whorls of cones, the upper five of which, two to six years old, were unopened. Another tree twenty-two years old bore cones in twelve whorls on the stem, all unopened. This is undoubtedly an adaptation for regeneration on burnt areas, due to the frequent fires in these dry regions. 4 Mr. H. Clinton-Baker obtained in 1908 from a tree at Boldre Grange, Lymington, a branch with sixty-one small cones in a cluster. V O 1114 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland conic, 3 to 7 in. long, i^ to i\ in. in diameter near the oblique base, shining reddish yellow ; scales oblong, about i \ in. long and f in. broad, flat ; apophysis rhomboidal, convex and slightly raised in the centre, or pyramidale and much elevated, with a linear transverse ridge, and a dull grey elevated sharp-pointed or blunt umbo. Seed ^ in. or more, shining black above and dull mottled grey below, with a detachable brown wing, i to i^ in. in length. The seedling has seven or eight cotyledons, entire in margin and dull green in colour ; and the stem is clothed during the first two years with solitary sharply serrate primary needles, the adult geminate foliage only appearing in the third year. Seed lings thrive only in full sunlight, and grow fast, attaining often a foot in height in the first year, and 10 to 12 ft. at the end of the tenth year. This pine1 has a strong tap root, but speedily develops in addition lateral roots which either spread horizontally or descend into the soil. VARIETIES This species varies, in the wild state, in the length of the leaves and in the size of the cones,2 the scales of which show considerable differences in the amount of prominence of the apophyses. The following varieties have been distinguished. 1. Van Aberdoniœ, Loudon, Gard. Mag. xv. 128 (1839). Leaves pale green. Cones shorter and more ovoid than in the type. Introduced in 1825 from Nice by the Earl of Aberdeen, who raised plants, one of which was presented to Lord Granville, and was reported by Loudon to have been 17 ft. high at Dropmore in 1837. Reported trees of this variety, labelled P. Escarena? are now growing at Dropmore, and only differ from the type in having a thinner and less fissured bark. 2. Var. Hamiltoni, Gordon, Pinetum, 178 (1858) (PinusHamiltoni* Tenore, Cat. Ort. Bot. Nap. 90 (1845)), is supposed6 to be identical with the preceding variety; but a tree at Kew, named var. Hamiltoni, only differs from the type in having more slender branchlets. It has not borne cones. 3. Var. minor, Loiseleur, in Nouv. Duhamel, v. 242, t. 72 (1812), found on barren sands near Le Mans, France, was said to bear small cones, and to be hardier than the type. 4. Var. Lemoniana, Loudon. P. Lemoniana, Bentham, in Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 512 (1835). Cone solitary and erect at the end of the branchlet, the terminal bud not 1 After felling, the stools occasionally grow, like those of the silver fir, and for the same reason, because their roots are connected with those of adjacent living trees. The annual rings of wood continue to be formed on the stump after the trunk has been felled, as illustrated by a specimen from Gordon Castle ; and this new formation in the amputated stump owes its origin to inosculation of the roots. A remarkable example of the fusion of the roots of two trees of P. Pinaster, discovered in a Portuguese forest, and now preserved in the Museum at Coimbra, is illustrated in Card. Chron. xxii. 300, fig. 58 (1884). 2 Cones of this species, differing in the arrangement of the scales, are described and figured by Dickson, in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxvi. 505, PI. 19-22 (1871). At Woburn the cones of old trees growing close together vary considerably in the prominence of the apophyses, and in the size of the seeds ; but seedlings raised from the two kinds of seed are indistinguish able in appearance at present. 3 P. Escarena, Risso, Hist. Nat. Etirop. Mirid. ii. 340 (1826), is a doubtful plant ; and according to the Duke of Bedford, ex Loudon, Card. Mag. xv. 127 (1839), is a variety of f. sylvestris. The seeds brought home by the Earl of Aberdeen from trees near Nice were erroneously supposed by him to be Risso's species, which was named P. Escarena in honour of the Count d'Escarène, who discovered it wild in the mountains near Nice. Gordon, in Card. Chron., 1841, p. 564, gives an inaccurate account of this, wbich he calls P. ascarena, from a village named Ascaren in Italy. 4 A tree labelled P. Hamiltoni still exists in the Botanic Garden at Naples, of which Prof. Cavara has kindly sent us a branch with cones, which are indistinguishable from those of typical P. Pinaster. 6 By Gordon, and by Koch (Dendrologie, ii. 2, p. 292 (1873)). Pinus 1115 developing.1 This variety was first observed by Sir C. Lemon ; and in London's time there were numerous examples at Carclew, the largest being about 30 ft. high in 1837. It was reported to come true from seed. When Elwes visited Carclew in 1905 there was only one survivor to be found, a poor scrubby tree in a hedgerow, and covered with ivy, a specimen from which shows the peculiarity in the position of the cone. 5. Hybrids2 between this species and P. halepensis, twenty to forty years old, obtained by sowing seed of trees of the former species at Mirabeau, Vaucluse, show a grey bark like that of P. halepensis, and leaves 4 in. long, thinner than those of P. Pinaster. DISTRIBUTION The maritime pine is a native of the Mediterranean region, extending as far eastward as Greece, and reaching the shores of the Atlantic in France and Portugal. P. Pinaster and P. halepensis have a somewhat similar distribution, but they occur on different soils, the former usually occupying siliceous sands, and the latter occurring limestone. The maritime pine is usually confined to the coast regions and islands, on seldom extending far inland. It forms extensive woods in western Portugal ; and in Spain, occurs in Galicia, Kstremadura, and the eastern parts of Granada. North of Gibraltar it grows in mixture with A. Pinsapo on the Sierra de Bermeja, elsewhere forming scattered pure woods of no great extent, the largest trees which I saw being about 10 ft. in girth. In France it is a native of Gascony, where small woods, called pignadas, undoubtedly occur in the wild state ; but its natural area has been much increased by plantations, the artificial forest of this species in the Landes between Bordeaux and Bayonne being perhaps the most extensive ever created by the hand of man. The total extent of the Pignada Landaise amounted in 1892 to 1,715,000 acres, of which 1,600,000 acres belong to communes and private owners, the remainder comprising the dunes on the coast, which cost the government immense sums in various works. The total expenses of planting, road-making, etc., of the 1,600,000 acres is estimated to have been .£2,100,000. The value of this forest was .£8,200,000 in 1877, which had increased, according to Mr. Huffel,8 to .£18,000,000 in 1904, the annual revenue obtained by the sale of timber, turpentine, and resin being ,£560,000, or 73. per acre. Recent improvements in transport, such as the construction of light railways, have raised the annual returns considerably. The greater part of this immense area has been planted subsequently to 1855, as m tnat year the total area under P. Pinaster was only 50,000 acres. This species is also found4 in the Mediterranean region of France, in the ' Masters, mjourn. Key. Hort. Sot. xiv. 237 (1892), says that he twice met with a similar condition in P. sylvestris. 2 Pinus halepensi-Pinastcr, Saporta, in Comptes Rend. Acad. Si. Paris, cue. 656 (1889). Cf. Ascherson and Giaebner, Syn. mittelcurop. Flora, i. 232 (1896). ' Éionomie Forcstiere, i. 177 (1904). 4 Fliehe and Grandeau, in Ann. Chimie et Physique, 383 (1873), found that in Champagne it only throve on sand, loam, or clay containing less than 0-35 per cent of carbonate of lime, and became stunted and died on chalk soils. Yet it is frequent near Nice on limestone, according to Bunbury, Bot. Fragments, J (1883) • and Mr. Tansley has lately found it on the Riviera flourishing in mixture with P. halepensis, in soil which effervesced freely when acid was applied close to the roots. ui6 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland mountains of the Maures and Esterei, and in the Albères, but here it rarely occurs pure, and is a smaller tree than in the Landes. It has also been planted in France far to the north of its natural habitat, up to latitude 49° in-Brittany. Nearly 200,000 acres were planted with this species in Sologne in the centre of France, but most of the trees here were killed by the severe winter of 1879, and P. sylvestris has been planted in its place. In Corsica it occurs from the sea-coast up to 2700 ft. on northern aspects, and to 4000 ft. on southern slopes, mixing in its upper level with P. Laricio, and often becoming a fine tree, the largest which I measured in the mountains near Calvi, at 3000 ft. altitude, being 100 ft. high and 10 ft. 10 in. in girth, with a stem clear of branches to 50 ft. (A. H.) In Portugal this is perhaps the most abundant tree in all the coast region ; and on poor sandy soil unfit for agriculture, covers immense areas, mixed to a small extent with oaks on the better land, but generally pure, and reproducing itself freely everywhere. The trees are seldom allowed to grow very large, the tallest that I saw on deep sand near the Oporto coast being about 100 ft. high and 5 or 6 ft. in girth. But in the Royal forest near Leiria a tree, in 1843, measured 39 metres by 4*48 metres ; and in the same forest in the Canton d'Alvenha two trees then existed, of which the first was 40 metres by 3 metres, with a clean bole 27 metres long; the second 38 metres by 4*20 metres. In the forest of Busaco on granite soil there are a few trees scattered among the oaks, of which the largest that I measured was 80 ft. by 9 ft. 4 in. The bark was here not so red and shining as on old trees in England, but quite easy to distinguish from the greyer bark of P. Pinea. P. Pinaster is known in Portugal as Pino bravo or wild pine, whilst P. Pinea is called Pino manzo or cultivated pine. It grows wild up to about 2500 ft., and was being sown on the hills above Caldas do Gérez, in the Gérez mountains north-east of Oporto, up to about 3000 ft. on dry slopes, where the soil was not good enough for oak. In Italy this species appears to be limited to the west of the Apennines, on the sandy plains and in the lower hills, from Savona and Genoa1 to Mount Argentaro. On the eastern side of the Adriatic it occurs on the islands of Lussin, Brazza, Lésina, and Curzola, where it is a tree of moderate height, resembling the Austrian pine in habit. It occurs also in Greece. In Algeria2 it is only known on the hills overlooking the coast, between Bougie and Cape Bougarone, where it covers an area of about 4000 acres. In Cape Colony, where it has been introduced, it grows like a weed along the southern coast, where there are winter rains, and is now largely planted for railway sleepers and firewood by the Forestry Department.3 At Port Phillip, in Victoria, Australia, it averages 40 ft. high in 20 years.4 It is also largely planted in the Madeiras and Canaries. 1 According to Bunbury, loc. cit., it grows on serpentine in the hills between Savona and Genoa, and between Sestri and Spezia. 2 Lefebvre, Les Forêts de rAlgérie, 432 (1900). 8 Hutchins, in Flint and Gilchrist, Science in S. Africa, 393 (1905). 4 Von Mueller, Select Extratropical Plants, 360(1891). Pinus 1117 CULTIVATION The maritime pine was introduced by Gérard more than three centuries ago, and though it has at various times been very largely planted in some parts of England, it has never taken the place of a forest tree, and has no qualities which will justify its being considered as such, except in a few places. It seems, however, so much at home1 on the warm sands of south-east Dorset shire, where it reproduces itself freely by seed, that it might perhaps take the place of Scots pine for pit props in places where sea carriage is available. On the road from Christchurch to Heron Court it attains a very large size. The best I measured was about 85 ft. by 9^ ft. on almost pure sand among rhododendrons and tall bracken. I could not learn, however, that the timber was valued here, and was unable to find out the age of the trees. Though the tree is a native of the Mediterranean region, it seems able to endure great extremes of wet and cold in this country, as I have seen it growing well in the damp climate of Wigtownshire and on the sandhills of Norfolk. We have measured a great many adult trees in various parts of England, among which a tree (Plate 290) near the house at Foxley Hall, near Hereford, is one of the finest, measuring, in 1907, 95 ft. by 11 ft. 8 in. with a bole clean to 50 or 60 ft. This was remarkable, because the soil and climate at Foxley seem to be more suit able to oaks than to maritime pines, though the situation is well drained and sheltered. In the grounds of the Earl of Mount Edgcumbe at Mount Edgcumbe, Cornwall, Mr. A. B. Jackson measured an immense old tree, which in 1909 was 18 ft. in girth. In the kitchen garden at Penrhyn Castle, there is a remarkable tree 80 ft. high and forked close to the ground, forming two huge trunks 11£ ft. and 8 ft. 10 in. in girth, between which a large aviary is fixed. Other large trees are as follows :— Arno's Grove, Middlesex Buxsted Park Burwood House, Surrey » u » Ashburnham Park, Sussex Holwood, Kent Stackpole Court, Pembroke . Dropmore, Bucks2 High Canons, Herts Hatfield Park, Herts At Westwick, Norfolk, according to Loudon, who quotes the Trans. Soc. Arts, xxviii. 37 (1811), J. B. Petre, Esq., planted in 1809, on upwards of 500 acres, over 200,000 trees raised from his own seed from trees planted about 1702. I am informed by Mr. M. P. Price that in March 1909 he measured roughly some of the largest sur viving trees, and found them to be from 75 to 80 ft. high by 9 to 10 ft. in girth, 1 Cf. Clement Reid, Origin British Flora, 12 (1899). Boswell Syme, Eng. Bot. viii. 270 (1868), erroneously states that it is a native of the south of Ireland. 2 A tree labelled P. Escarena, planted in 1841, measured 66 ft. by 8 ft. 3 in. in 1909. Height. 90 ft. 96 ft. 75ft- 78 ft. 80 ft. 85 ft. 80 ft. 75ft. 69 ft. 65 ft. Girth. 8 ft. io in. 12 ft. 5 in. 8 ft. io in. 7 ft. io in. io ft. (about) 8 ft. 7 in. 7 ft. 6 in. i o ft. 9 in. 7ft. 1 1 ft. 5 in. Year. 1906 1908 1909 D D 1890 1906 1910 1908 1905 By whom measured. A. Henry. H. J. Elwes. Col. H. Thynne. ii »i H. A. James. A. D. Webster. H. J. Elwes. C. Page. H. Clinton-Baker. A. Henry. 