The source of this uncorrected OCR text may be viewed in the DjVu format at: http://fax.libs.uga.edu/T825xB1xI5/ or http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/ugafax/T825xB1xI5/ THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION, DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED, BEIKG A CONCISE AND GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF THIS GRAND ENTERPRISE, COMMEMORATIVE OF THE First Centennarj of American Independence, INCLUDING History of the Centelmlal from Inception to Final Closing Ceremonies, Description of tie Principal Buildings, Foreign Pavilions, Booths and State Buildings, with their inter esting displays, Exhibits of resources and products of the Nations cf the World | the most ingenious devices in Machinery Hall, Woman's Work in Woman's Pavilion, Jttineralogical, Archaeological and Geological Collections from all States of the Union, the Wonders of the Swiss Watch Department, the Centennial Live Stock Exhibition, Memorial Parades and Anniversaries of various Orders, Great State Days, Awards to Exhibitors Foreign and American, and numerous other subjects showing the magnitude and character of the New World's Fair, and illustrating the best achievements of human genins, industry and skill from all lands and all peoples. THE WHOLE PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED. Prepared with Great Care frem Official Sources and Material gathered on the Ground, BY J. S. INGRAM. PUBLISHED BY H "CT B B .A. E, D JBiaOS., PHILADELPHIA, PA.; SPRINGFIELD, MASS.; CINCINNATI, O.; CHICAGO, ILL. K. D. THOMPSON & CO., ST. Louis, Mo. A. EOMAK & CO., SAN FBANCISOO, CAL. A. H. HOVEY, TORONTO, OUT. Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1876, by H:rrB3B^E,D BKOS., In tbe Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D, 0. PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. "XTEVER before in the history of mankind have the civil- -L^ ized nations contributed such a display of their peculiar treasures as has been seen during this year at the great Centen nial Exposition, which, for six months past, has daily drawn its tens of thousands of visitors from all parts of our own and other lands. Never before have the achievements of the indus trial arts, the fine arts, and the sciences generally, shone with such lustre as gilds this epoch of the nineteenth century. Being the fruits of prosperity and peace, and in our case certainly due in no small measure to the high civilization which our glorious institutions secure, they will be specially fliemorable to the American people. Appreciating in some measure these facts, and with a sense of the universal desire for a reliable work giving a true history and an illustrated description of this great Exhibition, we have labored earnestly to place before the public just such a volume as should fulfil their desire and command their approbation. In its preparation, therefore, regardless of the course pursued by other publishers, it has been our rigid purpose to conform to a popular presentation of only those things possessing novel or superior ^attractions, without the least partiality or slightest (5) 6 PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. pecuniary consideration, lest it should bias our author in the manner of treatment of special exhibits. We have also refrained from issuing this volume before the end of the Exhibition, in order that the history should be com plete and the grand closing ceremonies fitly included. Aware that books purporting to meet this prevalent want have been rushed upon the market long prior to the close of the Exhibition, we invite careful scrutiny as to completeness before purchasing. Trusting that our book shall approach to the ideal at which we have aimed, so nearly as at least to merit the patronage of a generous public, we submit it to their kind consideration. HUBBARD BROS. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. SKETCH OF WORLD'S EXHIBITIONS. .PAGE The Exhibitions of Imperial Eome—The International Fairs of the Mid dle Ages—The Fair of Nijni-Novgorod—The First French Exhibition of 1797—The Last Exhibition during the Napoleonic Empire—An International Jubilee—Prince Albert Struck the Key-note in 1849— The First London World's Fair of 1851—New York Exhibition of 1853—The Dublin Exhibition of 1853—The Paris Exposition of 1855—The Great International Exhibition at London of .1862—The Paris Exposition of 1867—The Vienna Exposition of 1873........... 21 CHAPTER II. PREPARATIONS FOR THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION—PLACES OF HISTORIC INTEREST IN PHILADELPHIA. The First Originator of the Idea—First Resolutions Introduced in Phila delphia Councils—Memorial Presented to Congress in January, 1871— List of United States Centennial Commissioners—Centennial Board of Finance—Location of Exhibition—Peculiar Claims of Philadelphia— Estimated Cost of Exhibition—Eatio Apportioned to each State—Ap propriations by Foreign Countries—Appointment of Board of Eevenue —Independence Hall—Carpenter's Hall—Old Swedes Church—Frank lin's Grave—University of Pennsylvania—United States Mint........ 41 CHAPTER III. OPENING CEREMONIES, MAY 10, 1876. May 10,1876—The Decorations in the City—The Opening of the Exhibi tion Gates—The President of the United States—His Military Escort— Arrival on the Grounds—The Scene around the Platform—The Distin guished Guests—Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil, and Empress— ' Bishop Simpson's Opening Prayer—Whittier's Centennial Hymn— Address by Mr. John Welsh—Speech of President Hawley—President Grant's Address—The Exhibition Declared Opened—Grand Procession through Buildings—The Corliss Engine get in Motion by General Grant...v.................................................... 73 7 CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. DESCRIPTION OP FAIRMOUNT PARK—PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS OP EXHIBITION. PAGE Extent of Fairraount Park—Water Works—Lincoln Monument—The Zoological Gardens—Location of the Exhibition Buildings—The Main Building—Machinery Hall—Agricultural Hall—Its Annexes—Live stock Exhibition Grounds—Horticultural Building—The Gem of the Exhibition Buildings—Memorial Hall—Its Galleries and Art Annex— —.Women's Pavilion—One Hundred and Sixty Smaller Buildings—State Buildings...................................................... 101 CHAPTER V. UNITED STATES EXHIBITS——GOVERNMENT BUILDING. Signal Service Bureau—Old Probabilities—How Weather Beports are Made—Light-House Service—Different Kinds of Lanterns—Fog Signals —Gatling Guns—Breech-loading Guns—Torpedoes—Ordnance Depart ment—Eifle-making Machinery in Operation—A Twenty-inch Bodman Gun—Geological Survey Exhibits—Pre-historic Mural Bemains—In teresting Arctic Eelics—Patent Office—The Printing Bureau—Centen nial-En velope-making Machine—Centennial Post-Office.............. 119 CHAPTER VI. UNITED STATES EXHIBITS—MACHINERY HALL. Sewing Machines—" The Little Wonder "—Bifling Gun Barrels—Type- Casting Machine—Process Described—Lockwood Envelope Machine— How Envelopes are Made—Envelope Gumming and Folding Process —Silk Twisting and Spooling Machines—Process of Spool Stamping— Grapple Dredging Machine—Gunpowder Pile Driver—Ferneries and Aquaria—Wall Paper Printing Press—Tailoring by Steam—A Stone Crusher for Eoad Metal.......................................... 157 CHAPTER VII. UNITED STATES EXHIBITS. Car Wheels—Nevada Quartz Mill—Diamond Stone Saw—Diamond Drill- Shingle Cutting and Sawing Machines—Brick-making Machines—The Process Described—Belting Exhibits—Mammoth Thirty-inch Double Belt—Type Casting and Setting Machine—How it was Operated—The Pomp Annex—Miniature Niagara Falls—Five Hundred Thousand Gallons of Water—Hydraulic Earn—Niagara Pump................ 191 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VEIL UNITED STATES EXHIBITS. PAGE Eotary Blowers—Bucket Plunge Steam Pnmp—The Little Water Witch —Noiseless Air Engine—Power Hammers—Locomotives—The first ever Bun in America, in 1833, on Exhibit—The Gatling Gun on Tripod —Gatling Gun for Naval Use—Campbell Printing Press—Gold Pen Exhibit—Hardware—Police Nippers and Clubs—Cutlery—Process of Needle-Making—Buckeye Mower and Eeaper—Dexter Carriage— General Washington's Carriage—Modern Plows—The Webster Plow— The Old Windmill—The Silsby Fire Engine........................ 214 CHAPTER IX. UNITED STATES EXHIBITS. Eotary Fise Engines—Fire Escapes—Chemical Fire Engines—Hoisting Apparatus—Combined Band Saw and Jig Saw—Scroll Saws—Moulding Machines—Veneer Chairs—Butland Marble—Terra-Cotta. Statuary and Vases—"Apollo Belvidere"—A Crystal Fountain Seventeen Feet High —Process of Manufacturing Glass—Stained Glass—Soda Water Foun tains—Magneto-Printing Telegraph Instrument—Automatic Printer— Electro-Magnetic Mallet—Burglar Alarm—Typographic Machine— The "Centennial" Organ—The Century Vase—The Brewery......... 263 CHAPTER X. UNITED STATES EXHIBITS. Ice Crushers—Centennial Photographic Co.—Combination Desk and Book Case—National and Empire Transportation Cos.—Iron-works—Hot Water Apparatus—Poughkeepsie and Point Bridges—St. Louis and Fairmount Bridges—Wood Carving by Women—Improved Flower Stand—The Complete Darner—Blast Furnace ^Charging Apparatus— Eubber Machinery—Automatic Alarm Gauges—" Plantation " Wagons —Farm Wagons................................................ 327 CHAPTER XI. UNITED STATES EXHIBITS. Stone Sawing Machines—Eailway and Horse Cars—Gas Works Charging Apparatus—Tobacco—A "Monitor" Cable Three Hundred Feet Long —Pacific Slope Exhibits—The Big Trees of California—The Great Seal of the State—Silk Cocoons—Jacquard Looms—The Process of Pattern Weaving—Needlework — Useful Inventions by Women— Coston Telegraphic Night Signals—Specimen of Wood Carving—"The American Soldier "—" The Minute Man of 1776 "—Eogers' Groups— "Battle of Gettysburg."........................................... 3o3 10 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII. EXHIBITS OF GEEAT BRITAIN. FAGK Portable Steam Cranes—Agricultural Locomotive Steam Engine—Steam Koad Eoller—Coal Cntting Machine—Self-Acting Eeader for Jacquard Loom—English Sewing Machines—Galloway Boilers — Iron Orna mental Pavilion—Whitby Jet—Cairngorms—Eailway Signals and Switches—"Illustrated London News"—"London Graphic"—Doulton Pottery Ware—Prometheus Vase—English Furniture Display—Elking- ton Silverware—Carriages........................................ 