1118 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland the boles having very thick bark, and tapering considerably. The tallest tree was found by Henry in 1910 to be 93 ft. by 5 ft. Most of the trees were blown down in the gale of March 24, 1895, the survivors being now scattered among Scots pines which were planted with them. There is no natural reproduction, as the squirrels eat every seed as soon as it is ripe. The present owner, Major B. J. Petre, states that the timber is inferior to that of Scots pine, rarely selling for more than 4d. per foot, while the latter is readily saleable at 6d. On the sandhills at Holkham this pine has been planted to some extent, and reproduces itself from seed, but does not grow so well as P. Laricio. In Scotland, the finest tree we know is one1 growing in a wood at Monreith, Wigtownshire, which measured 82 ft. by 9^ ft. in 1905. At Smeaton-Hepburn, East Lothian, there are three trees in a wood, about 70 ft. high by 6 ft. in girth. In Ireland the best tree which we have seen is at Curraghmore, Waterford, and measured 91 ft. by 7 ft. 10 in. in 1907. At Castlemartyr, Cork, there is a good tree, 70 ft. by 9 ft. At Powerscourt, Wicklow, a tree 67 ft. by 9 ft. 11 in. was bear ing cones profusely in 1906. Capt. John Campbell reports that in an exposed position on peat bog, near Moycullen, Galway, this species is thriving ; and it appears to have been the only tree that survived in the disastrous experiment of planting on peat bog at Knockboy. At Shelton Abbey, Co. Wicklow, there are four trees, growing in a sheltered situation on a gravelly bank, the dimensions of which, as given by Mr. Shivas in 1910, are 60 ft. by 10 ft., 80 ft. by 8 ft. 9 in., 50 ft. by 9 ft. 8 in., and 60 ft. by 7 ft. 9 in. At Tullymore, Co. Down, there is a fine old tree in the same valley where the Silver firs (Plate 211) grow. Being crowded among other trees, I could not measure its height, which I estimated at 75 ft. ; the bole, 10^ ft. in girth, was clean to 40 or 50 ft. up. TIMBER The timber of this tree is one of the most important articles of export from the south-west of France. Of late years great quantities of pit props have also been exported from Portugal to South Wales, and as their local value is very small, and the cost of transport to the shipping ports low, this source of supply cannot be overlooked in considering the probable future value of pit props in our southern counties. An account of the uses of this tree, quoted from a French author, was given by Loudon in 1838, which is worth reading, though perhaps rather out of date. Resin seems then to have been the most valuable product of the tree, but lamp-black was also an important item, and the methods of extracting both are fully described. Now, however, a great quantity of the trees after having been tapped until their resin is exhausted, are shipped in the form of pit props to the South Wales coal ports at a very low rate of freight, in the coal ships, which would otherwise return empty from Bordeaux ; and are delivered on the wharf in suitable lengths, in such quantities, and at such a low price, now 205. to 2 is. per ton, that they govern the price of home-grown mining timber. It has been pointed out by Mr. R. Anderson of Cirencester in a 1 Figured in Woods and Forests, 1884, p. 737. Pinus 1119 paper on the conversion of home-grown timber,1 that British timber is further handi capped by the railway companies' practice of giving lower rates for carriage of pit props to the collieries from these landing ports, than they do for English timber over the same lines of railway from inland stations. He calculates that this preferential rate may mean a disadvantage of /12 : los. per acre as compared with foreign timber. Mr. Anderson tells me that in consequence, as he believes, of these disadvantages, he has seen no home-grown pit props or English timber in the Derbyshire collieries ; and on more than one occasion when I have tried to sell timber to coal owners in that district, I have found that Norwegian timber from the north-east ports was delivered at a price which, after paying haulage and railway charges over about the same distance, would make it impossible for me to grow such wood profitably. (H. J. E.) PINUS PINEA, STONE PINE Finns Pinea, Linnœus, Sp. PI. 1000 (1753) ; Loudon, Arb.et Frut. Brit. iv. 2224 (1838); Schouw, in Ann. Sei. Nat. iii. 236 (1845), anàfourn. Hort. Soc. iii. 120, 130 (1848); Willkomm et Lange, Prod. FI. Hispanica, i. 20 (1861); Laguna, FI. Forestal Espanola, 49 (1883); Boissier, FI. Orientalis, v. 694 (1884) ; Fliehe, Assoc. Franc. Avance. Sciences, Nancy (1886) ; Willkomm, Forstliche Fiera, 240 (1887); Mathieu, Flore Forestière, 620 (1897); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 360 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Limi. Soc. (Hot.) xxxv. 613 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 44 (1909). Pinus fastuosa, Salisbury, Prod. 398 (1796). Pinus maderiensis,z Tenore, Ind. Sem. Hort. Neap, in Ann. Nat. Sei. 379 (1854). A tree, attaining 100 ft. or more in height, with a trunk rarely 20 ft. in girth, and a broad rounded head of ascending branches and very dense foliage. Bark at first smooth and brown, ultimately deeply furrowed and scaly. Young branchlets glabrous, yellowish green, with raised keeled imbricated pulvini, terminating in lanceolate fringed reflexed scale-leaves, which persist during the first year. Buds ^ to \ in. long, ovoid, pointed ; scales brown, matted together by the long white fimbriae on their margins, free and reflexed at their apices. Leaves in pairs,3 persistent two years, densely crowded on the branchlets, spreading, 4 to 5 in. long, curved, serrulate, sharp-pointed, marked with about twelve stomatic lines on the outer and six on the inner surface ; resin-canals marginal, numerous ; basal sheath whitish, r4ff in. long. Cones sub-terminal, solitary or two or three together, on stout stalks, which are clothed with scale-leaves and \ in. to f in. long ; erect, ovoid or nearly globular, 4 to 6 in. long, and 4 in. broad, symmetrical, shining and light brown ; scales \\ in. or more in length, f in. wide, hollowed at the base for the seeds ; apophysis much thickened, pyramidale, four to five angled, and marked with four or five radial linear ridges ; umbo rhomboidal, \ in. wide, dark coloured, showing in its centre an inner umbo, which is often tipped with a triangular reflexed process. Seeds4 numerous, 1 Journ. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, Ixiv. 50 (1903). 2 Cf. Gard. Chron., 1855, p. 334. 3 On well-developed vigorous branches, a few of the leaves are sometimes in clusters of threes. 1 Seeds kept in the cones apparently retain their germinating power indefinitely, an instance being recorded in Card. Chron., 1856, p. 39, where seedlings were raised from cones said to be forty years old. 112,0 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland nearly roo in a cone, one or two on each scale, f in. to f in. long, dark purplish brown, convex on the inner and flattened on the outer surface, with a thick shell and an edible kernel ; wing -§• in. to £ in. long, surrounding the apex and part of the sides of the seed, remaining on the scale when the cone opens. The cones of this species are remarkable in taking three years to ripen, the seeds usually falling out in the spring of the fourth year ; and each scale shows distinctly the growth of three seasons, the inner and outer umbo indicating the growth of the first and second year, while the rest of the apophysis is formed in the third year. The seedling1 has ten to thirteen cotyledons, nearly 2 in. long, triangular in section, sharp-pointed and stomatiferous on the upper two sides. The primary leaves, solitary, ^ to r in. long, linear, flattened, serrate, and stomatiferous on both surfaces, are produced for several years, in mixture, after the first season, with the adult geminate leaves. Seedlings are very vigorous in growth, often attaining a foot in length in six months, and develop lateral branches and a long tap-root. In this species,2 adult trees frequently produce branches, which bear solitary glaucous flat linear leaves, similar to the primary leaves on the seedling plant. Hochstetter8 has succeeded in fixing the juvenile form by cuttings, producing beautiful shrubs with solitary needles. The Comte de Paris sent in 1894, from his estate near Seville in Spain, to the Museum at Kew,4 a cone, from the apex of which a stout leafy shoot had sprung, a foot in length and with three branches. It died after it had exhausted all the nourishment from the cone, which had been severed from the tree when the shoot was about 6 in. in length. The stone pine shows little or no tendency to vary ; but there is a form in culti vation in Italy, var. fragilis, with a very thin shell to the seed. DISTRIBUTION The stone pine is a native of the Mediterranean region, and undoubtedly occurs wild,5 as well as planted, in the Iberian peninsula, south-eastern France, Corsica, Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor, extending a little distance into Russian territory on the south-east of the Black Sea. It has been recorded as a native of the Canaries and Algeria, but there is no doubt that it has been introduced into these regions. It has been extensively planted for centuries, and it is difficult to ascertain whether existing woods are natural or artificial in many localities ; while on the other hand, owing to the advance of agriculture, it has probably disappeared in historic times from many places. It is more widely distributed in Spain and Portugal than elsewhere, its northern limit, according to Willkomm,6 being a line following the Douro from its mouth to its source, continued through southern Aragon to the coast of Catalonia. Remark - 1 Excellent figures representing different stages in the germination are given by Sachs, Text-look Bot. 508 (1882). 2 Cf. Masters, in Card. Chron. xx. 48, fig. 9 (1883), andjourti. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvii. 259, fig. 8 (1891). 3 Card. Chron. xv. 333 (1881). 1 Thiselton-Dyer, in Ann. Bot. xvii. 779, t. 40 (1903), and Kew Bulletin, 1894, p. 226. 6 Nyman, Syllog. Fl. Europ. 347 (1854-5), doubts the spontaneity of this tree in Europe ; but this opinion is contrary to that of most botanists. e Pßanzenverb. iber. Halbinsel, 96 (1896). Pinus I 121 able woods occur at Albufeira in Algarve, and on the shores of the Bay of Cadiz. It ascends in the mountains of the coast region of Granada to 3000 ft., an eleva tion unattained elsewhere, as it is usually a native of the plains and low hills near the sea. (A- H-) In Portugal the stone pine is not nearly so common a tree as the maritime pine, and is usually seen on dry hill-sides and exposed places, where its umbrella- shaped crown makes it a very conspicuous tree. The finest that I saw was a very remarkable tree near Covilha in the province of Beira Baixa, growing at an elevation of about 2000 ft. Padre J. de Suva Tavares lent me a splendid negative of this tree, reproduced on Plate 291, and informed me that its height was 31^25 metres, the girth of the trunk, which is 14^- metres high, being 5-36 metres at the base. He said that an old man, who remembered the French invasion, stated that it was then about the same size as at present, so the tree must be a very long-lived one. On the Pena Verde, near Cintra, I measured another fine old tree of very gnarled and rugged habit, owing to its exposed situation. It was about 75 ft. high, with a trunk of about 30 ft. by 12 ft., the bark divided into very broad reddish plates, which do not become smooth and shining like those of P. Pinaster. Both of these are exceeded in size by a tree said to have been cut down at Curto,1 which measured 40 metres by 6-40 metres. A section of this tree, 477 metres in girth, showed 300 annual rings. (H. J. E.) In France isolated trees are met with in the forests of Aleppo and maritime pines in the extreme south of Provence and Languedoc ; and nearly pure woods, which are undoubtedly wild, occur on several points of the Mediterranean, from Aiguës Mortes to Cannes. The largest of these, 750 acres in extent, lies between Aiguës Mortes and Les Saintes. Another wood at La Plage, near Hyeres, is 160 acres in area. Others occur at Vidauban, Saint Raphael, and between Cannes and Napoule. The most northerly station in France is the remarkable forest of Bigourdin near Fonscolombe, which consists of a mixture of P. Pinea and P. hale- pensis, and is undoubtedly natural. Here the mean annual temperature is 58°, the same as at Ravenna, the northern limit of the tree on the Adriatic. The most remarkable specimen is the Pin de Bertatid? growing in the department of Var, two miles from Saint-Tropez, on the main road to Toulon. It is 53 ft. high, well shaped, and with a perfectly sound trunk 20 ft. in girth, the spread of foliage being 85 ft. in diameter. In France the stone pine is cultivated as far north as Angers, which has a western mild climate. In Corsica there is a wood of this species, about 25 acres in area, near Porte Vecchio. In Italy P. Pinea is wild at intervals on the west coast, from Genoa, where it occurs on the low hills, to Ostia, mainly growing on sandy plains in mixture with P. Pinaster. The natural forest of San Rossore, between Leghorn and Pisa, in which P. Pinea predominates amidst P. Pinaster and broad-leaved trees, like Quercus pedîinculata and Q. Ilex, with an undergrowth of Erica scoparia and grasses, occurs on soil containing very little lime, less than \ per cent. The pines 1 Gebhart, in Rev. des Eaux et Forêts. » Journ. Soc. Nat. Hort. France, 1888, p. 367, fig. i. V R 1122 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland attain a height of about 70 ft. There is also a wood of this species at Castel Fusano near Rome. The most celebrated forest1 of P. Pinea in Italy, the Pinete di Ravenna, in which Dante, according to tradition, composed the Divina Commedia whilst he walked amidst its glades, is situated east of Ravenna, forming a band 2 miles distant from the Adriatic coast, about 16 miles in length and a mile in width; and in 1866 covered about 10,500 acres, according to Balestreri,2 who visited it in that year, when the pines were about 60 ft. in height and 8 ft. in girth. There are three distinct sections,—the Pineto di S. Vitale, about 5000 acres, and the Pineto di Classe, about 2500 acres, which belong to the city of Ravenna ; while the third, the Pineto di Cervia, about 3000 acres, is owned by the commune of Cervia. This forest was greatly damaged3 by the long and severe winter of 1879, when the thermometer fell to — 10° or — i2c C., all the young pines, less than twenty-five to thirty years old, being killed outright. The older trees, with their foliage brown and withered in the spring of 1880, were believed to be dead ; and orders were given to fell them and sell the timber. A large area was at once completely cut down. Later in the season, the trees were observed to be still living, and the destruction was stopped. About 2700 acres remained untouched, and the old trees here are now thriving. About 5000 acres of the area which had been felled, was subsequently sown with seed ; and the young pines are now flourishing and about 15 to 25 ft. in height. For the preceding information we are indebted to M. Bandi, the forester in charge, whom I saw in 1909, when I visited the Pineto di Classe, which lies about 5 miles south-east of Ravenna. The soil is sandy, but is said to contain a notable quantity of lime, nearly five per cent. The forest is an open one, mainly composed of pines with a few scattered oaks (Q. pedunculata), and an undergrowth of Cratœgus Pyracantha, Rosa sempervirens, clematis, juniper, and bracken. Towards the margin, where the soil improves, the pines become fewer, and are replaced by oak and Fraxinus oxycarpa. The largest pines which I saw measured 70 to 80 ft. in height and 5 to 7 ft. in girth. In Italy the tree is cultivated for its edible seeds from the foot of the Alps to Sicily, and is planted from sea-level up to 1000 ft. in the north and 2000 ft. elevation in the south. The timber, which was formerly used for shipbuilding, is no longer employed. According to Beck v. Mannagetta* it is scarcely wild on the eastern shore of the Adriatic, and is even rarely planted, and only for ornament. Boué's observation that it occurs in Herzegovina near the sea has not been confirmed ; and Poscharsky's statement that it forms woods at Ragusa is erroneous. In Greece it is recorded6 at many stations on sandy soil in the plains and on the low hills, in Attica, Peloponnesus, and in the islands of the Cyclades, Crete, Cephalonia, Zante and Corfu. It is common6 in the islands in the Sea of Marmora, and the seeds are calledßstik by the Turks.7 1 It was described by Ginanni, in a large book published at Rome in 1774, entitled Istoria Civile et Nattirale delle Pinete Ravennati. 2 Pinete di Ravenna. (Florence, i860.) 3 In Card. Chron. xv. 736 (1881), and Woods and Forests, \. 146 (1884), there are accounts of this calamity. * Veget. illyrischen Land. 185 (1901). 6 Halacsy, Consp. Fl. Graca, iii. 451 (1904). « Walsh, in Trans. Hort. Soc. vi. 47 (1826). 1 In Cyprus it is sometimes planted, but Mr. Hutchins thinks that it is not indigenous. Pinus 1123 Boissier records it in the littoral region of Anatolia and Syria; and it reaches its most easterly point as a wild tree on the left bank of the Tschoroch river, near Artun, south of Batoum, where it forms an open wood in mixture with Arbutus Andrachne? It does not appear to be wild in northern Africa, and forms no part of the flora of Egypt, though two cones were found in a tomb of the i2th dynasty (2200-2400 B.C.), which are now preserved in the museum at Boulac. A cone has been found in a turf-bog in Alsace, lying beside the skull of a bison, but this is supposed to have been brought there by early traders. A fossil species, resembling P. Pinea, was discovered by Saporta in a miocène deposit at Ardêche. (A. H.) CULTIVATION The tree is now widely cultivated in warm countries; and, according to Bunbury,2 there were in his day extensive groves of it on the lower slope of Table Mountain and on the sandy flats to the east of Cape Town,8 where it flourished as well as in Italy. It was early introduced into England, being mentioned in Turner's Names of Herbes, published in 1548. It grows very slowly, and is somewhat tender, though trees may be seen in all the southern counties. According to Bunbury,2 the trees at Hardwicke, in Suffolk, were all killed by the severe winter of 1860, those at Barton being injured and not doing well afterwards. In the woods at Addington Park all the trees of this species, which were forty to fifty years old, were dead or dying in 1890. Trees, however, at Kew and Richmond seem to have been unaffected by the severe frosts of exceptional years, and bear fruit in abundance. The seeds4 may be liberated by knocking the cone with a mallet, or by placing it in water hot enough to soften the resin which keeps the scales together. The scales will also come asunder if the cones are placed in a warm oven. Seeds should be soaked in water before sowing, and the seedlings should be kept in a cool frame for at least two years. REMARKABLE TREES If I had not seen the remarkable plantation of this pine at Matchams, near Ringwood, I should have supposed that it was incapable of developing its normal character in any part of England, but here it seems so much at home that the conditions under which it grows are of interest. Hamilton Leigh, Esq., owner of this place, informs me that the trees were raised from seed sent by Lord Nelson from the Mediterranean about one hundred years ago, to the then owner of the estate. They grow close to the road and railway, at the foot of a great sandhill on the open barren heath, two or three miles south-west of Ringwood, in sand which is apparently never dried up in summer, owing to the percolation from the hill above ; 1 Radde, Pflanzenverb. Katikasusländ. 126 (1899). 2 Arboretum Notes, 125 (1889). s According to Hutchins, Science in Smith Africa, 395 (1905), there are some noble specimen« still on the old farms ; but about thirty years ago this species was attacked by a fungus (Peronospora JT/.), and the tree is now likely to become extinct in Cape Colony. 4 Card. Chron. xxxvii. 240 (1905). 1124 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland the trees being well sheltered from the south-west and drawn up by maritime pines which grow around them. They have the umbrella-shaped head of the true Roman pine, and are from 50 to 60 ft. high by 4 to 5 ft. in girth. They produce cones abundantly, which are attractive to squirrels, which eat the seed before it falls. By their bark, their cones, and their habit they are easily distinguished from the maritime pines. Another place where the stone pine may be seen of some size, though in a climate evidently too moist to suit it, is at Killerton, where, on the top of the hill above the house, there are several old trees about 50 ft. by 7 to 8 ft., but they have an unsightly appearance owing to numerous half-dead branches. At the foot of this hill, on Taverner's farm there is another tree of the same kind, which is healthier. At Saltram,1 Devonshire, there are several trees, the largest of which is 60 ft. high and 8^ ft. in girth. The late Lord Morley sent me a photograph of this tree, which, however, is by no means typical in habit. At Mount Edgcumbe, Ply mouth, there is another tree 54 ft. high, and 9^ ft. in girth at 3 ft. from the ground, with a spread of foliage 46 ft. in diameter. This tree has not borne cones, though two smaller trees at the same place produce fruit freely. At Heron Court, in Dorsetshire, the seat of the Earl of Malmesbury, there are several stone pines, the largest of which is no less than 13 ft. in girth at 2^ ft., where it divides into large branches, but does not exceed 40 to 45 ft. high. There are two groups in the park of smaller size, all of which seemed to bear ripe seed in 1906. At Melbury, Dorsetshire, there is a well-shaped tree about 50 ft. by 7 ft., showing bark rather like that of P. Pinaster, with broad flat plates, but duller and not so shining, and marked at intervals of about a foot, with irregular transverse rings, which seemed to show its annual growth. At Kew the old tree near the Director's office measured,2 in 1903, 31 ft. high and 7 ft. 7 in. in girth, with a spread of foliage 46 ft. in diameter. A large tree3 in the Red Lodge Nursery, Southampton, was blown down in 1903. It measured 61 ft. in height, and 8 ft. 7 in. in girth at 3 ft. from the ground, and was said to have been seventy-five years old. At Eastnor Castle there is a group of stone pines which are curiously distorted by irregular concentric swellings round their trunks. They are only about 30 to 35 ft. high; but one, which forks very low, is no less than 8 ft. 10 in. in girth at \\ ft. from the ground. Sir Hugh Beevor reports a good tree at Chorley Wood Cedars, 50 ft. high by 9 ft. ii in. in girth. At Burwood House, Surrey, Mr. R. Woodward reports a tree 50 ft. high and 8^ ft. in girth. At Stackpole Court, Pembrokeshire, there is a tree about 30 ft. by 6| ft. bearing cones which seem fertile,- though here the climate seems too damp for this tree. There are two trees near the Orangery at Margam, about 40 ft. by 7^ ft., from which seedlings have been raised. At Penrhyn, North Wales, a tall slender tree was, in 1905, 53 ft. high by 4 ft. 10 in. in girth. 1 Card. Ckron. xxxiv. 413 (1903). 1 Cf. Kew Handlist of'Conifères, xxiii. (1903). This tree is figured in Card. Ckron. iv. 602, fig. 85 (1888). 3 Card. Ckron. xxxiv. 285, figs. 121, 122 (1903). Pinus 1125 A remarkable instance of the hardiness of this tree in Scotland was given by Captain Norman, R.N., at a meeting of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, in September 1905. He states that a group of six trees of this species are growing at the foot of a railway embankment close to the post road at Dunglass, East Lothian. They were identified at Kew, and bear cones annually, the largest being about 30 ft. high. These trees are said to have been planted by an Edinburgh firm soon after the railway was made in 1846. But though there are many parts of Scotland where the climate would seem to be much more suitable for this pine, we have seen none worth mentioning. In Ireland, there is a fair-sized tree in the Trinity College Botanic Garden, Dublin ; and at Hamwood, Co. Meath, a tree, planted in 1844, had attained, in 1904, 50 ft. in height and 6^ ft. in girth. Mouillefert * says that the wood of P. Pinea is like that of P. Pinaster, but is less resinous, and the sapwood is abundant at a considerable age. At the Cape of Good Hope he thought that the lignification was quicker and more complete than in Europe. As to the comparative value of the wood of this pine and P. Pinaster, opinions differ in Portugal, but most people consider the stone pine the best. (H. J. E.) PINUS DENSIFLORA, JAPANESE RED PINE Pinus densiflora, Siebold et Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 22, t. 112 (1844); Masters, injourn. Linn. Soc. (JBot.) xviii. 503 (1881), and xxxv. 619 (1904); Mayr, Abiet. jap. Reiches, 72 (1890), and Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 343 (1906); Shirasawa, Icon. For. Japon, text 10, t. i, ff. 1-14 (1899); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferce, 326 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 18 (1909). A tree attaining in Japan 120 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Bark of branches and young trees, and of the upper half of the stem of old trees, reddish, and peeling off in thin scales, resembling that of P. sylvestris ; towards the base of old trees rugged and dividing into small plates. Young branchlets glabrous, glaucous, with raised pulvini, separated by linear grooves. Buds cylindrical, sharp-pointed, dark- brown, \ in. long, slightly resinous ; scales free at their apices, but not reflexed. Leaves in pairs, persistent about three years, spreading, 3 to 4 in. long, soft in texture, twisted, dull green, with eight to ten stomatic lines on each surface, ending in a short callous tip, serrulate ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long, often ending above in two long narrow filaments. Cones subterminal, spreading, two or three together, sub-sessile, ovoid-conic, 2 to 2^ in. long, dull grey in colour ; scales about i in. long and -f in. wide, oblong, thin, with the concealed part pale brown above and reddish below, flat or slightly convex from side to side ; apophysis rhomboidal, slightly raised, transversely ridged, upper margin irregularly sinuate, dull grey, with an elliptical dark brown umbo tipped with a minute mucro. Seed £ in. long, bright brown ; wing narrow, pale brown, \ to f in. long. 1 Essences Forestüres, 395 (1903). 1126 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland This species,1 which closely resembles P. sylvestris in the bark and buds, is readily distinguishable by the dull green longer leaves and the glaucous branchlets. Numerous varieties of P. densiflora are in cultivation in Japan, no less than twenty-two being enumerated by Mayr. Some are dwarf, pendulous, globose, or otherwise peculiar in habit ; whilst others have variously coloured foliage, golden, striped, variegated, etc. These are apparently unknown2 in England. The hybrids between P. densißora and P. Thunbergii are mentioned under the latter species. P. densißora appears to be confined to Japan, as the herbarium specimens from Korea and the Shantung hills3 in China, supposed to belong to this species, are different in appearance, though undoubtedly closely allied. The representative of this species in central China is P. Henryi,* Masters, not yet introduced into culti vation. (A. H.) This species, which is known by the Japanese as aka-matsu, red pine, or me-matsu, female pine, is the commonest conifer in Japan ; but in most cases is planted, as it has been cultivated from ancient times, usually on poor dry soil, where other trees will not thrive. It is considered to be a native of the hilly mountainous district, generally between 500 and 3000 ft. elevation, scarcely ever ascending into the higher region, which is occupied by the silver firs and spruces, and being absent5 from the sea-coast, where it is replaced by P. Thunbergii. According to Mayr it is rare in the subtropical forests at low elevations in the southern islands ; but occurs as far north as south-western Yezo. In the wild state, I found the tree scattered^ here and there through the mixed forests, up to about 2000 ft., generally on dry ridges or sandy stony river banks. In the forest near Koyasan, it was larger than elsewhere, up to 12 ft. in girth ; and one tree standing alone in a dense forest of Cupressus obtrtsa and Sciadopitys had a clear trunk of 60 ft. high or more, and measured about 100 ft. by n ft. 9 in. The best planted trees which I saw, were near the foot of the low pass between Shimonosuwa and Shiojiri in Shinshu, in private grounds by the roadside. These were over 100 ft. high and 8 or 9 ft. in girth, clean to 70 ft., and though not so straight in the stem as P. sylvestris, were very fine trees. More often, however, this pine has a crooked unsightly stem, and does not grow to any great size, being usually crowded, and cut when young ; and it is only rarely that it has a chance of showing its full development, and becomes a 1 It is often known in cultivation, both in Europe and in the United States, as P. Massoniana, a species of southern China, not in cultivation. 2 The varieties mentioned in Kew Handlist Conifera, in (1903), are not in cultivation in Kew Gardens. 3 Mayr brought home from Korea living plants, which he considered to be this species. The Shantung tree, which grows on the hills near Chefoo, is imperfectly known, and has been mentioned by Masters infourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 551 (1902), as Pinus Massoniana, Lambert, var. planiceps, Murray, MS. in Mus. Brit. It bears cones different in colour from those of P. densißora ; and is certainly quite distinct from P. Massotiiana, a long-leaved species, inhabiting the plains of central China and the low hills of southern China. The Korean pine is P. futiebris, Komarov, referred to on p. 1144, note 2. * Pinus Henryi, Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 550 (1902) and xxxv. 618 (1904). This species, discovered by me in «888, is a small tree, rarely exceeding 40 ft. in height, forming open woods, at 4000 to 6000 ft., in the mountains of Hupeh, Szechwan, and Shensi. The cones are subterminal, shortly-stalked, ovoid, I £ in. long, shining reddish brown ; scales oblong, g in. long, § in. wide ; apophysis rhomboidal, slightly raised, with four radial ridges, and a depressed umbo, tipped by a minute prickle. Seeds light brown, with short, broad, dark brown wings. The foliage resembles that of P. densißora. " Mayr says that it is occasionally planted near the coast, and is sometimes found on the second range of hills near the coast, P. Thunbergii occupying the strand and the first range. The largest trees, up to 120 ft. in height, which he saw, were in the warm valleys of the central mountains of Hondo. Pinus 1127 fine tree ; and then, with its reddish yellow bark on the upper half of the stem, and spreading crown, it reminds one much of P. sylvestris. CULTIVATION This species was introduced1 by Siebold in 1854, into the Botanic Garden at Leyden ; but was not generally distributed until 1861, when seeds were sent home from Japan by J. Gould Veitch. It is, however, very rare in cultivation,2 except in botanic gardens, as at Kew, where it is a handsome tree, ripening its cones perfectly, and displaying the characteristic bark. We have also seen specimens, of no great size, at Brocklesby, Lincolnshire ; Bagshot, Surrey ; High Canons, Herts ; and Murthly, Perthshire. At Grafrath, near Munich, it has proved perfectly hardy during the last twenty- five years ; but is easily injured by snow. Young plants are liable to the attacks of the leaf-shedding disease. According to Sargent,3 it is hardy in New England, where it produces fertile cones in abundance, and is already beginning to assume its mature picturesque habit. So far as can be judged from an experience of twenty-five years, it appears to be the most promising of the two-leaved pines introduced into the eastern states from foreign countries. The wood is usually coarse and knotty, but being the cheapest building timber in Japan, is largely used there. Mayr says it is very similar to that of P. sylvestris, and, as in that species, the amount of heartwood depends on the situation and age. (H. J. E.) PINUS MONTANA, MOUNTAIN PINE Pinus montana, Miller, Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 5 (1768); Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 209 (1887); Mathieu, Flore Forestière, 593 (1897); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conifères, 343 (1900); Masters, \x\Journ. Linn. Soc. (£ot.) xxxv. 611 (1904); Schröter, Pflanzenleben der Alpen, 74 (1904); Kirchner and Schröter, Lebensgesch. Blütenpfl. Mittekuropas, 202 (1906); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 34 (1909). Pinus mugus* Scopoli, Fl. Carniol. ii. 247 (1772). Pinus pumilio, Haenke, Beob. Reis. Riesengeb. 68 (1791); Loudon, Art. et Frut. £rit. iv. 2186 (1838). Pinus uncinata, Ramond, in De Candolle, Flor. Franc, üi. 726 (1805); Cook, Sketches in Spain, ii. 230 (1834). Pinus humilis, Link, in Abhand. Berl. Akad. 171 (1827); Kerner, Nat. Hist. PL Eng. Trans, i. 548, fig- I3S (1898). Pinus obliqua, Sauter, in Reichenbach, Flora Germ. Exe. 159 (1831). . Pinus uliginosa, Neumann, Schles. Ges. 95 (1837). Variable in habit, a tree or prostrate shrub, with greyish black scaly bark. Young branchlets brown, glabrous, with raised keeled pulvini. Buds ovoid or cylindrical, short-pointed, ^ to ^ in. long, covered with resin. 1 A plant, 18 in. high, in cultivation at Woburn in 1839, is named Pinus japonica, Forbes, in Pin. Woburnense, 33 (1840) ; but it is impossible to say from the description whether it was P. densiflora or P. Thunbergii. 2 A thousand plants, imported from Japan, were planted in 1907 at Ampton Park, Suffolk ; and about a hundred were living in 1910. s Garden and forest, x. 471 (1897). 4 This name occurs in Scopoli as mrigus, but mugftus is adopted by all later writers. It is derived from the Italian name of the tree, mugo, used in south Tyrol. 