387 ' CHAPTER XIII. BRITISH ART EXHIBITS AND COLONIAL EXHIBITS. The Queen's Pictures—" Marriage of H. B. H. The Prince of Wales"— Frith's "Eailway Station"—"The Banqnet Scene from Macbeth"— Gibswn's " Venus"—Colossal Group of America—Canadian Furs—Edu cational Appliances—New South Wales Exhibits—The " Jackass," or Settler's Clock—Queensland—Tasmania—Australia—Gold and Silver Work—Bahama Islands—Bermudas—Jamaica—Eoyal Needlework... 417 CHAPTER XIV. THE GERMAN EXHIBITS. Eoyal Porcelain Manufactory—Germania Vase—Victoria Vase—Bronzes —Frederick the Great—Ivory Display—Cameos—Jewelry—Schwarzwald Clocks—Church Organ—Chemicals—Eau de Cologne—Bavarian Toys —Woollen and Silk Fabrics—Linen Goods—Cotton Manufactures— Krupp's Monster Gun—The Krupp Manufactory—Pyramid of Spiegel Iron—Book Trade—"The Bed Cross"—The Land of Lager—Statuary —Paintings—Stained Glass Window—Gas Motor or Engines......... 429 CHAPTER XV. FRANCE. The Bronzes—"Negro Snake Charmer"—Clocks and Salvers—Porcelain Vases—Limoges Faience Ware—Decorated Porcelain Vases—Forty- Thousand-Dollar Diamond Necklace—Altar Pieces—Liliputian Watches —Gobelin Tapestries—French Carriage — "Cynophore" Carriage— French Pnblic Works—Enamelled Ware—French Art Pavilion— Lyons Velvets and Silks—Laces—Burgundy and Champagne—Toilet Soaps—Stained Glass Windows—" Eizpah Guarding the Seven Sons of CONTENTS. 11 CHAPTER XVI. EXHIBITS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. FACK Jewelry—Collection of Sazikoff, the Court Jeweller—"Adoration of the Magi"—Bepousse' Work in Silver—AvchinikorPs Niello Work—Mala chite Mantel-piece, Value $6,560—Lapis-laznli Tables—Block of Bough Malachite—Chopin's Bronzes—Furs and Fur Goods—Embroidered Ecclesiastic Vestments—Heavy Ordnance—Exhibit of Bine-making Operations—Models of Bussian War Vessels—Mechanical Tools—Bus- eian Type-Writing Machine—Agricultural Exhibits—Educational Ap pliances—Art Gallery Exhibits................................... 470 CHAPTER XVII. EXHIBITS OF SOUTH AMERICAN REPUBLICS. Mass of Mexican Silver, weighing 4,000 pounds—Minerals from College of Mines—Mexican Onyxes—Specimens of Coal—Maguey Plant— Paintings—Peruvian Mummies—Silver Ore—Guano—Chilian Pavil ion—Collection of Silver Ores—Wines and Liquors—Model of Machine for Amalgamating Ores—Chili Bridges—Carved Crucifix—Argentine Exhibits—Combination Travelling Trunk—Lay Figures—Venezuela Coffee and Cotton Exhibits....................................... 486 CHAPTER XVIII. THE EXHIBITS OF BRAZIL. Description of Enclosure—Display of Birds—Brazilian Bugs—Native Gold and Diamonds—Furniture—Jewelled Decorations of Dom Pedro I.—Educational Display—Pyramids of Ornamental and Building Woods—Hundred-weights of Cigars—Pavilion made of Cotton—Coffee Exhibit—Spinning Silk from Cocoons—Process Illustrated—Statistics 'on the Industry—Martial Display in Machinery Hall—Models of Steam Engines—Models of Men-of-war—Brazilian Mint—Caoutchouc— Herva Mate—Statuary—Paintings................................ 500 CHAPTER XIX. MINOE EUROPEAN STATES. Belgian Carved Pulpit—Valenciennes Laces—Magnificent Silk and Lace Dresses—Belgian Glass Exhibit—Woollen Goods—Sewing Machines- Electric Motor—Model School-house—Heavy Iron Forgings—Bock Drilling Machines—Corliss Engine—Landscapes—Historical Paint ings—Bronze Groups—Bohemian Glass—Meerschaum Pipes—Amber Chandelier—Largest Opal in the World—Spanish Exhibits—Cuban £-• 12 CONTENTS. CONTENTS. 13 and Havana Cigars—Italian Wood Carvings—Florentine Mosaics— Cameos—Twenty Thousand Dollar Ruby Necklace—The Castellani Collection—Marble Statuettes—Collection lent by Pope Pius IX...... 511 CHAPTEE XX. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. Wax Groups of Figures — Old Norse Galley—Silver Filigree Orna ments—Norwegian Iron and Steel Display—Palissy and Parian Ware— Porcelaiu Stove—Rich Furs—Lay Figures of Swedish Officers—Swedish School-house—Engineering Works of Netherlands—Lacquered Work on Wood—Exhibits of Dutch Colonies—Portuguese Manufactures—Pot tery and Porcelain Ware—Beautiful Wood Carving—Port and Madeira Wines—Swiss Watches—Smallest Watch in the World—Danish Ex hibits—Turkey Carpets—Attar of Eoses—Turkish Tobacco—Bazaar and Cafe.......................................................... 528 CHAPTEE XXI. EXHIBITS FROM AFKICA. Egyptian Section—Beautiful Gold Coffee Set—The Khedive's Horse Trappings—Antiquities and Curiosities—2,000 Samples of Cotton— Liberian Exhibit—African Youths in this Country—Display of the Orange Free State—Manufactures of Cape Colony—The Ostrich Incu bator—Tunis Steel Armor—The Bey's Mosaic—Turkish Pipes and Tobacco—Tunisian Bazaar aud Cafd—How to make Coffee............ 546 CHAPTEE XXII. JAPANESE EXHIBITS. Description of Japanese Section—Large Bronze Fountain—Bronze Vases—Porcelain and Pottery—A Pair of Vases ten feet high—Japan ese Porcelain Figures—Lacquered Ware—A Nest of Jewel Cabinets— Rock Crystals—Wooden and Basket Ware—Japanese Screens—Educa tional Appliances—Japanese Hotel—Japanese Bazaar—Chinese De partment—Hu Quang Yung—Enamelled and "Cloisonne" Ware— Wood and Ivory Carvings—Joss Houses—Chinese Pagoda—Hollow Ivory Balls—Lacquer Ware—Bamboo Articles—Tea Exhibit—Over Fifty Varieties—Rice Paper—Jade Stones......................... 559 CHAPTEE XXIII. ASIATIC EXHIBITS. Collection from the India Museum—Laterite Gold Ore Specimens—Coal Field of India—Salt Deposits—Pottery — Tusseh Silk —The Silk Worms—War Weapons in Use by the Natives—Wooden and Basket Ware—^Papier-Mache'Articles—Lacquered Ware—Process Described— Delhi Miniatures—Art Department—Dye Woods—Specimens of Indian Tea—Coffee from Ceylon—Siamese Exhibits........................ 586 CHAPTEE XXIV. STATE BUILDINGS AND STATE DAYS. New Hampshire—Vermont—Vermont Day—Massachusetts—Her State Day—Rhode Island—The State Celebration—Connecticut—Her Cen tennial Jubilee—New York—New York Day—New Jersey—" Jersey Day "—Pennsylvania—The Greatest of All State Days—Maryland— Delaware—West Virginia—District of Columbia—Combined Centen nial Celebration—Grand Tournament—Mississippi—Ohio—Ohio Day— Indiana—Illinois—Michigan—Wisconsin—Iowa — Reunion of Citi zens—Missouri—Arkausas—Kansas and Colorado—Very Fine Exhibit of Products—California.......................................... 600 CHAPTEE XXV. STATE DAYS, PARADES, ETC. Knights Templar Parade—July 3d, 1876—Torchlight Procession—Mid night Ceremonies—Fourth of July, 1876—Military Parade—Other Ceremonies—National Guards' Parade—Knights of Pythias Parade— Switzerland's Day—Parade of Volunteer Fire Department—Odd Fellows' Day—Canada's Day—Pittsburgh's Day—Reading's Day—Woman's Day. 650 CHAPTEE XXVI. THE LIVE-STOCK EXHIBITION. The Horse Show—About Two Hundred and Fifty Animals Shown— Sporting Horses—Bismarck—"Jenifer," au Arabiau Beauty—"Donald Dinnie," a Clydesdale Stallion—A Pair of Immense Cauadian Mares— The Dog Show—Horned Cattle Display—Canadian Bulls the Largest— The Queen's Cattle—Exhibition of Sheep, Goats and Swine—The Big gest Hog in the Show—The Display of Poultry—An Immense Show- That of Pigeous the Largest—Appliances for Hatching Eggs—Artificial Mothers...............................:....................... 673 CHAPTEE XXVII. SPECIALTIES. Catholic Memorial Fountain—Centennial Chimes—The Witherspoon Monument—"Old Abe," tbe War Eagle of Wisconsin—His Army Record—Kiosk of Stuffed Birds—The Elevated Railway—Electro-Mag- 14 CONTENTS. netic Orchestra—A Full Description—The Corliss Giant Engine— Blowing Engine—New England Log House—Centennial National Bank—The Bible Pavilion—The B'nai B'rith Monument............ 680 CHAPTER XXVIII. SPECIALTIES—CONTINUED. American District Telegraph Office—The Amount of "Work Accom plished—Fire Alarm Telegraph—The Kindergarten—The Hunter's Camp in Lansdowne Kavine—The Map fac-simile Telegraph—A Mar vellous Invention—The Columbus Monnment—The Egyptian Mummy— The Centennial Safe—The Smallest Steam Engine in the World...... 712 CHAPTER XXIX. HUMORS OP CENTENNIAL. Tke Deluge—How He Came to See the Centennial—Taxidermist—Mock Soldiers—"Take One"—The Centennial Liar—Doing the Centennial in One Day—Japanese Prices..................................... 727 CHAPTEE XXX. BIOGRAPHIES OF OFFICERS. General J. R. Hawley—Alfred T. Goshorn—John L. Shoemaker—Daniel J. Morrell—John Welsh—Wm. Bigler—Frederick Fraley—Mrs. E. D. Gillespie—John L. Campbell—H. J. Schwarzmann—David G. Yates. 734 CHAPTEE XXXI. DISTRIBUTION OF AWARDS AND CLOSING CEREMONIES. Distribution of Awards—Imposing Ceremonies—Address by General Hawley—Plans on which Awards were Given—Statistics of Admis sions, Daily aud Monthly—Grand Total of Admissions—Total of Cash Keceipts from Admissions—Number of Exhibitors—Closing Ceremo nies, November 10th—Prayer by Bev. Dr. Seiss—Addresses by Gen eral Hawley—Hon. D. J. Morrell—Mr. John Welsh—Corliss En gine Stopped by President Grant—Centennial Exhibitiou Declared Closed......................................................... 748 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. No. WE 1. Inside View Kansas and Colo rado Building........... 2 2. London Exhibition, 1851.... 33 ' 3. New York Exhibition, 1853.. 33 4. Paris Exhibition, 1855...... 34 5. London Exhibition, 1862.... 34 6. Independence Hall......... 55 7. Carpenters' Hall........... 55 8. Birthplace of Mberty....... 55 9. Union League.............. 71 10. Public Ledger Building..... 71 11. Masonic Temple............ 72 12. Bishop Simpson............ 83 13. John Welsh............... 84 14. DomPedro................ 84 15. Hemlock Glen............. 99 16. Fairmount Park............ 99 17. Wissahickon near Chestnut Hill.................... 100 18. View of Philadelphia from Fairmount Park......... 100 19. Wissahickon Drive......... 103 20. Fountain iu the Park....... 103 21. Chestnut Street Bridge...... 103 22. Monkey House............. 104 23. Bear Pits.................. 104 24. Main Building............. 107 25. Art Gallery................ 108 26. Agricultural Hall.......... Ill 27. Horticultural Hall.......... Ill 28. Woman's Pavilion.......... 