11 a8 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Leaves in pairs,1 persisting five to ten years, i£ to 2^ in. long, rigid, curved, dark green,2 ending in a short blunt cartilaginous point, serrulate, with stomatic lines on both surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath ^ to T% in. long. Cones subterminal, solitary or two or three together, sessile or sub-sessile, i to 2 in. long, conical, ovoid or sub-globose ; scales with shining dark brown apophyses, the ashy grey or light brown umbo being surrounded by a darker coloured ring. The variations in the size and shape of the cones and of the apophyses will be dealt with under the varieties. Seed similar to that of P. sylvestris, but slightly larger in the body and shorter in the wing. Seedling with two to eight, usually four to six cotyledons, about f in. long, entire in margin ; primary needles shorter than the cotyledons, serrate, clothing the first year's shoot, and gradually replaced in the second year by the adult geminate leaves. The seedlings grow very slowly, attaining about an average height of an inch in the first year, and 2 to 3 ft. high in the tenth year. No well-developed tap-root is formed. VARIETIES This species consists of numerous geographical races, which are difficult to define, as the variations in habit are not exactly coincident with the variations in the characters of the cones. In certain cases peculiarities in habit appear to be fixed and hereditary, whilst in other cases these are due to soil, climate, and exposure, and are not transmitted by seed. The cones are not constant in the various races ; in rare cases they vary even on the same tree, and are often different in trees from the same locality. There is great difference of opinion amongst foresters and botanists as to the varieties, the number described being very great, but for practical purposes the following arrangement is convenient :— i. Var. uncinata, Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 171 (1875); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xxii. 208, fig. 42 (1884). Usually a tall tree, with a single undivided stem, 60 to 80 ft. in height. Cones asymmetrical, very oblique at the base, ovoid-conical, 2 to 2^ in. long, directed downwards or pendulous, with the scales on the outer side strongly developed, their much raised and pyramidal apophyses ending in hook-like processes, which are directed towards the base of the cone. This variety, which has been called by Sir John Stirling Maxwell3 the upright mountain pine, is the only form met with in Spain, in the eastern and central Pyrenees, and in the French Alps, and is of rare occurrence in Switzerland. It forms extensive woods in sub-alpine regions up to timber line. With this variety must also be classed a shorter tree, 30 to 50 ft. high, which is met with in pure woods on some of the high-lying peat mosses in the Vosges, Jura, Switzerland, lower Austria, and Bohemia. Isolated trees of this form are also occasionally seen amongst the dwarf P. montana in the Alps of Switzerland and 1 Occasionally the needles are in threes, as in var. mughus in the Raxalp. Cf. Kronfield, in Verband, zool. bot. Ges. Wien, xxxviii. 96 (1888). a Koehne, Deut. Dendrologie, 39 (1893), states that in all forms of P. montana, the epidermal cells are twice as thick as in all other species, and have only linear cavities. 3 In Trans. Roy. Scot. Arb. Sec. xxi. 10 (1908). Pinus 1129 in the Tyrol ; but it is not known to occur in the dwarf pine belt of the Silesian and Carpathian ranges. Dwarf pines with cones of this type are sometimes seen in exposed and barren spots in the western Alps, but these are supposed to be stunted by the nature of the situation where they grow. 2. Var. rotundata, Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 174 (1875). Cones asymmetrical and oblique, as in the preceding variety, conical or ovoid, i^ to 2 in. long, spreading or bent downwards, sessile, with the lower and occasion ally the middle scales on the outer side ending in a short four-sided blunt pyramid, directed slightly downwards. Usually a tree, scarcely exceeding 30 ft. in height, with several stems arising close to the ground, due to the rapid development of the lateral branches which turn upwards, and becoming erect, grow as fast as the leader. This, which Sir John Stirling Maxwell calls the intermediate form* of the mountain pine, is found on sunny precipices, rocky slopes, and high peat-mosses, and is common in the whole of the Alps, except in France. The dwarf mountain pine in the Swiss Alps often bears cones of this type. 3. *\Iz.r.pumilio, Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 175 (1875). A shrub, rarely over 6 ft. in height, prostrate in habit, with the branches tending to lie flat on the ground, only turning up at the ends. No definite leader is formed. Cones symmetrical, usually sub-sessile, ovoid or globose, smaller than in the preceding varieties, i to i^ in. in diameter, spreading, tinged with violet before ripening ; scales uniform in size ; apophysis unequally divided with the umbo placed near the lower edge. This, one of the forms of the dwarf mountain pine, which comes true from seed, occurs in the Jura, Switzerland, Black Forest, Fichtel mountains, Bohemian and Bavarian forests, Riesen and Iser mountains, extending southward to Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro. 4. Var. mughtis, Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 177 (1875). Similar to the last in habit, and in size, shape, and direction of the cones, and only distinguishable by the apophysis of the scale being very flattened with the umbo in the centre. This form is common in the eastern Alps and in the Balkan States, and is very rare in Switzerland. Several hybrids between this species and P. sylvestris have been described, which are arranged by Ascherson and Graebnerz as follows :— (a) P. sylvestris, var. engadinensis x P. montana, var. uncinata. Found in the Upper Engadine, near Samaden, at 6000 ft. altitude. (&) P. sylvestris x P. montana, var. rotundata. Found in peat-mosses on the boundary between Lower Austria and Bohemia and in southern Bohemia. (f) P. sylvestris x P. montana, var. pumilio. Found in the southern Bohemian forest and in the Tyrol. 1 This form was introduced into Denmark in 1798 from Eisenach, in Thuringia, and has kept true from seed. Occa sionally one of the stems takes the lead and suppresses the others, but in such cases the stem is always bent near the ground. 2 Syn. mitteleurop. Flora, i. 229 (1896-98). These authors (op. cit. 232) state that a tree in the Botanic Garden at Vienna, supposed by Wettstein to be a hybrid between P. Laricio, var. austriaca, and P. montana, has been shown by Beck to be a pure Austrian pine. 1130 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland DISTRIBUTION This species is widely spread in the mountainous regions of central and southern Europe,1 extending from Spain in the west to Bukovina in the east, and from the Vosges and Lausitz (Saxony) in the north to the Abruzzi mountains in Italy and Perim Dagh in Macedonia, its most southerly stations.2 The distribution of the mountain pine and of its varieties appears to depend mainly on the encroachment and competition of other species of conifers. In the west and south-west, where the spruce, its greatest rival, is rare or absent, it descends to comparatively low levels, and is a fine tree forming extensive forests ; whereas in the central, eastern, and south-eastern parts of its range it has to contend with the spruce or larch, and occa sionally with P. Cembra, and driven to high altitudes, it has become a mere shrub. In many parts it also forms woods on peat-mosses at moderate elevations in the mountains, where it grows better than either P. sylvestris or the spruce. In Spain it occurs from the Sierra de Cuença through Aragon and Catalonia to the centrals and eastern Pyrenees, forming vast forests, which were first described by Capt. Cook (Widdrington).4 In the Pyrenees the spruce is a rare tree, found sparsely mixed with silver fir, and the larch is totally absent. In consequence the mountain pine reigns alone in this range at high elevations, occurring between 5000 and 8000 ft., and attaining its maximum development, trees 100 ft. in height and 9 ft. . in girth having been measured by the French forest officers. Sir J. Stirling- Maxwell,6 who visited this region in winter, says that the finest forests were then inaccessible, but he obtained excellent photographs of woods of this species at lower levels, where trees about seventy years old averaged 55 ft. in height and 3 ft. in girth. He notes the straight cylindrical stems of the Pyrenean variety, with grey coloured bark, and a narrow crown of foliage, and compares the tree in all its stages of growth to the Corsican pine. On account of its narrow pyramidal habit and tough elastic wood it scarcely suffers from heavy snowfall, and is in marked contrast in this respect to P. sylvestris, which grows from lower levels up to where the moun tain pine begins. Up to forty years old it is relatively fast in growth, being a slender and regular tree, but after this age there is a marked diminution in height growth, accompanied by increase in thickness of the stem and by a rounder crown. Still at seventy years it preserves its narrow pyramidal habit, the stout cylindrical stem carrying branches which are remarkably short and light. Its root system is shallower than that of P. sylvestris, which can only keep pace with it in growth in the Pyrenees on the better soils. The mountain pine is the least exacting of trees, whether as regards soil, aspect, or climate. 1 C. Reid, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxviii. 220 (1908), doubts the occurrence of this species in British pre-glacial deposits, where it had been identified by Heer and Saporta. 2 Judging from the description, P. Kochiana, Klotsch, and P. armena, Koch, both in Linnœa, xxii. 297 (1849) are incorrectly referred to P. montana by Medwejew in Bäume u. Sträuche Kaukasus, \. 14 (1907). This peculiar pine occurring in the Caucasus around Ardahan, near Kars, and in Daghestan, has hooked cone-scales, and is P. sylvestris, var. hamata. Steven, in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 52 (1838). 3 The forests in the central part of the Pyrenees (departments of Ariège and Haute-Garonne) are nearly all destroyed ; those in the eastern part (Pyrenees Orientalesand Hautes-Pyrénées) are still of considerable extent.—Mathieu, op. cit. 596. 4 Cf. Loudon, op. cit. 2188. 8 In Trans. Roy. Scot. Arb. Soc. xxi. 10-15, %s- '-9 (1908). Pinus 1131 In France the tall upright variety also occurs on Mt. Ventoux and throughout the Alps of Provence, Dauphiné, and Savoy, where it grows at high elevations from 4800 to 8000 ft., on dry, poor, and rocky soils. At Briançon it does not attain so large a size as in the Pyrenees, and, according to Sir J. Stirling-Maxwell, at forty years scarcely attains 40 ft. in height, averaging 20^ in. in girth, while Scots pine alongside it is about the same height, but 27 in. in girth. The finest trees of this variety in the French Alps occur in the wild forest of Villarodin-Bourget, near Modane, which I visited in 1903. Here it forms a dense wood on the sides of a dry ravine between 5000 and 7000 ft. elevation, mixing at the lower level with P. sylvestris, the trees being about 60 to 70 ft. in height and i to i^ ft. in diameter, and remarkable for their narrow pyramidal habit and their number on the ground, casting a dense shade. Higher up on the side of the ravine there are many isolated trees, very old, and of great size, up to 80 ft. in height and 9 ft. in girth. The stems of some of the smaller trees are marked with ring-like swellings, one above another, and full of resin, which are caused by the larva of a beetle. Seedlings are common here, and Elwes, who visited this locality in 1907, brought home some alive, which are now growing at Colesborne. In the Jura, near Pontarlier, on peat-mosses, the shorter upright form, characteristic of this situation, occurs in small open woods. Here the trees rarely exceed 40 ft. in height, and are much more widely branched than those at Modane. The upright form is also found sparingly in several localities in the Swiss Alps, Swabia, Oberpfalz, Silesia, Bohemia, and the Erz mountains. An extensive forest, with an area of 6000 acres, occurs on dolomite in the Lower Engadine, near Zernetz, at 5800 to 7000 ft. elevation, extending through the Ofen Pass to the Münster valley. Here the trees, many of which are of the intermediate form, gradually mix at the lower edge of the forest, with spruce, larch, and P. sylvestris. This forest is illustrated in Les Arbres de la Suisse, pi. xvii., which shows trees like those of Modane, but smaller, the largest depicted being 47 ft. high and 3 ft. 4 in. in girth. Another is recorded as 50 ft. by 5 ft. 3 in. The intermediate form is common, mixed with the upright form, in all the localities of the latter, except in the Pyrenees and French Alps, and is usually met with on sunny precipices, rocky slopes, and high-lying peat-mosses. The dwarf form (vars. pumilio and mughus) is widely spread throughout the Swiss, Italian, Austrian, and Bavarian Alps, ranging in the latter from 2000 to 4800 ft. elevation ; and it extends through the Black, Bohemian, and Bavarian forests ; in the Fichtel, Reise, Glatzer, and Iser mountains, occurring in the latter from 2ooo to 2700 ft. altitude; in the Carpathians between 4200 and 6500 ft. ; in the Bihar mountains of Hungary ; in the mountainous regions of Carinthia, Carniola, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Roumania,1 Bulgaria, reaching its southern most point in Perim Dagh in Macedonia. In Italy it is only known, outside of the Alps, on Mount Amaro in the Majella group of the central Apennines, where 1 Golesco, in Bull. Soc. Dend. France, 1907, p. 176, gives a good description of the dwarf pine in the mountains of the Muscel district in Roumania, which comprise the highest summits of the Transylvanian ranges. 1132, The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland it1 occurs between 6000 and 8700 ft., the latter being the highest elevation known for the species. The dwarf mountain pine,2 known as the Legföhre, is one of the most char acteristic shrubs of the Alps and Carpathians, in some places covering large areas with a dense, almost impenetrable thicket, composed of decumbent stems, whose branches are so interlaced that though one may pass through it with difficulty in a lateral direction, and slide downwards over it on a steep hill-side, yet to ascend it is practically impossible. These thickets are well described by Kerner,3 who says that the stems, even when of great thickness, assume a horizontal position, with their growing ends always directed on mountain slopes towards the valley. The branches are remarkably elastic, and in winter are pressed downwards upon the soil by the heavy snow-fall ; and in summer rise up again, often plastered with earth and small stones, and take a curved ascending position. P. montana is remarkable for its different behaviour in regard to the chemical elements in the soil in different parts of its area. I n the French Alps the extensive woods of this species cease to grow when the Jurassic chalk comes to the surface. Near the Aiguilles the tree is absent from slate formations, but immediately appears wherever the soil is composed of lime or chalk. At Grächen in Nicolai valley it grows on slate, and at Davos on serpentine. In the Engadine it occurs mainly on dolomite, but is not entirely absent from the gneiss formation. In the Carpathians it is indifferent to the nature of the soil. Christ says that in the Swiss Alps generally it is decidedly a lover of lime, often growing on rubbly limestone rocks, and alternat ing markedly with Alnus viridis, which clothes the declivities of the primitive non- calcareous rocks.4 In the Pyrenees the tree is found to be especially valuable for windy plateaux. It thrives in soils too poor for any other trees to grow, and succeeds better5 on peat than P. sylvestris. It is extremely hardy, easy to raise from seed, and presents no difficulty in transplanting. It is used now throughout the French Alps for planting at high altitudes and in all difficult situations. It is comparatively free from the attacks of fungi and insects. (A. H.) CULTIVATION This species was first cultivated in England in 1779, at Orford Hall, near Warrington, Lancashire, where the shrub of var. pumilio originally introduced was still living, though in a shattered condition, in London's time. 1 Described as P. majellensis, Schouw, in Ann. Se. Nat. iii. 233 (1845). Referred to P. Laricio by Parlatore; but as Masters points out, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 613 (1904), the resin-canals are marginal, and not median as in P. Laricio. * At Innsbruck, according to Beissner, in Mitt. d. dendr. Ges., 1905, p. 69, the tall, intermediate, and dwarf pines are distinguished by different names, Spirke, Latsche, and Zunder or Knieholz ; but these names are not current everywhere with the same signification. 3 Nat. Hist. Plants, Eng. Irans., i. 548, fig. 135 (1898). 4 Cf. Schimper, Plant Geography, loo, 104 (1903). 6 In the high peat-moors of the Hertogenwald, in Belgium, at 2000 ft. attitude, a few plants of the intermediate variety were doing better on deep peat than any other tree when I saw these plantations in 1909. Pi nus i The Pyrenean form was apparently introduced by Captain Cook, as young plants were raised in the garden of the Horticultural Society from seed procured by him. Apparently this variety has been entirely neglected since, and we are scarcely in a position to judge concerning its capabilities as a forest tree in mountainous districts and on peat-mosses in this country ; but recently some experimental planting has been done by Sir John Stirling Maxwell1 at Corrour, Inverness-shire, with seeds obtained from the government seed-establishment at Mont Louis, in the Pyrénées Orientales. The finest examples of this form that we have seen is a tree at Essendon Place, Hertford, which measured, in 1907, 51 ft. in height, with a stem clear of branches to 30 ft., and 5 ft. 5 in. in girth. A good specimen in the Cambridge Botanic Garden measures 41 ft. by 3 ft. 5 in. At Sir H. Farquhar's seat, Gilmanscroft, Ayr, there is a tree of this variety. At Glasnevin a slender tree measures 35 ft. high by 2^- ft. in girth. When Henry was at Annecy in 1904 the late Mr. Guinier, Inspecteur des Forêts, showed him a plantation of P. montana, twelve years old, raised from Pyrenean seed. He considered that this race is quite distinct and much finer than the race in the French Alps. Its growth is only slightly less vigorous than that of P. sylvestris, over which it has certain advantages, as it is the sole species in France available for planting peat-mosses, and, moreover, thrives on arid soils, where P. sylvestris grows very slowly. It has a dense cover, but always lets a little sun fall on the ground, even in the thick forests of the Pyrenees. The two races, that of the French Alps and that of the Pyrenees, planted in the Forêt du Crêt du Maure, near Annecy, retain their characteristic differences. The intermediate form seems to be the one most general in cultivation, not only in this country, but also in Denmark, where it has been extensively used for planting the dunes and barren tracts in Jutland. It was introduced into Denmark from Eisenach in Thuringia in 1786, and has come true from seed. It attains on poor soil about 20 ft. in thirty or forty years, and then ceases to grow ; and can scarcely be looked upon as of any economic value, though the improvement of the soil may prepare the way for other species. In Denmark2 it is usually planted on the dunes pure at first, and afterwards the common spruce is introduced, which is a more valuable species, but one impossible to start by itself on poor soil covered with heather. Müller, who is the greatest authority on this species of pine, introduced the upright variety3 of the French Alps in 1886; but it is said to be more liable to the attacks of fungi. It is remarkable in this, as in many other cases of intro duction of a species, that the seed from the best form (from the Pyrenees) should not have been selected. In England the best specimen we have seen of the intermediate variety is a tree at The Wilderness, White Knights, near Reading, which consists of six stems, arising from a very short butt 6 ft. in girth, and rising to 60 ft. in height. There 1 Trans. Roy. Scot. Arb. Sec. xx. 7 (1907). The seed of the Pyrenean variety, which can be obtained through the British Embassy at Paris, has been regularly supplied to the Norwegian Government for the last three years. 2 Cf. Quarterly Journ. Forestry, iii. 74 (1909), where a full account of the heath plantations in Denmark is given by Mr. A. C. Forbes. 8 Known as the Pin de Brianfonnais, or in seed catalogues as P. montana gallica. 1134 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland are also four trees at Bayfordbury, which are about 40 ft. high, each with three to five stems from near the base, where they curve and turn upwards. Another at Arley was 32 ft. by 3 ft. 2 in. in 1904. My father some fifty years ago planted some thousands of this tree at Colesborne in ignorance of their habit, and though they will live on the poorest and thinnest oolite, yet not one of the survivors would repay the trouble of cutting down, except for burning in closed stoves or for charcoal ; for which it is said to be very well adapted. Here and there a tree drawn up among others has grown to be 20 to 30 ft. high, but the majority form straggling bushes, which produce cones abundantly, but have no beauty ; and I cannot honestly recommend any one to plant this species at present. Of the shrubby form, var. pumilio, the most remarkable specimen is probably one at Burwood House, Surrey, of which Col. Thynne has taken a photograph. It measures about 11 ft. high, and is 156 ft. in circumference around the prostrate ends of the branches. At Belton Park, Grantham, a large shrub of this kind is about Ï5 ft- high, and spreads on all sides for about 30 ft. There is a large spreading bush, about 30 ft. high and 45 paces round, at Spetchley Park, near Worcester, the seat of R. V. Berkley, Esq. (H. J. E.) PINUS CONTORTA Pinus conforta, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2292 (1838) ; Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 89, t. 567 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 26 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conifères, 323 (1900); Masters, injoum. Zinn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 630 (1904); Clinton-Baker, lllust. Conif. i. 16 (1909); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 29 (1909). Pinus inops, Bongard, in Mem. Phys. Math. pt. ii. Acad. Se. St. Petersb. ii. 163 (1831) (not Solander). Pinus Boursieri, Carrière, in Rev. Hort. 1854, p. 225. Pinus Mackintoshiana, Lawson, Cat. (1855). Pinus Bclanderi, Parlatore, in DC. Prod. xvi. 2, p. 379 (1868). This species is very variable in habit and size, constituting a series of geo graphical races, which require further study in the field. It may be described as follows :—A tree or shrub, with either thin or thick bark. Young branches glabrous, with slightly raised keeled pulvini. Buds cylindrical, acute at the apex, about £ in. long, encrusted with white resin. Leaves in pairs, persistent three to eight years, curved, twisted, i to 3 in. long, serrulate, ending in a callous point, with numerous stomatic lines on both surfaces ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ in. long. Cones sub-terminal, on short stout scaly stalks, in pairs or clustered, opening when ripe or remaining closed1 for many years, ovoid or conical, f to 2| in. long, 1 Sargent, in Bot. Gazette, v. 54 (1880), says that he sowed in 1879, seed from closed cones collected by Engelmann in Colorado in 1874. Seeds of cones thirteen and ten years old did not germinate, but the seeds of some cones of nine, eight, and seven years old did germinate. This shows according to Engelmann, Bot. Gazette, v. 62 (1880), that the object of the tree keeping the cones closed, is to preserve the vitality of the seeds for a number of years beyond their maturity. Pinus "35 unequal and oblique at the base, spreading or deflexed. Scales thin, variable in size, up to f in. long and f in. wide ; those on the outer side near the base with elevated pyramidale apophyses; the others with a rhomboidal transversely ridged apophysis and an elevated umbo, which is armed with a minute recurved, often deciduous prickle. Seed | to \ in., triangular, blackish, furrowed ; wing variable in length ; cotyledons,1 three to five, usually four. This species is only liable to be confused with P. montana, from which it is readily distinguishable by the short basal sheaths of the leaves and the median resin-canals. Two main varieties, considered by many botanists and foresters to be distinct species, are recognizable :— i. SHORE PINE, typical P. contorta.—Usually a small tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, though attaining 60 to 70 ft. when sheltered and on good soil. Bark f to i in. thick, deeply divided into oblong scaly plates. Leaves dark green, i to ij in. long, slender, -^ to T^ in. wide. Cones ovoid, very variable in size, f to i^ in. long, some opening their scales when ripe, others remaining closed on the tree for many years. Typical P. contorta occurs on the Pacific Coast from Alaska2 to Mendocino County,3 in California, usually inhabiting sand-dunes or barrens or growing on ocean bluffs. In western Vancouver island it is a low twisted shrub when growing along the edges of the forest next the ocean ; but on peat-mosses * in the forest it is a small irregular flat-topped slow-growing tree. It begins to flower and fruit when only a few feet high ; and the ripe cones remain unopened on the older branches and on the stem of the tree. On the high mountains opposite Vancouver I saw this tree growing in the forest in small glades on rocky poor soil, at 500 to 750 ft. altitude, not far from the sea ; and it did not exceed 20 ft. in height, producing small ovoid cones, f in. in diameter, most of which opened as soon as ripe. On the seashore close to Crescent city in northern California, this species occurs on the ocean bluffs and on the barren gravelly flat to about a mile inland, and is very variable in size, in exposed situations dwindling to a picturesque shrub, but where sheltered attaining a considerable size, one tree which I measured being 65 ft. high and 7 ft. in girth. This tree had dark grey thin unfurrowed bark, covered with small scales, and resembling exactly that of var. Murrayana. A slightly smaller tree, beside it, which I took in the same photograph, had the thick coarsely fissured bark of typical P. contorta. Most of the cones were persistent. 2. LODGE-POLE PlNE. Var. Murrayana, Engelmann, in Brewer and Watson, Bot. California, ii. 126 1 The seedling is described by Hill and de Fraine, in Ann. Bot. xx. 472 (1906) and xxiii. 203 (1909). 2 Gorman, in Pittonia, iii. 69 (1896), says it is confined to lake borders and margins of sphagnum marshes in Alaska, where it is comparatively rare and little used, except for fuel. The inner bark is eaten by the natives. He adds that he saw one specimen on Square Island 100 ft. in height and 18 in. in diameter. 3 Jepson, in Flora W. Mid. California, 23 (1901), says it is frequent on the Mendocino coast, northward of Pt. Arena, as a low tree, 5 to 20 ft. in height. 4 Cf. Butters, in Postelsia, 157, plate xii. (1906), where a picture is given of this tree growing in a sphagnum swamp. 1136 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland (1880); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 90, t. 568 (1897), a°d Trees N. Amer. 27 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conifères, 324 (1900). Pinus conforta, Loudon, var. latifolia, Watson, in King's Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey 40/// Parallel, v. 330 (1871). Pinus Murrayana?- Balfour, Ref. Oregon Expedition, 2, t. 3 (1853); Mayr, Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 358 (1906). Pinus inops, Bentham, Fl. Hartweg, 337 (1857) (not Solander). Pinus conforta, Newberry, in Pacißc R. R. Rep. vi. pt. iii. 34, 90 (1857) (not Loudon). Pinus Tamrac, A. Murray, in Gard. Chron., 1869, p. 191. Pinus tenuis, Lemmon, in Erythea, vi. 77 (1898). A tall tree, varying from 70 to 200 ft. in height ; bark rarely more than £ in. thick, covered with small loosely appressed scales. Leaves \\ to 3 in. long, T]6 to \ in. broad, yellowish green. Cones very variable : in specimens which I gathered in the Siskiyou mountains, Oregon, from small trees occupying burnt areas, an inch in length, very oblique, deflexed, and remaining closed for an indefinite period ; in specimens collected in Montana, slightly larger, but many opening when ripe ; in the Sierra Nevada, usually larger, up to 2 in. in length, and apparently always opening when ripe, and falling from the tree in the following season. Probably three distinct forms of this variety can be distinguished :— 1. Rocky Mountain form, occurring from Alaska to Montana. A slender tree, rarely over a foot in diameter, and 100 ft. in height in its best development. Cones late in opening. The form in Colorado, distinguished as P. Murrayana, var. Sargenti, Mayr, in Waldungen Nord-Amer. 350 (1890), seems to be similar to the tree in Montana, and like it has long leaves (3 in. in length). 2. Sierra Nevada form. A large stout tree, attaining 150 ft. in height and 9 ft. in girth. Cones usually opening when ripe. 3. Intermediate forms between var. Murrayana and typical P. conforta occur as small trees, 40 ft. or less in height, in the Cascades and the Siskiyou mountains ; and have slender foliage and closed cones. The lodge-pole pine has an exceedingly wide distribution in western North America, extending from the hills in the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska, through the interior plateau of British Columbia, where it occurs at 2000 to 4000 ft. It crosses the Rocky Mountains in the valley of the Peace river, lat. 56°, its eastern boundary in Alberta being the meridian of 114° longitude, west of Edmonton and Calgary. A small isolated forest2 of this pine occurs at 3000 ft. altitude, south-east of Medicine Hat, in the Cypress Hills, which take their name from this tree, as both it and P. Banksiana were called cyprès by the early French voyageurs. In the United States, it forms extensive forests on both sides of the Rocky 1 The type specimen of P. Murrayana is preserved in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh, and is labelled in Jeffrey's handwriting as follows :—" Pinus sp. No. 740. Found in the Siskiyou mountains in lat. 43° 30', elevation 7500 ft., growing on moist, deep, loamy soil, Oct. 2ist. This, all the cones I could procure. Tree 40 ft. high, of a conical form." Lat. 43° 30', far to the northward of the Siskiyou mountains, is evidently a mistake for lat. 41° 30', as we know from Jeffrey's type specimen of P. Jeffreyi, which was collected three days later (Oct. 24, 1852) in lat. 41° 30' in the Shasta valley. Another specimen at Edinburgh, of which there is a duplicate at Kew, is labelled :—" 740. Pinus sp. Same as No. 740 of 1852 collection. Summit of Sierra Nevada mountains near Walker's Pass, Sept. 20, 1853." This specimen did not reach Edinburgh until after the publication of the species by Balfour. 2 Macoun, in Proc. Roy. Sue. Canada, xii. 4, pp. 13, 15 (1894). Pinus II37 Mountains in Montana; and extends southward, in the Yellowstone Park, at 7000 to 8000 ft., through the mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, to New Mexico and Arizona. Westwards it is common on the ranges of eastern Washington, Idaho, and Oregon, extending through the Siskiyou mountains into California, where it attains its largest size in alpine forests on the Sierra Nevada, at 8000 to 9500 ft. ; and in the southern part of the state, forms the timber line on the highest peaks of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. It is also found1 on the San Pedro Martir mountain in Lower California. In Montana, where I saw it in the Lewis and Clark Reserve, it is essentially the tree which occupies burnt areas, its seedlings appearing in profusion in the mixed Douglas and larch forests, when these are destroyed by fire. In consequence, it is usually seen in dense even stands of tall slender trees, which attain about 100 ft. in height and a foot in diameter at 150 years old. Klers Koch,2 forester in the Gallatin Reserve, reports on its facility of reproduction, as it bears cones early in life, even at 10 to 15 years old when crowded, and says that fire after fire may sweep over a district, and after each fire a new growth of pine springs up, denser than the preceding one. In a sample plot 10 ft. square, taken in a burnt area, 95 pine seedlings had sprung up. In 1885, a fire completely swept the whole length, 20 miles, of the Gallatin canon, and there is at present a dense growth of young pines covering the mountain sides. He says that the root system is superficial, and the tree is easily blown down by the wind, as I witnessed myself near Flathead lake, when the tall slender trees came down in a sudden storm like ninepins. The tree appears to grow on most soils, though Koch has noticed that it avoids limestone, and it occurs at a great range of altitude, being met with, according to Leiberg,2 in the Bitter-root Reserve in Idaho, at 2000 to 9000 ft. t n Gallatin county, above 7000 ft. it mixes with spruce and Abies lasiocarpa, being replaced at 8500 ft. by P. albicaulis. In Idaho, though it usually occurs as dense stands on fire-swept areas, it also grows in considerable quantity in swampy tracts, north-east of Grace Peak, and attains a much greater size, up to 200 ft. in height, with trunks 16 in. in diameter, and clear of branches to 140 ft. and showing 275 years' growth. Low branching trees, resembling P. contorta in habit, are met with in northern Idaho at elevations below 3000 ft. The tree demands light in order to grow well, but bears a considerable amount of shade, though in that case making little growth, a tree 43 years old that had been suppressed, measuring only 6^ ft. high and i^ in. in diameter. In Colorado, it appears to be a smaller tree than farther north, averaging 75 ft. in height and 8 to 14 in. in diameter. Mr. F. R. S. Balfour has kindly supplied us with the following account of the fine form of var. Murrayana, which grows in the Sierra Nevada of California :— " On the main ridge between the valleys of the Kaweah and King's rivers, there are large quantities of fine tall trees 100 to 125 ft. high, and earning for contorta the more dignified name of Murrayana. I camped for two nights in a grove of these trees where there were many 12 ft. in circumference and over 100 ft. 1 Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 29 (1909). 