112 29. Machinery Hall............ 112 30. Judges' Hall............... 117 31. Government Building....... 117 NO. PAOB 32. United States Post Hospital.. 118 33. Gunpowder Pile Driver..... 173 34. Grapple Dredging Machine.: 174 35. Patent Grapple for Dredge... 174 36. Window Aquaria......'..... 177 37. Arched Aquarium.......... 178 38. Table Aquarium........... 178 39. Croquet Settee with Folding Tent................... 181 40. Fernery with Folding Flower Stand................... 182 41. Fern Jardiniere....."....... 182 42. Stone-Crusher in Operation.. 183 43. Diamond Stone Saw........ 188 44. Archimedean Brick Machine. 188 45. TheOldWay.............. 203 46. The New Way............. 203 47. Power Press for making Joints. 203 48. The Old and the New....... 203 49. Belt Shop......... .......203 50. Modern Tannery........... 203 51. Band Saw................. 204 52. Pump Exhibit............. 209 53. Hydraulic Earn............ 210 54. Gatling Gun Mounted on Ship. 217 55. Gatling Gun on Wheels..... 218 56. Gatling Gun on Tripod...... 218 57. Celebrated Eotary Printing Press................... 220 58. Campbell Press Building.... 221 59. Blank Book Exhibit........ 227 60. Paper Exhibit............. 227 61. Show Case of Gold Pens.... 228 62. Police Battle and Whistle... 233 15 16 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. NO. PAGE 64. Police Shield. . ........... 233 65. Police Lantern.. ........ . 233 66. Police Club and Belt.. ..... 234 67. Police Clubs. ............. 234 73. Police Handcuffs. ......... 234 74. FileExhibit. ............. 237 75. Chemicals Exhibit......... 238 77 Buckeye IVtowcr 246 78. The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay.................... -249 79 The Modern Dexter 250 80. Two Seat Dexter. ......... 250 81. Single Seat Dexter.. ....... 250 82. Deitrich'a Perpetual Hay Press................... 253 83. Mr. Burnett's Crop of Snow- flakes.. ................. 253 84. The Daniel Webster Plow. . 254 85. Collins' Gang Plow. ....... 254 86. The Old Mill............. 259 87. Silsby Fire-Engine. ....... 260 88. Bigelow Engine.. ......... 260 89. Bethany Mission .......... 273 90. Old Depot used by Moody &Sankey... ............. 273 91. Perforated Veneer Seats.. . . 274 92. Apollo Belvidere. ... ..... 279 93. Exhibition Vase.. ......... 280 94. Gillinder's Glass House. ... 285 95. Photographers' Studio.. . ... 285 96. Druggists' Glassware. ...... 286 97. The Minnehaha ........... 289 98. The Fountain. . ........... 290 99. Anders' Magneto Printing Telegraph Instrument. . . . 293 100. Learner's Telegraph Instru ment. .................. 294 101. Family Electro-Medical Ap- 102. Bound Jar.. .............. 294 103. Electric Burglar Alarm .... 299 104. American Typographic Ma chine.. ......... ........ 299 105. Dentists' Electro-Magnetic Mallet................... 299 No. 106 107 108 109 110 111. 119 113 114 115. 116. 117 118 119 120. 121. 122. m 125. 126. 129. 130. 1 Q1 132. 133. 134 IQC 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 'Tvd. 155. 156. 157. 158. isq Centennial Organ.......... 300 The Celebrated Century Vase. 307 Silver Communion Service.. 307 Silver Pitcher............. 308 The Cellini Salver......... 308 Bryant Vase.............. 313 Aigrette.................. 314 Centennial Bronze Inkstand. 319 Thermometer............. 320 Exhibit of Kingsford & Sons. 325 Apple Parer.............. 326 Cherry Stoner............. 326 Slicer ................... 326 Low's Improved Ice Crusher. 326 Potato Parer.............. 326 Cahoou Broadcast Sower.... 326 Mrs. Stiles................ 331 Stiles' Desks (2 cuts)........ 332 Ellis'Self-Begulating Warm ing and Heating Apparatus. 337 Fall River Bridge......... 338 LeavenworthoBridge....... 339 St. Louis Bridge........... 341 Fairmouut Bridge......... 342 Thornton's Needle Exhibit.. 34 Homoeopathic Exhibit..... 376 Aveling & Porter's Farm Locomotive Engine...:.. 391 Double Engine Steam Ploughing Tackle........ 391 Koad Locomotive Crane En gine..................... 392 Liberian Ivory Display..... 551 Liberian Coffee Display.... 551 Liberian Coffee Huller..... 551 Liberian Products......... 551 Japanese Building......... 567 Spanish Building.......... 567 Japanese Paper Ware (12 cuts).................,.. 568 Massachusetts Building..... 609 Connecticut Building....... 609 N«w Jersey Building...... 610 New York Building....... 610 Delaware Building........ 621 Pennsylvania Building..... 621 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 17 No. rAOE 160. Ohio Building............ 622 161. Arkansas Building......... 622 162. Rhode Island Building..... 629 163. Philadelphia Building...... 629 164. Maryland Building........ 629 165. Old Virginia Building...... 630 166. Mississippi Bnilding........ 630 167. Wisconsin Building........ 630 168. Ice Water, free to all....... 681 169. Catholic T. A. Fountain.... 681 170. Frfench Restaurant......... 682 171. Kansas Building.......... 682 NO. FAGE 172. Old Abe, The War Eagle... 689 173. Kiosk of Stuffed Birds...... 690 174. The Corliss Engine........ 697 175. Blowing Engine........... 698 176. lolanthe Dreaming........ 703 171. New England Kitchen...... 703 178. Depl. of Public Comfort.... 704 179. Swedish School House...... 715 180. .Pennsylvania Ed. Building. 715 181". Empire Line Building..... 715 182. Hunter's Camp............. 716 INTRODUCTION. TT is the aim of this work to tell the story of the- grandest World's Fair that has ever been held, in a clear and simple manner, and to give a complete record of the many memorable events that were crowded into the short space of six months, which closed with so glorious a consummation on November 10th, 1876. The subject was so vast and comprehensive, and the difficulty of embracing in the compass of a work of this character any thing approaching to a satisfactory description of even the salient features of the enterprise, seemed at first so great, that it was with no little trepi dation that the author undertook the task. There was no doubt in his mind, that could a work be published which would give a complete yet concise account of the Exhibition from its conception, a description of the most prominent of its rich and varied exhibits, of our progress in the industrial arts and sciences, and a record of the many celebrations that were held in Phila- 18 INTRODUCTION. 19 delphia during the Exhibition, it would be welcomed by hundreds of thousands of the millions who saw the Exhibition, as a memorial of their visit. With this end in view, the present volume has been written, and it has been the aim of the author to give not a mere mass of statistical figures and facts, which would only confuse and weary the reader, but to de scribe those exhibits which more particularly marked the startling advancements that have been made in science, machinery and the fine arts. As will be seen, to the United States has been allotted a much larger space than to any other nation, and this was necessary in order to give anything like a fair de scription of the exhibition which was made, of the natural resources of our country and their development, and of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind, in comparison with those of the older nations of the world. All the foreign nations have been treated in order, seriatim, keeping each of their exhibits separate, thus rendering reference to any particular country that may be desired comparatively easy. A careful perusal will enable the impartial reader to judge for himself how successfully the United States competed in this grand peaceful contest, which was accepted by nearly every nation in the world, and how nobly Americans came forward to meet their foreign friends on this field. If any pleasant reminiscences of visits paid to the Centennial Exhibition are evoked by a perusal of this 20 INTRODUCTION. volume, or if some conception of the unparalleled grand eur and beauty of the display there made is imparted to any who did not witness it with their own eyes, then the author's task will not have been in vain. His acknowledgments for assistance received in ob taining authentic and reliable data are due, and are hereby tendered to Mr. John Wanamaker, a member of the Centennial Board of Finance and Bureau of Revenue, to Capt. W. C. Stewart, Assistant Superin tendent of the American District Telegraph Depart ment on the Centennial Grounds, and to other officers of the Centennial Commission who kindly responded to his application for official information. J. S. INGRAM. THE COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE • CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. CHAPTER I. SKETCH OF WORLD'S EXHIBITIONS. ri 1HE history of Exhibitions is full of deep interest. -L There has been a steady development of the original idea until the primitive acorn is quite lost in the wide-branching oak. Progress is the law of life, and Exhibitions, at once the outcome and the forebears of that very progress, have experienced its influence and have in turn reacted on it. Of local Exhibitions there have been many, but it is not our purpose here to refer their origin, as has been ingeniously done by some writers, to " the days of Ahasuerus " and the book of Esther, when " in the third year of his reign he showed the riches of his glorious kingdom and the honor of his excellent majesty many days, even an hundred and fourscore days," the normal six months, it may be here remarked, of all Internar tional Exhibitions. At this display in " Shushan, the palace," some five 21 22 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. hundred and twenty-one years before the birth of our Lord, were shown " white, green, and blue hangings, fastened with cords of fine linen and purple to silver rings and pillars of marble; the beds were of gold and silver, upon a pavement of red and blue, and white and black marble, and .... the vessels of gold, the vessels being diverse one from another." This diversity in " the vessels of gold " is not only a proof of the perfec tion to which the Industrial Arts had attained, but also lends a color to the idea that this collection to a large extent was International, for Ahasuerus (said by some to be identical with Artaxerxes), as we