2 From notes supplied by the U.S. Forestry Department, Washington. V T 1138 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland high. The whole character of the tree differs utterly from the little lodge-pole pine usually growing elsewhere. These had bark of a warm pinky brown in small flat flakes pressing closely to the stem. They were for the most part over 200 years old, and indeed I counted over 300 rings in one tree not 2 ft. in diameter. The altitude was about 8500 to 9500 ft., and therefore covered with deep snow for about eight months in the year. Many dead trees stood among the living ones, white and bleached, but showing uniformly that the fibre of the timber grows with a twist. This twist in the wood saves it from the lumbermen. In their opinion it would be a first-rate timber of great hardness and lasting quality, were it not for this peculiarity. The older trees have fine open crowns with perfectly straight stems, and no large branches. Where the bark has been bruised off from any cause, the sap-wood shows bright saffron yellow till healed over. I never saw this variety of Pinus contorta lower down than 8500 ft., and it grew immediately above the Abies magnified belt." HISTORY AND CULTIVATION P. contorta was discovered in 1825 by Douglas, near Cape Disappointment in Washington, at the mouth of the Columbia river ; but it does not appear to have been introduced until 1855, when it appeared in Lawson's Catalogue under the name P. Macintoshiana.1 Var. Murrayana was discovered in 1852 by Jeffrey, who sent specimens and seed, which reached Edinburgh in the following year. A further supply, which he collected on 2oth September 1853, on the summit of the Sierra Nevada in California, near Walker's Pass, arrived in 1854. The characters, which separate P. contorta and its variety Mrirrayana in the wild state, are not entirely preserved under cultivation. Trees labelled P. contorta in Kew Gardens, show vigorous branchlets with broad leaves ; and owing to the occurrence of spring shoots, the cones are often pseudo-lateral in position. These trees have furrowed bark, as in their native home, and are widely branched, with peculiarly curved branchlets.2 Trees of var. Murrayana in cultivation show a narrow pyramidal habit, with fine scaly bark ; but their leaves are scarcely as broad as in wild specimens. Coming from the interior of the continent, they are not so vigorous in growth as the typical form from the Pacific coast. At the nursery of the Arboretum at Tervueren in Belgium, there are batches of seedlings of both forms, those of typical contorta having vigorous shoots with short needles, those of var. Murrayana with shorter shoots and longer bright green needles. (A. H.) The finest specimens of var. Murrayana which we have seen, are growing in the pinetum at Westonbirt, where there are two trees narrowly pyramidal in habit 1 Cf. Masters, mjourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 647 (1904). Fowler, in Card. Chron., 1872, p. 1070, states that it was often grown then under this name ; but he is in error in staling that P. contorta was introduced by Douglas, as there is no record of this in Loudon, who first described the species. 2 This is well shown in Card. Chron. xix. 45, fig. 5 (1883), where a branch of typical contorta from Barren's nursery at Borrowash is figured. Engelmann, in Card. Chron. xix. 351, erroneously supposes, on account of the broad needles, that the figure represents var. Murrayana. Pinus 1139 and with scaly bark, 59 ft. by 4 ft. 7 in., and 50 ft. by 3 ft. 3 in. Both were bearing cones in 1909. In addition, there are about twenty trees, smaller in size, about 30 ft. high and twenty-five years old. At Westonbirt this species becomes yellow in foliage, and does not thrive on limestone. It is said to be a bad rooter, and easily blown down by the wind. At Merton Hall, Norfolk, there is a tree 47 ft. by 4 ft. 5 in. (Plate 292). At Bayfordbury, a tree with a straight stem and scaly bark, measured in 1905, 49 ft. high by 4 ft. 9 in. in girth. There are two specimens at Pampisford, Cambridge, drawn up in a wood, which measure about 40 ft. in height and 2 ft. in girth. At Highclere, where there are six trees, one growing in a plantation measures 50 ft. by 3 ft. 5 in., and one in the open is 40 ft. by 5 ft. There are also smaller trees at Nuneham Park, Oxford, and at Ochtertyre, Perthshire. The best we know in Scotland is at Castle Menzies, which I found in 1908 to be 51 ft. by 5 ft. ID in. A tree of typical contorta, planted in 1886 at Grayswood, Haslemere, as P. Bolanderi, measured, in 1906, 28 ft. by 3 ft. i in. Mayr considers var. Murrayana to be close to P. Banksiana, both from a botanical and a biological point of view, and recommends it for planting in cold situations on high-lying moors. When planted closely, it cleans its stem readily, and at Grafrath, near Munich, where it has been planted in a cold peaty soil, it has endured a minimum temperature of — 22° Fahr. But at Nürnberg, where 65,000 young trees were planted in a moist situation, they are reported to be tender to frost. At Grafrath this species grows even faster than P. Banksiana. The lodge-pole pine, introduced1 from Colorado into the Arnold Aboretum about 1877, has proved hardy in New England and produced cones ; but it suffers from fungi and gives no promise of permanent success. TIMBER 2 The wood of the lodge-pole pine is coarse in grain, full of knots ; and warps and cracks badly. It is soft, white, light, and not very strong, with little sapwood. It has been little used hitherto, except for mining purposes, the Amalgamated Copper Company having purchased, for example, fifty million feet (board measure) in 1906 from the Hellgate Reserve in Montana. It is coming into use, however, of late, for railway sleepers, for which it is suitable when creosoted, and the Burlington and Missouri Railway Company has begun to make extensive experiments in the pre servation of this timber. It is in considerable use for fencing, but cannot be used for posts or telegraph poles, as it rots quickly when placed in contact with the ground. (H. J. E.) 1 Sargent in Garden and Forest, x. 471 (1897). 2 Notes taken by forest officers, in the U.S. Bureau of Forestry, Washington, are here summarised. 1140 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS RESINOSA, RED PINE fîmes resinosa, Solander, in Alton, Hort. Kevu. iii. 367 (1789) ; Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2210 (1838); Sargent, Suva N. Amer. xi. 67, tt. 555, 556 (1897), and Trees N. Amer. 25 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 372 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (J3ûf.) \x\v. 614(1904); Mayr, Waldungen Nord-Amer. 211-214 (1890), and Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbäume, 346 (1906); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 48 (1909). Pinus sylvestris, Linnseus, var. norvegica, Castiglioni, Viag. Negli Statt Unitl, ii. 313 (1790). Pinus rubra, Michaux f., Hist. Arb. Amer. i. 45, t. i (1810) (not Miller). A tree, usually attaining in America a height of 70 to 90 ft., and a girth of 6 to 9 ft.; occasionally, under most favourable conditions, reaching 150 ft. high and 15 ft. in girth. Bark about an inch thick, divided by shallow fissures into broad flat scaly ridges. Young branchlets orange-brown, glabrous, with raised rounded imbricated pulvini, which persist as rough protuberances on the older branchlets, from which the leaves have fallen. Buds elongated, conical, pale-brown, \ to f in. long, coated partly with white resin, with a few of the appressed scales free at their acuminate tips. Leaves in pairs, deciduous in the fourth year, densely crowded on the branchlets, forming cup-like tufts at their apices, more or less spreading below, 5 to 6 in. long, dark green, shining, soft and flexible, sharp-pointed, serrulate, obscurely stomatic on the inner and outer surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath f in. long. Cones1 sub-terminal, solitary or in pairs, sub-sessile, spreading, ovoid-conic, about 2 in. long, light brown, shining ; scales f in. long, \ in. wide ; apophysis thickened, rhomboidal, with a transverse ridge, and a central depression, in which lies the rounded shining dark brown unarmed umbo. Seed ovoid, compressed, mottled brown, about \ in. long ; wing pale brown, f in. long ; cotyledons six or seven. This species is only liable to be confused with P. Laricio, which it resembles in the branchlets and general appearance of the foliage ; but is readily distinguished by the long basal sheaths of the leaves, the resin-canals of the latter being marginal and not median as in P. Laricio. DISTRIBUTION The red pine is the representative of P. sylvestris in Canada, and the northern border of the United States, where it is often called " Norway Pine," its northern limit extending from Lake St. John in Quebec, lat. 48°, westwards through central Ottawa to the southern end of Lake Winnipeg. In Quebec it forms thick groves on sandy and gravelly hills, and the forests still uncut contain an immense quantity of lumber of this species.2 On dry ridges near Toronto, Elwes saw trees over 90 ft. high, with clean stems to 50 or 60 ft. 1 The cones in falling, as I have observed in Minnesota and on cultivated trees at Bayfordbury, leave some of the basal scales and the short stalk on the branchlet. 2 J. C. Langelier, in Canadian Forestry Association, Sixth Ann. Refait, 69 (1905), estimates the timber of this pine still standing in Quebec, at 7500 million feet board measure. Pinus 1141 The tree extends southwards through Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine,1 New Hampshire, and Vermont, becoming very rare and local in Massachusetts, and reaching its most southern limit in the mountains of Chester County, Pennsylvania. In New Hampshire2 it occurs mainly in the low sandy country in the Saco river basin, where it either grows pure or in mixture with P. Strobus. In the Pisgah forest, near Hinsdale, in this state, I saw in 1906 a few trees growing on rocky ridges, one of which measured 94 ft. by 7^ ft. It extends westwards, through north-eastern Ohio, north of Cleveland ; and in central Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and north-eastern Minnesota, attains its greatest abundance and largest size. In northern Wisconsin,3 it grows mixed with P. Strobus on loamy sands ; and either pure or mixed with P. Banksiana, occupies the poorer lands, which are known as pine barrens. It is occasionally met with on clay soils on the slopes along Lake Superior. It grows rapidly when young, about as fast as P. Strobus up to the age of 100 years ; but afterwards increases very slowly in diameter. In the Cass Lake Forest Reserve in Minnesota, it occurs in similar situations, and is the timber chiefly valued for beams, that of P. Strobus being almost entirely used for indoor finish. P. resinosa, in pure stands in this state, has very straight stems, free of branches to a great height. Tables that I obtained in Washington show that in Itasca County, Minnesota, and in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, trees occur 120 ft. in height and 30 in. in diameter ; and at 200 years old, they average 26 in. in diameter. This species is very intolerant of shade at all ages ; and in America,4 where it is occasionally planted, is either used pure, or in mixture with P. Strobus. Measure ments made of plantations near Lake Winnepesaukee in New Hampshire, show that at twenty-seven years old the red pine averages 35 ft. high, and is taller than white pine of the same age. (A. H.) Bailey and Jack in a paper " In the Woods of New Brunswick,"5 say of this pine that lumbermen recognise two varieties, which they call "Sapling" and "Old Red Pine." The former has an inferior timber, which, however, was largely used in Maine for hogshead heading. The latter, nearly extinct in 1887, sometimes attained a height of 90 ft., and a diameter of 3 ft., clean to 40 or 50 ft. up. The wood is strong and durable, resembling that of pitch pine, but with less resin, and was formerly largely employed for the decking of vessels and for beams, having a fine compact grain with few knots. It grew best on dry and sandy soil, in the granite boulder country fifty miles north of St. Andrews, and also on the Tobique river, where in some places the trees were so thick that there was hardly room to turn a sled between the stumps. In Canadian Forestry Journal, 1905, p. 172, two illustrations are given of a remarkable instance of a tree of this species, from which a ring of bark i ft. wide was removed all round the tree nine years previously. The tree was still alive, 1 It is common in Maine, generally on dry ridges, but in Greenbush and Passadumkeag grows abundantly on peat bog with black spruce. Dame and Brooks, Trees of New England, 10 (1902). 2 Chittenden, Forest Conditions of New Hampshire, U.S. forestry Bulletin No. 5S> P- 54 (I9°5)- 3 Roth, in Wisconsin Geol. Survey Bull. No. i, Forestry Conditions of Noithem IVisconsin, 20, 67 (1898). 4 U.S. Forest Service Circ. 60 (1907). 6 Trans. Scot. Arb. Soc. xi. n (1887). 