are told, "reigned, from India even unto Ethiopia, over-an hundred and seven and twenty provinces," and the gold and silver work would point to India, as the purple would suggest the Tyrian dye, and the "fine linen " the Egyptian " byssus." Later on, when Tyre, Sidon, and Carthage became the marts of the world and the foci of Commerce, an everchanging series of indus trial marvels must, in commercial phrase, have been constantly " on view," for Tyre, says the prophet Isaiah, "is a mart of nations .... whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honorable of tjie earth," and the prophet Ezekiel bears witness to the extent of her commerce, in the words " Fine linen with broidered works from Egypt, was that which thou spreadest forth to be thy sail." When the last of her rivals had disappeared, and Carthage had been blotted out, Imperial Home, the centre of civilization and the repository of art, held her public Exhibitions, in which were garnered together the spoils of war and the triumphs of peace, trophies of art borne by the conqueror from their Grecian homes, and luxuries ingathered from every clime where the THE FAIRS OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 23 Roman Legions had set foot or the Standard S.P.Q.R. had been planted,— Fine webs like woven mist, wrought in the dawn, Long ere the dew had left the sunniest lawn, Gold cloth so wrought that nought of gold seemed there, But rather sunlight over blossoms fair; Gems too they showed wrought by the hidden fire That eats the world; and from the unquiet sea Pearls worth the rausora of an argosy. But invasion followed division, and the Empires of the East and West alike went down before Hun? Goth, and Moslem, and dark days came when the sword was lord. 1 For many subsequent centuries, such an idea as a collective display of articles of either art or industry would have seemed a chimera beyond even the wildest dream of the most visionary enthusiast, for though the process of collection might and doubtless would have been tedious and uncertain, that of distribution would have been as rapid and effective as a high-handed pro cess of annexation by some robber band or neighboring potentate could make it. Nor could even a strong body of troops have been depended on to guard such treasures, for the greatest difficulty of all would have been " to guard the guards themselves." The true germ of International gatherings, whether known as Exhibitions, Expositions, or Weltausstellungs, must be looked for in the great International Fairs of the middle ages. The enterprise of travel begotten by the Crusades had permeated from the soldier to the trader,' and as security was found in society, the merchants of those days made commercial pilgrimages and interchanged merchandise at certain times and given places of resort. Some of these fairs survive to 24 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. our days, the most notable being those of Leipzig and Nijni-Novgorod. There is another fair as noteworthy, though not so noted, as Leipzig, as respectable too in its antiquity, for it can trace its origin back to the fifth Crusade, the thirteenth century, the defeat of the Crusaders, and the capture of Louis, Saint and King, and this is the great Egyptian Fair of Tantah. Seated in the heart of the Delta, on the direct railway route from Alexandria to Cairo, at the junction of the branch line to Mansourah and Damietta (the former the place where the Cross went down before the Crescent), and inhabited mostly by "fellahs," Tantah has neither houses to receive travellers nor bazaars to display goods, so the vast plain on either side of the railway is, in fair-time, studded by thousands of tents. Held at midsummer and lasting for a week, more picturesque in its surroundings than either Leipzig or Nijni-Novgorod, it is to the full as International in its concourse and commerce. To pass on from this, however, we come to the year 1756, when the British Society of Arts first inaugurated its series of Fine Art Exhibitions, by offering prizes for improvements in the manufacture of tapestry, carpets, and porcelain, the articles exhibited being ranged in competition. This was followed in the year 1761 by an Exhibition of agricultural and other machinery, in the rooms of the Society, for which prizes were offered, and a gentleman engaged to explain the merits of the various objects, this individual combining in himself the powers of a Board of Commissioners and the attributes of a showman, and with this ended any other attempt for many years to create a National Ex-. hibition. It is indeed to the year 1797 (the year V. of the THE FIRST FRENCH EXHIBITION OF 1797. 25 French Republic) that we must look -for the true initiation of National Exhibitions. In that year the Marquis d'Aveze conceived the idea of a collective dis play of the industries, originated by the kings, and protected, when so much went down, by the people of France. His conception was to mass together the pro ducts of the art factories of Sevres, the Gobelins, and the Savonnerie; his exhibition palace was ready to hand, in the Chateau of St. Cloud, then as now dis mantled and uninhabited, but still a palace; the Min ister of the Interior, M. de Neufchateau, was propitious, and all seemed favorable to the project. So d'Aveze went to work with a will, the bare walls were hidden by priceless tapestries from the Gobelins, the floors covered with the carpets of the Savonnerie, the " Chambre de Mars " set apart for the picked porce lain of Sevres, and this was the beginning of Fructidor. Everything promised well; in this same Chamber of Mars a Wheel of Fortune was to be set up; the prizes were contained in the Exhibition itself; daily the courtyard of the chateau was crowded with the carriages of the nobility that still remained faithful to their dar ling Lutetia, and the day of opening was named, the 18th Fructidor. Alas for the vanity of all earthly things! The pre vious day saw the gates of Paris placarded with the bills of the Directory, ordering all the nobility by name —it was, indeed, easy to count their numbers, for exile, conscription, and the tumbril had thinned their ranks —v to withdraw within twenty-four hours to, at least, thirty leagues from Paris," and on this damnatory list was the name of d'Aveze. Was ever projector so unfortunate ? To remain was to court death; to fly was to cutoff the possibility of return; 26 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. for he and he- alone was responsible for the contents of the chateau. But d* Aveze was a man of expedients; he sought out the Marshal d'Augereau, and obtaining from . him a troop of dragoons, he forthwith placed them in charge of the chateau and its contents, and handing up the keys to the custodian, Marechan, the Marquis placed himself with all despatch outside the circle of conscrip tion. In the next year, 1798 (the year VI. of the Repub lic), in the Maison d'Orsay, No. 66 7-, Rue de Varennes, he realized the scheme, previously abortive, and the success of the display was so pronounced that the Minister Neufchateau carried out another Exposition in the three last days of the same year. This first official Exhibition, with a total number of 110 exhibitors, was held in a temporary building in the Champs de Mars; in it not .only the State industries, but the manufac turers of France, that is to say Paris, were represented. This was the first Art Exhibition of Napoleon. The Directorate had merged into the Consulate and the times were unquiet, but the master mind of the First Consul had fully realized the great advantages likely to accrue, not merely to manufacturers but to the country at large from comparison and competition, and the Minister of the Interior was therefore instructed to issue circulars inviting contributions for a second exhibition; and special committees of experts were formed in each department to select exhibits and to examine into the merits of inventions. The appeal was so far successful, that 229 exhibitors (more than double the number in 1798) answered to the call, and the Second Official Exhibition was held in 1801 in the Grand Court of the Louvre. A further proof of the advantages Napoleon discerned in securing the cooperation of the industrial section of EAELY EXPOSITIONS IN FRANCE. 27 the country is manifest in the fact that the recipients of the " gold medal" were invited by him to dinner in «his capacity of First Consul; and this was the first recognition in France of the great bone and sinew of every country—.the middle class. The Third Exhibition was also held in temporary buildings in the courtyard of the Louvre, and so great had been the success of the second in stimulating trade and alleviating the distress of the artisans, that only the short breathing space of one year was allowed to elapse, the time selected being the Fructidor of the next year 1802 (the year X. of the Republic). The catalogue, in forty-eight small pages, styled this display " Exposition Publique des Produits de 1'Indus- trie Franchise," and shows the number of exhibitors to have increased to 540, amongst whom are to be noted the names of Montgolfier, the proto-aeronaut; Vaucan- son, the inventor of the mechanical Duck and the Flute Player (those Wandering Jews of Continental fairs); and Jacquard; and it was from a machine exhibited by the great mechanician at this very Exhibition that Jacquard drew the first inspiration for his famous loom. '• Four years passed away, Napoleon had become Em peror, before the Fourth Exhibition (the first and last during the Empire) was held on the Esplanade of the H6tel des Invalides, with a total number of 1422 ex hibitors. Then the toga gave way to the sword, then came Moscow, Leipzig, Fontainebleau, Elba, Saint Jean, and Saint Helena, and the Bourbons reigned, but not till 1819 was the idea resuscitated in the courtyard of the Louvre, the bede roll of exhibitors, 1662, showing in thirteen' years for the Fifth Exhibition but a meagre increase of 240; it has been said, however, though the 28 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. THE riBST LONDON EXHIBITION OF 1851. 29 quantity of the exhibitors stood comparatively still, the quality of the exhibits had rapidly progressed. 1823 and 1827 completed the series of Quadrennial Expositions (taking 1814 as the basis, and allowing for the interval of "The Hundred Days"), both held as before in the Louvre, the first showing 1648 (a slight decrease) and the latter within five of 1800 exhibitors. The Fourth Quadrennial never saw the light, but in 1827, the year of the Seventh French Exposition, the Royal Dublin Society inaugurated the series of Trien nial Exhibitions in their grounds which worked so well and did so much to promote and encourage Irish in dustries, and which were presented in regular succession until the last, in 1850, served as the forerunner, and was fused into the mass of International Exhibitions. It would be tedious and unnecessary to give in detail the various Exhibitions which were held in every capital in Europe from this time on, some purely local, others more catholic and comprehensive, but all strictly national; and no one had the courage to depart from the beaten track, to suggest a comparison with other countries, till the late Prince Albert struck the key note by his first suggestion of an International, Jubilee, " to form a new starting-point from which all nations were to direct their further exertions." At a meeting of the Society of Arts, held on June 30th, 1849, in Buckingham Palace, the Prince explained the outlines of that great scheme which owed so much of its subsequent success to the rare administrative ability of its author and founder, and suggested the grouping of the Exhibits into four main heads, Raw Material, Machinery and Mechanical Inventions, Manu factures, and Sculpture and Plastic Art. From that day no time was lost by distracting counsels or futile delays, the 3d of January of the following year saw a Royal Commission appointed, on the 13th of March architects of all nations were invited to compete, the 8th of April witnessed 233 plans submitted, on the 10th of June they were on exhibition at the Institute of Civil Engineers in Great George Street, Westminster, only to be rejected " as no single plan was so accordant with the peculiar objects in view, either in the principle or detail of its arrangement as to warrant them (the Building Committee) in recommending it for adoption." On the 18th of June Sir Joseph, then Mr. Paxton, sub mitted to Mr. Robert Stephenson the rough sketch on a blotting-pad of what was to Jbe the Faerie Palace by the Serpentine; in ten days the elevations, sections, working details, and specifications were carried out; on the 6th of July they appeared in the Illustrated London News, and the suffrages of the masses secured, on the 16th they were accepted; on the 26th the tender of Messrs. Fox and Henderson was ratified; on the 30th the contractors took possession of the ground; on the 15th of August the charter of incorporation was issued; and on the 26th of September the first column was in its place. Without dwelling too long on details, it may be well before passing on to let facts and figures tell their own etory of success. The building covered over twenty acres, its length in feet corresponded with the year of its erection, being 1851; it cost $965,840.00; it was open five months and fifteen days; it produced $2,530,- 500.00; the total number of visitors was 6,039,195, and the total receipts, both at the door and from season tickets, amounted to $2,118,960.00. The aggregate number of exhibitors was 13,937, of whom Great Britain contributed 6861, the Colonies 30 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 520, and the rest of the world 6556. Persia furnished 12, China 30, Greece 36, and Denmark 39, to this array, a remarkable contrast to their muster-roll in subsequent Exhibitions. The estimated value of the contents was $8,900,645.00. The awards consisted of the Council Medal, ranking with a Diploma of Honor, the Prize Medal, and a Cer tificate of Honorable Mention, distributed as follows: Council Medals, 171; Prize Medals, 2954; and Hon orable Mentions, 2123. The glass and iron mode of construction has since made the circuit of the globe; New York in 1853, the " second edition," revised and improved, at Sydenham in 1854, the miniature copy at Melbourne, and the Glas Palast at Munich in the same year, the Dublin Exhibition of 1865, the Paleis Van Volksvlyt at Am sterdam in 1869, were nil modifications of the great example of 1851, whilst the experience of a quarter of a century has suggested no more fitting materials than iron and glass for the Industrial Building of 1876. But the Great Exhibition did not alone endure in 'its prototypes or in a series of World's Fairs; all these are but a means to an end, its truest monument is to be found in its offspring, South Kensington Museum and its compeers ; by their means the blossoms of one display have become the fruits of the next; the taste for the beautiful, by their example, has been spread broadcast all over the earth, and Art has become the ally and not the antagonist of Industry. South Kensington Museum may be regarded as an A B C of Art (the number of visitors from its begin ning show at the present day an aggregate of nearly 15,000,000); it was the schoolmaster at Jiome, it taught' THE NEW YORK EXHIBITION OF 1853. 31 the masses through their eyes, its nucleus consisting of gifts and purchases to the extent of $45,000 from the Exhibition of 1851, bit by bit it was built up, treasure by treasure it was added to, no large sums were voted for it; here was a purchase, there a gift or a bequest, until in this present day it recalls in many features the Green Vaults of Dresden or the Imperial Treasury of Vienna. It was the first to realize the fact that for women there were other occupations than the needle, whether that of the little steel stiletto, the sewing machine, or the telegraph, and the results are every where apparent, in the porcelain of Minton, in the black and white designs of the illustrated papers in the .{'Roll Call" and the "Quatre Bras" of Miss Thompson. 1853 witnessed two International Exhibitions, one at New York, the other at Dublin. The Exhibition at Gotham owed its origin to the enterprise of Mr. John Jay Smith of Philadelphia, who conceived the idea of transporting en Hoc the contents of the palace of Hyde Park to New York, and exhibiting them in a building of somewhat similar construction. Modelled in the form of a Greek cross, with a central dome for occasions of cere mony, and, following its prototype of 1851, constructed of glass and iron, the building itself was almost perfect both in design and execution; but the originator fell ill, and as all Napoleon's Marshals could not make the man, so when the idea passed into the hands of a joint stock company, it succumbed to circumstances, for divided counsels brought delays, and its history may be briefly written as financial failure and its end fire. The International Exhibition at Dublin owed its initiative to the public spirit of William Dargan, who proposed to spend $100,000 on a building at Dublin to 32 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. receive the industries of the Nations, but as the idea grew, so grew his gifts, until his contributions reached the total, unequalled for any individual for a similar purpose, of $400,000. The Exhibition of 1853, unlike that of 1851, was built mainly of wood, its site was the lawn of the Royal Dublin Society, and the general idea it gave was of five Brobdignagian vegetable marrows laid side by side, the front presenting five ovals in roof and walls. The main hall was 425 feet in length by 100 in width, and 105 in height; and the side aisles ran in lesser proportions, there being no transept. The duration of the Exhibition was from the 12th of May to the 31st October, Her Majesty, accompanied by the Prince Consort and the Prince of Wales, then a lad of twelve, visiting it in state on the 29th of August. Munich in 1854, with her 7005 exhibitors drawn from every part of Germany, presented a total unsur passed until the World's gathering at Vienna in 1873. The building, which still survives, designed by Herr • Voit, was constructed of glass and iron, and recalls in many features the exemplar of 1851, the main differ ence between them being the substitution of a square- towered transept for the well-known circular roof. For a building devoted purely to national display its extent was considerable, being no less than 850 feet in length by eighty-five in height. During all this time the French had been busily planning the details of their first International gather ing. The decree appointing Commissioners for an Exposition Universelle to be held at Paris in 1855, with Prince Napoleon as President, was signed by the Em peror on the 24th December, 1853. The main build- LONDON EXHIBITION, 1851. NEW YORK EXHIBITION, 1853. THE PARIS EXPOSITION OF 1855. 