1142- The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland and had made an increase in girth of 6 in. above the place where it was girdled. Mr. A. Knechtel, at that time forester to the New York Forest, Fish, and Game Commission, found this tree close to the road from Paul Smith's to M'Colloms' in the Adirondack mountains, and gave the dimensions as follows :— Height, 30 ft. ; diameter of girdled part, 5 ft. 3 in. ; ditto, just below the girdle, 6 ft. 4 in. ; ditto, just above, 8 ft. 3 in. Mr. Knechtel writes me on May 10, 1909, that the tree was still alive when he last saw it in October 1908, and explains the fact as follows :—" The plant food ascends the tree through its interior ; the elaborated material descends between wood and bark. Since there is no bark at the girdle, it does not cross it. Hence the tree grows above the girdle and not below it." CULTIVATION It was introducedJ by Hugh, Duke of Northumberland, as long ago as 1756; but it seems unable to live long or to attain timber size in any part of this country. Lambert says that in 1804 he found it in a flourishing state at Pains Hill, at Caen Wood (in a small island), and at Syon, where the first trees were planted, yet from their size he concluded that it would not produce valuable timber. At White Knights a number of trees were planted by the Marquess of Blandford about the end of the eighteenth century, raised by Loddiges from seeds received from America, and some of them existed in Loudon's time. But at these places none are now living ; and the only trees we have seen are two specimens at Bayfordbury, planted in 1851, one of which is 54 ft. high and 5 ft. 3 in. in girth, and the other 50 ft. by 3 ft. 10 in. ; two trees at Dropmore, 68 ft. by 4 ft. 5 in., and 62 ft. by 4 ft. 3 in. in 1909 ; and one or two small trees at Kew. In my nursery at Colesborne small imported trees closely resemble the Austrian pine, but are far less vigorous in growth, and have been gradually dying ever since I had them. TIMBER The timber of this tree was at one time imported to a considerable extent, and according to Laslett was then known as red pine, and when straight and clean enough for masts was considered superior to the Riga and Dantzic pines for that purpose. Macoun says that it is neither so tall nor so large as the white pine (P. Strobus), and that though the wood is much harder, stronger, more elastic and resinous, is often not separated in commerce from the wood ~ of that species. It is valuable for piles, masts, and spars, and though formerly worth more than white pine, is not nearly so abundant in Canada. Mr. Weale writes as follows :—" Canadian red pine (Pinus resinosa) is produced in Canada generally, but not largely imported into this country owing to the com petition of the Baltic Pinus sylvestris. It is harder and not so easily worked as yellow pine (Pinus Strobus), and not so hard as pitch pine (Pinus palustris). For 1 Alton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367 (1789). a Dr. II. T. Bovey, in Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, xii. 3, p. II (1894), gives the results of tests on the comparatiYe strength of red pine, white pine, and Douglas fir. Pinus H43 work that needs much application of the tool the yellow pine is therefore preferred. On the other hand, where long lengths, hardness, and durability are required, con sumers employ the pitch pine. The Canadian red pine in consequence does not find the ready market in Great Britain it deserves." Mayr gives a comparison between the wood of a tree of this species felled in Dakota and a tree of P. sylvestris felled in Bavaria ; the latter had heavier wood with less sapwood, but contained a less percentage of resin. (H. J. E.) PINUS THUNBERGII, JAPANESE BLACK PINE Pinus Thunbergii, Parlatore, in DC., Prod. xvi. 2, p. 388(1868); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Sot.) xviii. 504 (1881), xxvi. 552 (1902), and xxxv. 629 (1904), and in Gard. Ckron. xxiii. 344, fig. 63 (1885); Mayr, Abiet. jap. Reiches, 69, t. v. f. 16, and t. vii. f. i (1890), and Fremdländ. Wald- u. Parkbaume, 350 (1906); Shirasawa, Icon. Forest. Japon, text ii, t. i. ff. 15-29 (1899); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferœ, 383 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 55 (1909). Pinus Massoniana, Siebold et Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 24, t. 113 (1844) (not Lambert). A tree, attaining in Japan 130 ft. in height and 20 ft. in girth. Bark greyish brown, deeply fissured. Young branchlets glabrous, brown, with slightly raised pulvini, bearing at their apices long lanceolate-acuminate fimbriated scale-leaves, persisting during the first year, and leaving, when they fall, transverse projecting ridges, roughening the older branchlets. Buds ovoid, cuspidate, \ to \ in. long, greyish white ; scales appressed and matted together by their fimbriated edges, and ending in long subulate points. Leaves in pairs, persistent for three years, densely crowded on the branchlets, more or less spreading, 3 to 4 in. long, rigid, twisted half a turn, so that the apices of the two leaves in each cluster face each other by their outer surfaces, serrulate, ending in a spine-like cartilaginous point, marked with numerous stomatic lines on both surfaces ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath ^ in. long, ending above in two long filaments. Cones sub-terminal, spreading, clustered, on short stalks, ovoid-conic, about 2^ in. long ; scales oblong-cuneate, thin, concave laterally, with the concealed part dark reddish brown on the outer and pale brown on the inner surface ; apophysis thickened, rhomboidal, shining brown, upper edge irregular, depressed in the centre, with numerous radial lines, transverse ridge slightly marked, umbo reddish brown or white with resin, armed with a minute, often rudimentary prickle. Seed greyish or brown, mottled with black, -£ to \ in. long ; wing narrow, pale brown, about f in. long. This species, which is the representative of P. Laricio in Japan, is readily distinguished by its remarkable white buds and rigid needles. The long filaments of the basal sheaths are peculiar to this species and P. densiflora. Mayr describes ten varieties which are cultivated in Japanese gardens. In var. monophylla the two leaves in the cluster coalesce. Forms of peculiar habit are known, globose or pendulous, or with twisted stems. Var. aurea, in which the 1144 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland leaves assume a golden yellow colour during winter, and var. variegata, in which the leaves are marked with one or two transverse yellow bands about the middle, were introduced1 into Kew Gardens in 1897. According to Mayr, this species forms hybrids with P. densiflora. (A. H.) DISTRIBUTION This species is restricted to Japan,2 where, according to Shirasawa and Mayr, it is only known in the wild state on the eastern sea-coast, from Kiusiu and Shikoku to the northern part of Hondo. On account of the dark grey bark, uniform in colour to the top of the tree, it is usually called kuro-matsu or black pine by the Japanese. Commonly forming a stout trunk, with irregular wide-spreading strong branches, it is also termed o-matsu, or male pine, in contradistinction to P. densißora, which, from its more slender stem and more graceful appearance, is named female pine. Varied and picturesque in appearance, the black pine is frequently depicted by Japanese artists. It is one of the trees which has been planted from a very early period in gardens and about temples. The most celebrated tree of the species grows on the shore of Lake Biwa at Karasaki, which is easily reached in two hours from Kioto, and is well worth a visit. It is certainly a remarkable tree, though nothing like so large as stated in Murray's Handbook to Japan (i9O3).3 The correct measurement, as taken by myself, is as follows :—Girth at ground, 20 ft. ; at 5 ft., where a very large limb is already thrown off, 29 ft. The largest limbs are about 12 ft. each in girth, and the main trunk above them about 20 ft. high. The highest branch that I could find on the tree is not over 50 ft. from the ground, but the spread is astonishing. As nearly as I could follow the extremities of the branches, they cover an area 180 paces round, and though the tree is decayed in places and is said to be a thousand years old, it is full of foliage and had many cones which bear fertile seeds. Another famous tree at the Naniwaga tea-house in Osaka, seen by Sie bold, had the branches artificially extended, and formed a circuit of 135 paces. This pine is also largely planted for timber in Japan, and is of great service near the sea-coast for fixing the dunes and for shelter belts. It will grow in the poorest soil, but then remains dwarf and of no value unless planted wide apart. On good 1 Card. Chron. xxi. 250 (1897). These varieties cannot now be found. 2 A pine, widely spread in the mountains of northern Korea, and of the Manchurian provinces, S. Ussuri, Kirin, and Mukden, has long been confused with P. Thunbergii, and has only lately been accurately described as a distinct species— Pinusßtnebris, Komarov, Flora Manshuria, \. 177 (1901). The leaves of this species differ in having marginal resin-canals ; and the buds are reddish, ovoid, short-pointed, with appressed scales. The cones, similar in size to those of P. Tfumtergii, differ in the greyish apophyses of the scales, each of which has an elevated timbo, ending in an inflexed short point. The seeds are shining dark brown, with short broad wings. This pine resembles in stature P. sylvestris, but has ashy grey coloured bark. It is often planted in Korea and Manchuria, and in the vicinity of Peking, around temples and tombs ; but has not yet been introduced into this country. It is erroneously referred to P. Thunbergii by Masters a\Journ. Linn. Soc. (-fttf.)xxvi. 553 (1902). The specimens from Yunnan and eastern Szechwan referred to P. TÂun6ergiibyFra.nchet,inJi>nrri. de Bot. xiii. 253 (1899), are certainly iiot this species.—(A. H.) s A photograph of this remarkable specimen, sent by Sir Thomas Ilanbury, who considered it to be P. densiflora, is reproduced in Gard. Chron. xv. 366, fig. 44 (1894). Another remarkable pine, either P. Thunbergii or P. densiflora, is figured in Gard. Chron. xv. 140, fig. 15 (1894). This stands in the Kinkakuji monastery in Kioto, and is trained to repre sent a junk with a mast and sail. Cf. Kent, Veitch's Man. Com/era, 385, fig. (1900). Pinus soils it attains enormous dimensions, Mayr recording a tree 140 ft. in height and 11 ft. in girth. The timber is difficult to work, and inferior in quality to that of P. densißora, but is superior for firewood and yields resin. CULTIVATION P. Thunbergii was introduced into Holland by Siebold in 1855, and into England by J. Gould Veitch in 1861. It is often seen in private collections and botanic gardens, as at Kew, Glasnevin, and Bayfordbury ; but nowhere has attained con siderable dimensions, the finest specimen being one at Dropmore, planted in 1861, which was 52 ft. high by 6 ft. in girth in 1909. There are two trees at Eastnor Castle, the larger of which is 48 ft. by 5 ft., and the smaller 42 ft. by 3 ft. 5 in. Another at Grayswood, near Haslemere, planted in 1881, is a wide-spreading tree, 39 ft. in height and 4 ft. 3 in. girth in 1906. It gives little promise of being a useful tree for planters, though it might be tried near the sea-coast. Lord de Saumarez wrote in 1897 to Kew that he had found this species invaluable for planting in Guernsey on the most exposed points close to the sea, where all other pines, including P. Pinaster, had failed. In 1909, trees planted twenty years had attained 25 ft. in height. At Grafrath, near Munich, it is slow in growth and much injured by snow, a tree twenty-five years old being only 13 ft. high. In New England it is perfectly hardy. (H. J. E.) u CUPRESSUS Cupressus,1 Linnaeus, Gen. PL 294 (1737); Stark, in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxvii. 651 (1876); Bentham et Hooker, Gen. PI. iii. 427 (1880); Masters, \n Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxx. 18 (1893), and xxxi. 312-363 (1896). Chamcecyparis, Spach, Hist. Feg. xi. 329 (1842). Retinispora? Siebold et Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 36 (1844). Tfmya, section Chamœcyparis, Bentham et Hooker, Gen. PL iii. 427 (1880). EVERGREEN trees, or rarely shrubs, belonging to the division Cupressineae of the order Coniferae. Bark3 usually divided into ridges, and separating on the surface into loose or appressed scales. Branches, ascending or spreading, much ramified, and terminating in so-called " branchlet systems " or " herbaceous shoots," which are green in colour, two- or three-pinnately divided, and covered with scale-like leaves ; most of the branchlet systems4 are deciduous in the third or fourth year, a few developing by their main axes into permanent branches. Ultimate branchlets slender, quadrangular or flattened. Leaves on adult trees, minute, more or less coalesced with the axes, ovate, with spreading or appressed tips, in four rows, in opposite decussate pairs, around the branchlets ; either (a) all uniform in size and shape, or (l>) of two kinds, a flattened pair on the front and back of the branch- let, and a lateral conduplicate pair. On vigorous leading shoots and on seedling plants the leaves are needle-shaped or linear-lanceolate, spreading, and uniform in four ranks. In certain horticultural varieties, formerly considered to be species of a distinct genus, Retinispora, the foliage either resembles that of seedling plants or is intermediate in character between the primordial and the adult foliage. Flowers monoecious, terminal, solitary, the two sexes on separate branches. Staminate flowers cylindrical, composed of numerous decussate stamens, with short filaments, enlarged into ovate connectives bearing two to six pendulous globose anther-cells. Pistillate flowers, composed of decussate peltate scales, in which no distinction between the " ovuliferous scale " and the " cover-scale " or " bract " is apparent, continuous in series with the leaves at the end of the branchlet, and 1 We are indebted to Mr. Cecil Hanbury for a fine set of specimens, sent by Mr. Berger from La Mortola on the Italian Riviera, and to Mr. Flahault for a set of all the species cultivated at Montpellier. 2 This name was first applied to the Japanese species, which have conspicuous resin-vesicles on their seeds. (C. Lawsotiiana, discovered afterwards, has the same character.) It is derived frsm prirlvr], resin, and airopa, seed. Subsequently it was wrongly spelled Retinospora, and was made to comprise the juvenile forms of Cupressus and Thuya. 3 The bark of C. Lawsoniana, q.v., differs remarkably on old trees from that of all the other species. * A "branchlet system" arises from a bud, and forms in the first year an axis and secondary lateral branchlets; in the second year tertiary branchlets are developed. The branchlet system usually falls off in October of the third year, but in certain species the fall is in the second or in the fourth year ; in the latter case the tertiary branchlets develop another set of branchlets. II46 Cupressus 1147 bearing either (a) in one row, two to five, or (l>) in several rows, numerous erect urceolate ovules. Fruit, a globose cone, composed of four to fourteen woody peltate scales, abruptly dilated at the apex, and bearing in the centre of the outer surface a mucro, boss, or knob. Seeds erect on the base of the scale, acutely angled, com pressed or rounded, with two thin lateral wings. The genus consists of about fifteen species,1 widely distributed throughout the warm temperate region of the northern hemisphere ; and is divided into two sections, which are by many authors considered to be two distinct genera. The only constant difference between the sections appears to lie in the margin of the leaves. The different periods of ripening of the cones, the number of seeds on each scale, and the flattened or tetragonal branchlets, are too variable to form any real base of distinc tion. Penhallow2 points out that while the microscopic structure of the wood of Cupressus and Thïiya is distinct, there is no difference in the wood of Cupressus and Chamcecyparis ; and considers that the latter must disappear as a genus. About fourteen species are in cultivation, which are distinguishable as follows :— I. EU-CUPRESSUS. Leaves, fringed with a narrow thin translucent serrated border,3 either uniform in four ranks, or dimorphic with conduplicate lateral pairs and flattened facial pairs. Branchlet systems either flattened with their pinnae in one plane, or arising at varying angles with their pinnae in several planes. Cones large,4 usually | in. or more in diameter, ripening in the second year. Seeds,4 usually six to twenty on each scale, in several rows. Cotyledons two to five. A. Branchlet-systems flattened -with the pinnœ in one plane. * Leaves appressed. 1. Cupressus torulosa, Don. Western Himalayas. Seep. 1158. Branchlets equal-sided. Leaves obtuse, uniform in four ranks. Cones, £ in., globose or ellipsoid, on short usually curved stalks; scales eight or ten, external surface depressed, with a minute process. Seeds six to eight on each scale. 2. Cupressusfunebris, Endlicher. China. Seep. 1162. Branchlets compressed. Leaves dimorphic, non-glandular, with a mucronate scarcely spreading apex. Cones/ £ in., globose, on long slender stalks ; scales eight, external surface not depressed, with a minute process. Seeds three to five on each scale. 2A. C^^pressus lusitanica, Miller, var. Benthami, Carrière. Mexico. See p. n77- Branchlets compressed. Leaves dimorphic, usually with a depressed circular gland, apices mucronate and spreading. Cones and seeds as in C. lusitanica. 1 Dacrydium FraMini, Hooker, the Huon pine, a native of Tasmania, which is occasionally cultivated in the west of Scotland and in Cornwall, is frequently mistaken for a cypress. On close examination the leaves, winch are dotted over wrth white stomata, will be seen to be spirally arranged, and not in opposite decussate paurs, as m Cufressus. 2 In Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, ii. § 4. P- 43 (1896). 3 This narrow serrated border can only be seen with a lens of considerable magmfymg power. 4 C. 