35 PATCIS EXHIBITION, 1855. LONDON EXHIBITION, 1862. ing was the Palais de VIndustrie in the Carre Marigny, which has since witnessed so many changes, at one time welcoming the Royalties of Europe, at another devoted to the service of contemporary art, and then again desecrated to be a receptacle for a show of dogs or horses. The building with its fagade of stone is un doubtedly an ornament to the Champs Elysees, but the builder's bill was a heavy one, amounting to no less than half a million. There were many modifica tions to the original design, including a rotunda, styled the panorama, set apart for the display of the jewels of the Empress and those of the Queen of Portugal, and choice specimens from the looms of the Gobelins and the ceramics of Sevres. This building formed the bond of union between the main structure and the annexe devoted to raw produce and machinery, which extended for three-quarters of a mile along the Quai de la Conference from the Place de la Concorde to the Pont de 1'Alma, abutting on the Avenue Montaigne, in which was situated the Palais des Beaux Arts. The financial history of 1855 was an unpleasant memory, the expenses amounting to not less than $5,000,000, whilst the receipts, all told, came to but $640,000. A'portion of this deficit must be set down to unreadiness, the opening taking place on the 15th of May in lieu of the 1st, and even then the several departments were inaugurated in detail, the agricul tural on the 5th June, the annexe on the 10th, and the panorama no sooner than the 30th. But once fully opened, it was an undoubted success, and the small- ness of the receipts may be partly attributed to the kindness of the Emperor, who set down the sums for admission on so low a basis that the poorest of his subjects could enter, there being twenty centime days, 36 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. whilst on the 27th May the doors were opened gratui tously to all comers. The duration of the Exhibition was from the 15th May to the 30th November, a total of 200 days, Sundays included; the number of ex hibitors was 20,839, being an increase of half on the London total of 1851, whilst the visitors attained the maximum of 5,162,330, against 6,039,195 in 1851, scoring, however, on Sunday, the 9th of September, 123,017 as the greatest number, against the 109,915 registered on Tuesday, October 7th, 1851. The Fine Art Gallery was, however, the feature of the Exhibi tion, it being the first contemporary International dis play of any magnitude. Visitors to it will doubtless remember the statue of Minerva, formed of ivory, gold, and gems, and evolved from records of the marvellous work of Pheidias in the Parthenon. The original was, so say historians, forty feet in height, this reproduction executed by M. Simart, for the Due de Luynes, being, needless to say, of much more humble proportions. Passing on through the local industrial celebrations at Brussels in 1856, Lausanne in 1857, with 2050 ex hibitors, Turin in 1858, and Hanover in 1859, the magnificent Fine Art Exhibition at Manchester, and the Dublin, Edinburgh, and Italian Art Exhibitions of 1861, we come to the great International Exhibition at London of 1862, which, owing to the loss the nation had sustained by the death of Prince Albert, on De cember 14th, 1861, had to struggle against the absence of court ceremonials, and to rely for success solely on intrinsic merits. The building of brick, unornate, not to say plain, was externally distinguished by two domes, one on the axis of each transept. These domes, composed of iron and glass, rose to a height of 200 feet, were INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT LONDON OF 1862. 37 crowned by ornamental finials fifty-five feet high, and had each a diameter of 160 feet. The main building was a parallelogram, about 1150 feet long by 560 wide, and the total area roofed in was 988,000 square feet, the total space covered and uncovered amounting to no less than 1,231,000, and the total cost some £460,000. The domes and the Picture Galleries were the great successes of the designer, Captain Fowke, and the erec tion of the former by Messrs. Kelk and Lucas was a triumph of engineering skill. In the industrial and machinery sections the pro gress was marked in every branch, but it was in the department of Fine Arts that the 1862 Exhibition stood pre-eminent. Here were Hogarth, Gainsborough, Reynolds, Wilkie, and a goodly company of those great masters of British Art who had passed away, with those giants of the palette, Maclise, Mulready, Clark- son Standfield, Sir Edwin Landseer, and David Roberts. Thirty thousand people assisted at the opening by the Duke of Cambridge; 2000 choristers and 400 musicians gave effect to the setting by Sir Sterndale Bennett of the Poet Laureate's ode; and the effect, both of sight and sound, was one of extraordinary magnificence. The Exhibition opened on the 1st of May, and closed on the 15th November, being a total of 171 days. The amount received was $2,042,650, and the number of visitors 6,211,103, the maximum being attained on Thursday, October 30th, with 67,891. 1865 saw many varied gatherings, all International, that of Amsterdam being devoted to flowers, at which, strange to say, neither black tulip, blue dahlia, nor green rose, put in a claim for the Grand Medal of Honor. Paris, calling a cheese conference, at which Stilton, Cheddar, Glo'ster, Gruyere, Brie, Roquefort, Bondon, 3 38 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Limberger, Liptauer,Schapziger, Parmesan, Gorgonzola, Ementhaler, and Gouda stood forth as the representa tives of casein; whilst the displays of Dublin, Oporto (3911 exhibitors), and Stettin (1451 exhibitors), ap pealed to the general mass of industries. The Dublin Exhibition of 1865, like that of 1853, owed much to the liberality of a citizen, the munificent donor on this occasion being the late Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness. The building, a gossamer-like structure of ' iron and glass, was opened on the 9th of May by the Prince of Wales in the presence of some 10,000 spec tators, and was closed on that day six months, having been open 159 days and fifty-one evenings, the total number of admissions, exceeding 900,000, being an average of 5000 by day and 3000 by night. Between the Avenue de la Bourdonnaye and the Avenue Suffren, on a historic site, stood in 1867 the edifice denominated by the Emperor Napoleon as a " magnificent gasometer." To Prince Napoleon is due the conception of the idea, and the words of the Iinpe-. rial Commission fully describe it "An area with two main entrances, manufactures, and products of cognate natures, to be arranged in concentric bands, with a .garden in the middle. The different nationalities to, intersect the bands by transepts or avenues radiating from the centre." Admirable in theory, you passed down one of the spokes of this monster wheel, and . you saw all that the country had to show; you went round an ellipse, and the relative qualities of similar productions in various lands were all presented. The external ring of the building was devoted to ma chinery, the internal to the " History of Labor," begin ning with Gaul before the use of metals, and ranging through the first and second epochs of caves, the age THE VIENNA EXHIBITION. 39 of stone, the age of transition and of lacustrine dwell ings, free Gaul, and Gaul under the Romans, the days of Charlemagne and of the Carlovingian kings, the Moyen-age, the Renaissance, and all the changing fashions at home and abroad down to the commence ment of the last century—a magnificent idea in truth, and superbly carried out. Indeed in every sense was the Exhibition of 1867 a marvellous spectacle, with its park studded with mosques, Russian " slobodas," Swiss chalets, Tunisian kiosks, Swedish cottages, English lighthouses, Egyptian palaces (with a Museum of Egyptiology arranged by Mariette Bey), stables for dromedaries, a temple, and an " okel" or caravanserai, all massed in picturesque confusion. One feature of the Exhibition was the engineering triumph of the age and of M. Ferdinand de Lesseps, the model of the Suez Canal, with its navy of dredges, steamers, and boats. The Exhibition opened on the 1st April, 1867, arrc! closed on the 3d November, a total of 117 daysy, Sundays included; the total number of visitors was? 6,805,969 ; that of exhibitors, 42,217, and the amount received, $2,103,675. The greatest number of visitors on any one day being 173,923, on October 27th. The Weltausstellung, in the Prater of Vienna, made memorable a year otherwise unnoteworthy,, but the splendid pageant of 1873 is so much a thing; of to-day, that there seems little reason to again describe the main building with its rotunda (within which all the domes of the world could be enclosed), surmounted by the monster model of the Imperial crown, its jewels winking in the sunlight, its hall with marvels of ma chinery, its Palace of Fine Art, its Museum of Ama teurs, its Agricultural Halls, and the four hundred 40 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. buildings set in its splendid park, the Persian palace with its mirror mosaic, glistening in the sun, Turkish, Egyptian, Japanese, Roumanian, Styrian, Swiss, Rus sian,1 Kirgish, Samwede, Sclav, Moorish, German, Bo hemian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, French, and Eng lish dwellings all scattered amidst woodland scenery; and as Paris in 1867 placed on view the triumph of her engineer, so Italy put in evidence the latest result of human skill in a monster model of the mouth of the Mont Cenis Tunnel, railway, signals, and train com plete. 186 days was it open, Sundays included; its visitors were 6,740,500, and its receipts $1,032,385. So from the five great International Exhibitions (London, 1851, 1862; Paris, 1855, 1867; Vienna, 1873), we get a total of 32,959,097 visitors, and a cash aggregate of $7,940,820. And now this year, 1876, has witnessed the grand est and most complete realization of the idea of a World's Fair, the International Centennial Exposition, commemorative of the One Hundredth anniversary of American Independence—the most interesting of all similar Exhibitions, because of its commemorative character as well as from its having been the largest in area, the widest in scope, and the most numerously attended of all its predecessors. It was unprecedented, also, in this fact, that it con nected a National Celebration with an International Exhibition, thus identifying the Independence and History of America with the Industrial Art and Progress of the World. CHAPTER II. PREPARATIONS FOR THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION——PLACES OF HISTORIC INTEREST IN PHILADELPHIA. r M HERE has been considerable discussion as to -•- whether the origination of the idea of celebrating the One Hundredth Anniversary of American Inde pendence by holding an International Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, can be credited to any individual in particular, or whether it was the outgrowth of the spontaneous happy thought of the American people. But it seems that the honor lies between three or four distinguished citizens, in justice to whom it is necessary to give in brief the details of the inception of this grand idea, the realization of which has so far trans cended even the wildest dreams of the originators themselves. In December, 1868, Professor J. L. Campbell, of Wabash College, Indiana, wrote to Hon. Morton McMichael, then Mayor of Philadelphia, suggesting the holding of an International Exhibition at that city in 1876, as the most suitable method of observing the completion of the first century of American national existence, and presented many reasons why such a Centennial celebration should be held in Philadelphia. Mayor McMichael, in reply, cordially indorsed the proposition in his own behalf, as well as on the part of many prominent citizens of the city, and promised to take measures, at the proper time, to secure its ac- 41 42 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. complishment. In November, 1868, Professor Camp bell wrote a second letter to Mayor McMichael, urging immediate action, and to this received a reply concur ring in the opinion that the time had arrived when an active effort should be made to carry out the suggestions previously submitted and considered. The agitation of this subject was continued in various ways, and on the 20th of January, 1870, John L. Shoemaker, Esq., a member of the Select Council of Philadelphia, introduced resolutions, which were unanimously adopted in that and in the Common branch, indorsing the proposition to hold an Inter national Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876. These resolutions were the first official act relating to a Cen tennial celebration. The Legislature of Pennsylvania and the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia promptly indorsed the movement, and appointed committees to unite with the joint committee of City Councils in presenting a memorial to .Congress, showing the design and scope of the enterprise, and the importance of its being held under the auspices of the government of the United States. , The memorial of these committees was presented to Congress in January, 1871, and in accordance there with, Hon. D. J. Morrell, a representative from Penn sylvania, and chairman of the House Committee on Manufactures, introduced a bill creating the United States Centennial Commission, whose duty it was to prepare and superintend the execution of a plan for holding an exhibition of American and foreign arts, products and manufactures, under the auspices of the government of the United States, in the city of Phila delphia, in the year 1876, which bill was enacted into a law on the 3d of March, 1871. LIST OF U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 43 * This legislation gave the proposed .Exhibition the prestige of a national enterprise, and the following com missioners were at once appointed by the President of the United States upon the nominations of the gov ernors of the several States and Territories, the follow ing being the United States Centennial Commissioners: ALABAMA — James L. Cooper. ARIZONA — Eichard C. McCormick, John Wasson. ARKANSAS—Geo. W. Lawrence, Alexander McDonald. CALIFORNIA—John Dunbar Creigh, Benj. P. Kooser. COLORADO—J. Marshall Paul, N. C. Meeker. CONNECTICUT—Joseph R. Hawley, Wm. Phipps Blake. DAKOTAH —J. A. Burhank, Solomon L. Spink. DELAWARE—Henry F. Askew, John H. Rodney. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA—James E. Dexter, Lawrence A. Gobright. FLORIDA—John S. Adams, J. T. Bernard. GEORGIA—George Hillyer, Richard Peters, Jr. IDAHO—Thomas Donaldson, C. W. Moore. ILLINOIS—Frederick L. Matthews, Lawrence Weldon. INDIANA—John L. Campbell, Franklin C. Johnson. low A—Robert Lowry, Coker F. Clarkson. KANSAS—John A. Martin, George A. Crawford. KENTUCKY— Robert Mallory, Smith M. Hobbs. LOUISIANA—John Lynch, Edward Peuington. MAINE—Joshua Nye, Charles P. Kimball. MARYLAND—James T. Earle, S. M. Shoemaker. MASSACHUSETTS —George B. Loring, William B. Spooner. MICHIGAN—James Bimey, Claudius B. Grant. MINNESOTA—J. Fletcher Williams, • W. W. Folwell. MISSISSIPPI—O. C. French. MISSOURI—John McNeil, Samuel Hays. MONTANA—J. P. Woolman, Patrick A. Largey. NEBRASKA—Henry S. Moody, R. W. Furnas. NEVADA —Wm. Wirt McCoy, James W. Haines. NEW HAMPSHIRE— Ezekiel A. Straw, Asa P. Gate. NEW JERSEY—Orestes Cleveland, John G. Stevens. NEW MEXICO—Eldridge W. Little, Stephen B. Elkins. NEW YORK—N. M. Beckwith, Charles H. Marshall. NORTH CAROLINA—Samuel F. Phillips, Jonathan W. Albertson. OHIO—Alfred T. Goshorn, Wilson W. Griffith. OREGON—James W. Virtue, Andrew J. Dufur. PENNSYLVANIA—Daniel J. Morrell, Asa Packer. RHODE ISLAND—George H. Corliss, Samuel Powel. SOUTH CAROLINA—William Gurney, Archibald Cameron. TENNESSEE—Thomas H. Coldwell, William F. Prosser. TEXAS— William Henry Parsons, John C. Chew. UTAH—John H. Wickizer, Wm. Haydon. VERMONT — Middleton Goldsmith, 44 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Henry Chase. VIRGINIA—Walter W. Wood, Edmund R. Bag- well. WASHINGTON TERRITORY—Elwood Evans, Alexander S. Abernethy. WEST VIRGINIA — Alex. R. Boteler, Andrew J. Sweeney. WISCONSIN—David Atwood, Edward D. Holton. WYOMING—Jos. M. Carey, Robert H. Lamborn. From these appointments the following organization was completed: PRESIDENT—Joseph R. Hawley. VICE-PRESIDENTS—Alfred T. Goshorn, Orestes Cleveland, Joha D. Creigh, Robert Lowry, Robert Mallory. DIRECTOR-GENERAL—Alfred T. Goshorn. SECRETARY—John L. Campbell. COUNSELLOR AND SOLICITOR—John L. Shoemaker, Esq. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE—Daniel J. Morrell, Pennsylvania; Alfred T. Goshorn, Ohio; E. A. Straw, New Hampshire; KM. Beckwith, New York; James T. Earle, Maryland; George H. Corliss, Rhode Island; John G. Stevens, New Jersey; Alexander R. Boteler, West Virginia ; Richard C. McCormick, Arizona; John Lynch, Louisiana; Jamas Birney, Michigan ; Charles P. Kimball, Maine; Samuel F. Phillips, North Carolina. Secretary, Myer Asch, Philadelphia. On the 1st of June following, an act was passed creating the Centennial Board of Finance. PRESIDENT—John Welsh, Philadelphia. VICE-PRESIDENTS—William Sellers, Philadelphia; John S. Barbour, Virginia. DIRECTORS—Samuel M. Felton, Philadelphia; Daniel M. Fox, Philadelphia; Thomas Cochran, Philadelphia; Clement M. Biddle, Philadelphia; N. Parker Shortridge, Philadelphia; James M. Robb, Philadelphia; Edward T. Steel, Philadelphia; John Wanamaker, Philadelphia; John Price Wetherill,Philadelphia; Henry Winsor, Philadelphia; Henry Lewis, Philadelphia; Amos R. Little, Phila delphia; John Baird, Philadelphia; Thos. H. Dudley, New Jersey; A. S. Hewitt, New York; John Cum m ings, Massachusetts; John Gorham, Rhode Island ; Charles W. Cooper, Pennsylvania ; William Bigler, Pennsylvania; Robert M. Patton, Alabama; J. B. Drake, Illinois; George Bain, Missouri. THE LOCATION FIXED UPON. 45 FINANCIAL AGENT—Hon. Wm. Bigler. ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECTS—Henry Pettit, Jos. M. Wilson, H. J. Sehwarzinauu. Thus was called into being the organization which raised the money necessary for this mighty undertaking, and without whose energetic agency it might, in all probability, have been the merest vision. John Welsh and his coadjutors have held the magician's wand that conjured up Aladdin's Palace in Fairmount Park. The Location of the Exhibition, At a meeting of the Commission held in Common Council chamber, Independence Hall, March llth, 1872, Mr. Atwood, of Wisconsin, offered the following, which was unanimously adopted: WHEREAS, A conference has been had with the au thorities of the city of Philadelphia (including the Park Commissioners), in accordance with the second section of the act creating this Commission, in regard to the site for the Exhibition : be it therefore Resolved, That the site for holding the International Exhibition in 1876 be fixed at Fairmount Park, within the corporate limits of the city of Philadelphia. The choice of a location for the Exhibition was for tunate in every respect. The Declaration of Inde pendence was made in Philadelphia, in 1776, and it was there that the National Convention of 1787 per fected and adopted the Constitution under which the republic has attained its present greatness. The claim of Philadelphia to be the scene of the Exhibition was sanctioned by her place and part in the Revolution. In a plain old brick structure in the heart of the city, built in 1734, the Declaration of Inde- 46 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. pendence was signed a hundred years ago. The chan delier used then, and afterwards by the Continental Congress, hangs there in its old place. The Liberty Bell, bearing the motto, " Proclaim liberty throughout the land, and to all the inhabitants thereof," and which proclaimed liberty on the first celebration of inde pendence, July 8th, 1776, rests on a pedestal in the vestibule. To this pile Philadelphia, and indeed all Pennsylvania, point with the pride of Massachusetts at Bunker Hill, of New Hampshire at Concord, of New York at Saratoga, of South Carolina at the Cowpens. Here, too, close by, are the battle-field of Gerniantown and a hundred other neighborhoods connected by history and tradition with the outburst and the long struggle of the Revolution. And then Philadelphia provided a site for the Exhi bition buildings, the like of which could hardly be afforded by another American city. Fairmount Park, the great park of Philadelphia, a lower slice of which, of about 450 acres, has been assigned to the Centen nial Commission, comprises 2740 acres. But one park in the world surpasses it in extent, the royal park of Windsor. Its natural beauties are stately heights, overlooking the city and distant towns; deep-wooded ravines, groves of century elms and oaks, immense meadows, which have been turned into lawns and commons; bosky undergrowths, and two beautiful streams, steeply banked with foliage, grass and flowers —the Schuylkill and the Wissahickon. Historical dwellings dot its surface. Robert Morris, the Jay Cooke and more of the Revolution, at his home on Lemon Hill, entertained his guests like a prince before his ruin. The Belmont mansion, the home, antecedent to and during the Revolution, of Judge Peters, Secre- ESTIMATE OF COST OF ENTEEPRISE. 