'funebris is exceptional in its small cones with few seeds on each scale, and is a hnk between the two sections. 1148 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland ** Leaves spreading. 3. Cupressus cashmeriana, Royle. Himalayas. Seep. 1161. Branchlets compressed. Leaves glaucous-blue, widely spreading above their decurrent base, subulate, with a mucronate apex. Cones, ^ in., ellipsoidal ; scales ten, outer surface depressed, with a minute reflexed process. Seeds ten on each scale. B. Branchlet-systems arising at varying angles, with their pinnœ not in one plane. * Leaves -with a conspicuous circular pit, exuding resin. 4. Cupressus Macnabiana, Murray. California. See p. 1174. Branchlets compressed. Leaves dimorphic, thick, obtuse. Cones globose, ^ to f in., reddish brown, often glaucous ; scales six, with prominent processes, those on the upper scales thickened, conical, and incurved. Seeds ten to twelve on each scale. 5. Ciipressus arizonica, Greene. Arizona, Northern Mexico. Seep. 1183. Branchlets equal-sided, glaucous in native specimens. Leaves uniform, acute or acuminate. Cones, \ to f in., glaucous at least in the first year ; scales six to eight, with the external surface not depressed, and a prominent process. Seeds eight to ten on each scale. ** Leaves not conspicuously glandular. t Branchlets equal-sided. Leaves uniform in four ranks, closely appressed. 6. Cupressus sempervirens, Linnseus. Mediterranean region. Seep. 1151. Leaves ^ in. long, obtuse. Cones sub-globose or ovoid, i to i^ in., pale brown or greyish ; scales eight to fourteen, either with a central pit overhung by a minute process, or pyramidale ending in a mucronate process. Seeds twenty on each scale. 7. Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartweg. Monterey (California) and Guadalupe Island. See p. 1165. Leaves ^6 in. long, obtuse, swollen towards the tip. Cones ellipsoid, i to i^ in. long, shining reddish brown ; scales eight to fourteen, with a central depression overhung by a thin-edged ridge-like arcuate process. Seeds twenty on each scale. 8. Cupressus Goveniana, Gordon. California. Seep. 1171. Leaves ^s to ^0 in. long, swollen near the apex, which is acute and often mucronate. Cones globose, ^ to f in., shining dark brown ; scales six to ten, projecting in the centre, which bears a prominent process. Seeds ten to twelve on each scale. J Branchlets compressed. Leaves nearly uniform in four ranks, free at the tips. 9. Cupressiis lusitanica, Miller. Mexico, long cultivated in Portugal. See p. 1176. Leaves T]c in. long, acuminate, often mucronate. Cones remarkably glaucous, at least in the first year, globose, \ in., on straight stalks ; scales eight, with a prominent process. Seeds eight to ten on each scale. Cupressus 1149 II. CHAM^ECYPARIS. Leaves entire in margin ; always dimorphic, lateral pair conduplicate, facial pair flattened. Branchlet systems usually flattened, with their pinnae in one plane. Cones small, not more that \ in. in diameter, usually ripening * in one year. Seeds one to five on each scale, in one row. Cotyledons invariably two. A. Lateral leaves much larger than the dorsi-ventral leaves, longer than them on the main axes. 10. Cupressus obtusa, Koch. Japan, Formosa. Seep. 1185. Leaves obtuse, non-glandular. Under surface of the foliage marked with x-shaped clearly -defined white markings. Cones \ in., orange-brown ; scales eight or ten. Seeds one to five on each scale, with large conspicuous resin- vesicles. 11. Cupressus Lawsoniana, Murray. South-western Oregon, north-western California. See p. 1200. Leaves acute, usually glandular. Under surface of the foliage green or with ill-defined white markings. Cones J in., glaucous ; scales eight. Seeds two to five on each scale, with large conspicuous resin-vesicles. B. Lateral leaves not much larger than the dorsi-ventral leaves, equal in length with them on the main axes. 12. Cupressus pisif era, Koch. Japan. Seep. 1190. Leaves acuminate, with spreading often mucronate tips, obscurely glandular. Lower surface of the foliage with white markings in hollows of the leaves. Cones \ in., dark brown ; scales ten, wrinkled and deeply depressed in the centre. Seeds one to two on each scale, with large conspicuous resin-vesicles. 13. Cupressus nootkatensis, Don. Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Northern Oregon. See p. 1194. Leaves acute, mucronate, green, without any white markings. Cones ripening in the second year, \ in., plum-coloured ; scales four or six, with prominent pointed processes. Seeds two on each scale, without resin- vesicles. 14. Cupressus thyoides, Linnaeus. Near the sea from southern Maine to northern Florida, and westward to Mississippi. See p. 1210. Leaves acute, green, without white markings, with a conspicuous raised gland on the back. Cones -J in., glaucous ; scales six. Seeds one to two on each scale, without resin-vesicles. The following species are not yet introduced, and are imperfectly known. CUPRESSUS FORMOSENSIS, Henry. Chamœcyparis formosensis, Matsumura, in Tokyo Bot. Mag. xv. 137 (ic01); Matsumura and Hayata, Enum. PI. formas. 402 (1906); Beissner, in Mitt. deut. dendr. Ges. 1907, p. 115; Hayata, mjourn. Coll. Sc. Tokyo, xxv. 208 (1908). 1 C. nootkatensis is an exception. Cf. p. 1196, note 4. 1150 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland This species, which occurs on Mount Morrison in Formosa, at 7000 to 10,000 feet altitude, appears to be allied to C. Lawsoniana, and is reported to attain an enormous size, Beissner having received from A. Unger of Yokohama a photograph of a tree said to be 72 feet in girth.1 There are herbarium specimens at Berlin, which I have not seen. It is described as having acute green leaves not marked with white lines as in C. pisifera ; and the cones are intermediate in size between those of that species and those of C. obtusa. No seeds of this remarkable species have as yet reached Europe. CUPRESSUS HODGINSII, Dunn, injourn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxviii. 367 (1908). Described ~ from specimens collected near Foochow, China, consisting of detached foliage and cones. The former resembles the foliage of young trees of Libocedrus macrolepis, in cultivation at Kew. The cones are very peculiar, resembling those of a cypress, but containing seeds with two very unequal wings, and indicate a new and interesting species, doubtfully referable to Cupressus. CUPRESSUS THURIFERA, Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth, Nov. Sp. et Gen. ii. 3 (1817); Masters, in Jotirn. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxi. 349, figs. 25-27 (1896) ; Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 230 (1900). Chamœcyparis thurifera, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 62 (1847). A rare species, recorded for three or four localities in Mexico, and doubtfully referable to Cupressus. There are cones in the Kew herbarium collected by Botteri3 at Orizaba which were attributed to this species by Dr. Masters. These cones are globose, composed of six non-peltate scales, decussately arranged, and fitting close together by their margins ; each scale bears the scars of attachment of one to three wingless seeds. Kent described this species from specimens, said to have been sent from La Mortola, but which cannot now be found in Messrs. Veitch's museum at Chelsea ; and Mr. A. Berger writes4 that no tree of this kind now exists at La Mortola. It is doubtful if this species was ever introduced, as Carrière5 states that the plant formerly grown under this name was a Biota ; and seeds of supposed C. thurifera, distributed in 1909, by the Dendrological Society of France, differed in no respect from those of C. lusitanica. (A. H.) 1 While these pages were finally going through the press, Mr. II. Clinton-Baker has shown me a photograph, taken by Mr. A. R. Firth, Consul at Tamsui, of an enormous tree of this species, growing on Mt. Ari, which measures 125 ft. in height, with a stem free of branches for 45 ft. and 67 ft. in girth. Capt. L. Clinton-Baker, R.N., has just brought home excellent specimens in fruit, and two living plants, which will be planted at Bayfordbury. 2 While these pages were finally going through the press, Mr. H. Clinton-Baker has received from Capt. Hodgins, excellent specimens in fruit. There are now four living [plants at Bayfordbury, two sent in 1909, and two brought home in April 1910, by Capt. L. Clinton-Baker, R.N. 3 Lindley, in Gard. Chron. 1856, p. 772, states that Botteri sent cones of a cultivated plant, from which very glaucous seedlings like a Thuya were raised in the Chiswick Garden. 4 Mr. Berger states that two plants formerly cultivated under this name at La Mortola turned out to be Cupressus sempcrvirens and C. lusitanica, var. Benthami. 6 Conif. 135 (1867). Cupressus CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS, MEDITERRANEAN CYPRESS Cupressus sempervirens, Linnœus, Sp. PL 1002 (1753) ; Pallas, FI. Ross, I. pt. ii. p. n, t. 53 (1784) ; Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2464 (1838); Boissier, FL Orient, v. 705 (1881); Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 645 (1888); Masters, in Jottrn. Linn. Soc. (£ot.) xxxi. 325 (1896); Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferce, 228 (1900); Gamble, Indian Timbers, 697 (1902); Kirchner, Lebengesch. Bliitenpfl. Mitteleurop. i. 280 (1906). Cupressus Jwrizontalis, Miller, Diet. No. 2 (1768), sphalmate " Jiorizontalibus." Cupressus lugubris, Salisbury, Prod. 397 (1796). Cupressus fastigiata, De Candolle, Flor. Franc, vi. 336 (1815). Cupressuspatula, Spadoni, Xilog. i. 193 (1826). Cupressus Tournefortii, Audibert, Cat. (1834). A tree, attaining in the Mediterranean region an immense age and size. Bark very thin, even on old trees, smooth or slightly fissured longitudinally, greyish brown, with a light brown cortex. Branchlet systems, alternate, not distichous, spreading irregularly at varying angles, tri-pinnate, with the pinnae not disposed in one plane. Ultimate branchlets tetragonal, equal-sided, •£$ in. in diameter. Leaves, in four equal ranks, 2'0 in. long, rhomboid, obtuse, closely appressed, often marked with a longitudinal furrow. Staminate flowers, yellow, J- in. long ; stamens about ten pairs, with sub- orbicular dentate connectives, each of which bears four or more anther-cells. Female flowers globose, % in. in diameter ; scales decussate, three to seven pairs, thick and fleshy with a thin edge, and bearing at the base about twenty urn-shaped ovules. Cones ripening in the winter of the first year or in the following spring, opening in the succeeding autumn by the separation of the scales at their edges, when the seed falls out ; on short stout curved stalks, sub-globose or ovoid, i to i^ in. in length, shining, pale brown or greyish ; scales eight to fourteen, very variable in form, either flattened with a central pit overhung by a minute rounded thin process, or pyramidale with a mucronate process. Seeds eight to twenty on each scale, J in. long, oblong, rounded or angled, without resin-vesicles ; wing very narrow. The seedling * has two opposite cotyledons, f in. long, linear, flattened, shining green below, and dull bluish green above with stomata. The primary leaves, ^ in. long, green and spreading, have stomata on their upper surface ; the first pair opposite and alternating with the cotyledons, and followed by a series of whorls of four, ultimately being replaced by decussate pairs of adult scale-like leaves. VARIETIES The Mediterranean cypress has been known to exist from the most ancient times in two forms. 1 Cf. Kirchner, op. cit. 281, 282. 1152, The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 1. Var. horizontaux, Gordon, Pinetum, 68 (1858). • Cupressus horizontalis, Miller, Diet. No. 2 (1768). Branches spreading, the tree assuming the habit of a cedar. This is the common form in the wild state. 2. Var. stricta, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 372 (1789). Var. pyramidalis, Nyman, Consp. 675 (1881). Var. fastigiata, Hansen, mjourn. Roy. Hort. Soc. xiv. 287 (1892). Cupressus pyramidalis, Targioni-Tozzetti, Oss. Bot. iii.-v. 53 (1808). Cupressus fastigiata, De Candolle, Fl. Franc, v. 336 (1815). Cupressus conoidea, Spadoni, Xilog. i. 189 (1826). Branches erect, nearly parallel to the stem, forming a tree of narrowly pyramidal outline. This is the form most commonly met with in cultivation. It is doubtful if the varieties, which depend upon the form of the fruit, though distinguished by Parlatore, can be maintained, as he admits that he observed on the same tree cones of different shapes, ovate-oblong, oblong, and globose, with both umbonate and umbilicate scales. The following may be mentioned, although it is extremely doubtful if it can be distinguished in cultivation. 3. Var. indica, Parlatore, in De Candolle, Prod. xvi. pt. ii. p. 469 (1868). Cupressus Whitleyana, Carrière, Conif. 128 (1855). Cupressus Doniana, Royleana, and australis, Koch, Dendrologie, II. pt. ii. p. 146 (1873) Habit of var. stricta, with globose cones and mucronate umbonate scales. This variety as well as the spreading form is cultivated in northern India. 4. Variegated and dwarf varieties, which we have not seen, are mentioned by Carrière. 5. Var. thujcsfolia, Knight and Perry, Syn. Conif. 19 (1850). A sub-variety of the upright cypress, in which the branchlet systems are regularly arranged in one plane. DISTRIBUTION This species is indigenous in the mountains of northern Persia, in Syria, Cilicia, Greece, and the islands of Rhodes, Crete, and Cyprus. Pliny believed that it was introduced from Crete into Italy. Humboldt considered the native home of the cypress to be in the mountains of Buseh, west of Herat, but so far as our present knowledge goes it is now a rare and always a planted tree in Afghanistan. Hehn's1 supposition that it was in ancient times imported from Persia into the Lebanon and Cyprus is without any foundation.2 Dr. Stapf informs me that this tree is truly wild in the Elburz mountains in northern Persia, where he saw it on rocky slopes opposite Mendjil and Rudbar. Buhse collected it on the sides of the Safed Rud valley. 1 Wanderings of Plants and Animals, 212. 3 Mouillefert, Essences Forestières, 402 (1903), identifies with this species some pieces of wood found at Carthage, which had been used for coffins by the Carthaginians about 500 B.c. At present the tree only exists in Algeria near houses and in gardens. Cupressus In Greece,1 it is now found wild on Mount Parnassus and forms woods between Messene and Kalamata in Peloponnesus. In Cyprus,2 the spreading form of the cypress, var. horizontalis, grows in a wild state throughout the northern range of mountains, which consist mainly of limestone, thriving luxuriantly up to the highest point, 3300 ft. above sea-level. There are no large trees now in the forests of this range, the best being about 35 ft. high and 5 ft. in girth, since in former times, whenever a tree was large enough to make a rafter it was cut by the villagers, and much damage was also done by forest fires. In the southern range, which is mainly composed of volcanic rocks, there are only a few isolated specimens, which ascend to 3500 ft. elevation. The fastigiate variety is commonly planted in gardens in the plains ; and the finest specimens are one at the Ayia Nicola church in the Famagusta district, 70 ft. high and 9|- ft. in girth ; another of the same height and 12 ft. in girth at the Chrysostomos monastery, Kyrenia district ; while a third at the Ayia Katerina mosque, in the Nicosia district, is 78 ft. by 7 ft. 3 in. Attempts to raise cypress from seed on Troodos at 5500 ft. elevation failed, as the plants were killed by the cold. According to Pliny,3 it grew in the White Mountains of Crete, being in great abundance on the very summits, from which the snow never departs. Evelyn4 states that a vast forest of this species in Crete was destroyed by a fire which raged from 1400 to 1407. Mr. A. Trevor Battye found the horizontal form wild in Crete at elevations of about 3000 ft., attaining about 50 ft. high, by 6 ft. in girth. A photograph taken by him in the entrance to the gorge from the plain of Omalu, shows a group of these trees. According to Boissier5it occurs on the Lebanon between 3500 and 5000 ft., and appears to have been collected in the wild state in northern Syria near Beila, and in the mountains of Cilicia. Post6 states that the upright variety is every where cultivated in the cemeteries in Syria under the name of Sam. The cypress has been carried by man both eastward and westward