47 tary of War, stands converted, without much alteration, into a house of public entertainment. Covers are laid there for couples and parties, and on a window-pane, in one of the snuggest and smallest «f the second- story chambers, is written with a diamond ring: JOHN DIXON, June 3d, 1769, Took leave of Belmont. The finest drive in the park, " Lansdowne," is named after the magnificent residence of John Penn, the last colonial governor of Pennsylvania. The next important point, the location having been decided upon, was an estimate of the amount which would be required to carry out the intention of the Centennial Commission. The sum fixed upon was $10,000,000, as being, in their judgment, necessary for the purposes of the Exhibition. In accordance with this estimate, and with a view to giving every citizen of every State an opportunity to become interested in and connected with this great National Exhibition, a quota was now established of a ratio of subscription for the several States, and every effort was made, through the public press, special circu lars, and selected agents, to bring about such an interest as would lead to a popular subscription sufficiently large to absorb the capital stock, the ratio of each State being fixed as follows : No. State or Territory. „ Population. 1 NewYork..............4,382,759 2 Pennsylvania...........3,521,951 3 Ohio .....................2,665,260 4 Illinois..................2,539,891 5 Missouri................1,721,295 Quota in Shares. 113,666 91,341 69,123 65,871 44,641 Quota in LfoIIai'S. $1,136,660 913,410 691,230 658,710 446,410 48 THE CENTENNIAL' EXPOSITION. APPEOPRIATIONS OF FOREIGN NATIONS. 49 No. State or Territory. Population. 6 Indiana..................1,680,637 7 Massachusetts..........1,457,351 8 Kentucky...............1,321,011 9 Tennessee...............1,258,520 10 Virginia................1,225,163 11 Iowa.....................1,194,020 12 Georgia.................1,184,109 13 Michigan................1,184,059 14 North Carolina.........1,071,361 15 Wisconsin..............1,054,670 16 Alabama................ 996,992 17 New Jersey............. 906,096 18 Mississippi.............. 827,922 19 Texas.................... 818,579 20 Maryland............... 780,894 21 Louisiana............... 726,915 22 South Carolina......... 705,605 23 Maine.................... 626,915 24 California............... 560,247 25 Connecticut............. 537,454 26 Arkansas................ 484,471 27 West Virginia......... 442,014 28 Minnesota.............. 439,706 29 Kansas................... 364,399 30 Vermont................. 330,551 31 New Hampshire....... 318,300 32 Rhode Island.......... 217,353 33 Florida.................. 187,748 34 District of Columbia. 131,700 35 Delaware................ 125,015 36 Nebraska................ 122,993 37 New Mexico............ 91,874 38 Oregon................... 90,923 39 Utah...................... 86,786 40 Nevada................... 42,491 41 Colorado................ 39,864 42 Washington............ 23,955 43 Montana................ 20,595 44 Idaho.................... 14,999 Quota in Shares. 43,587 37,796 34,260 32,639 31,774 30,967 30,710 30,708 27,785 27,353 25,854 23,499 21,472 21,230 20,252 18,852 18,300 16,258 14,530 13,939 12,565 11,464 11,404 9,450 8,573 8,255 5,637 4,869 3,417 3,242 3,190 2,383 2,359 2,251 1,102 1,034 621 534 389 Quota in Dollars. $435,470 377,960 342,600 326,390 317,740 309,670 307,100 307,080 277,850 273,530 258,540 234,960 214,720 212,300 202,520 188,520 183,000 162,580 145,300 139,930 125,650 114,640 114,040 94,500 85,730 82,550 56,370 48,690 34,170 32,420 31,900 23,830 23,590 22,510 11,020 10,340 6,210 5,340 3,890 No. State or Territory. Population. 45 Dakota.................. 14,181 46 Arizona................. 9,658 47 Wyoming............... 9,118 Quota in Shares. 368 250 236 Quota in Dollars. $3,680 2,500 2,360 38,558,371 1,000,000 $10,000,000 Up to December 15th, 1875, the actual amounts subscribed for the purposes of the Centennial were as follows: Total stock subscriptions (reliable).*....................$2,357,750 In which are included New Jersey.................................$100,000 Delaware................................... 10,000 Connecticut................................ 10,000 New Hampshire........................... 10,000 Wilmiugton, Del.......................... 5,000 $135,000 Gifts, concessions, and interest............................ $230,000 Further receipts from concessions......................... 100,000 Appropriation by Pelmsylvania...........................1,000,000 Appropriation by Philadelphia ...........................1,500,000 $5,187,750 Amount still required to prepare for opening up to May 10th, 1876........................................1,537,100 $6,724,850 By which it will be seen that the original estimate of $10,000,000 was found to be much more than suft> cient for the necessities of the Exhibition. The following nations appropriated the sums set against their names for defraying their own expenses at the Centennial: Great Britain, with Australia and Canada (gold).....$250,000 France and Algeria........................................... 120,000 Germany ....................................................... 171,000 50 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Austria.......................................................... $75,000 Italy, (Government, $38,000; Chamber of Commerce, $38,000).................................................. 76,000 Spain........................... ................................. 150,000 Japan............................................................ 600,000 Belgium......................................................... 40,000 Denmark........................................................ 10,500 Sweden.......................................................... 125,000 Norway.......................................................... 44,000 Netherlands (ample provision). Brazil............................................................ 150,000 Venezuela (all expenses). Ecuador......................................................... 10,000 Siam............................................................. 100,000 Argentine Confederation (owns all goods exhibited);.. 60,000 The financial crisis of 1873, and the difficulty of carrying out a working system through the agency of banks, rendered necessary the formation of the follow ing Board of Revenue, with a view of operating through the assistance of voluntary auxiliary boards in different sections of the States and Territories : CLEMENT M. BIDDLE, Chairman, Philadelphia; WILLIAM BIG- LEE, Financial Agent, Pennsylvania; EDMUND T. STEEL, AMOS R. LITTLE, JOHN WANAMAKEE, DANIEL M. Fox, JAMES M. ROBE, JOHN BAIED, Philadelphia; THOS. H. DUDLEY, New Jersey ; JOHN CUMMINGS,Massachusetts; AViLLiAM L. STKONG, New York; GEOEGE BAIN, Missouri; C. B; NORTON, Secretary. Chiefly through the labors of this Board the entire sum subscribed for canying on the operations of the Commission was accumulated, but the difficulties which were surmounted in the accomplishment of this work can hardly be imagined, much less described. These difficulties arose from various causes; the first one took the form of objection to the locality chosen for the Celebration, jealousy being, of course, the prime LIBERALITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 51 mover in this opposition. Finally, however, it was conceded that the selection of Philadelphia as the scene of our Centennial Memorial was just, wise, and pro pitious. Other objections which we have not space here to dilate upon were met bravely and shown to be without foundation in fact. Before leaving this branch of the subject, simple justice demands that the liberality of the State of Pennsylvania and the City of Philadelphia toward the Centennial Exhibition should be acknowledged. The amount appropriated by the State, directly for Centen nial purposes, aggregates $1,015,000, and by the city, $1,575,000, showing a total contribution from these two sources of $2,590,000. In addition, the private subscriptions by citizens of Pennsylvania amount in the aggregate to $2,500,000 more, making a total direct contribution to the Centennial fund, from Pennsylvania alone, of more than $5,000,000. As we have before mentioned, the suggestion made by the Pennsylvania Legislature, in their memorial to Congress, that " the Centennial Anniversary of Ameri can Independence should be celebrated in the city of Philadelphia," met with considerable opposition on the part of representatives from other localities, who affected to consider the claims of these for selection, in place of Philadelphia, as equally good, at least, with those of the latter city. But on June 16th, 1870, the Committee on Manufactures and that on Foreign Affairs visited Philadelphia, when arguments were adduced so unanswerable and so convincing in favor of the proposed location of the Centennial Exhibition in the capital of the Quaker State—the city where the Declaration of Independence, with its sounding rhetoric, had awakened such strange echoes in the Old World— 52 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. that they returned to Washington with a report unani mously recommending Philadelphia being made the scene of the proposed celebration. Philadelphia possesses more relics of the past, more edifices around which hang a halo of history, than any other city in the Union, and we have thought it right to make here a brief mention of some of the most interesting. The building which above all others attracts the attention of strangers, and one that has been most eagerly sought after during this year, is the State House of Philadelphia—" the Cradle of American Liberty." *' Independence Hall. This venerable edifice is rich with the incense of patriotism and heroic struggle, and no one can enter it without a feeling of reverence for the hallowed walls wherein sat that Congress, which, in 1776, issued the memorable Declaration of American Independence, that palladium of our nation's liberties. We give two illustrations, one showing the building as it appeared in 1776, and the other as it is at present. It was designed by Dr. Kearsley, was commenced in 1729, and completed in 1734, the builder being Edmund Wooley. The inner decorations remain as originally designed, and for the work of so early a time, are very fine; those of the main hall, indeed, consisting of a richly panelled ceiling and a heavy cornice supported by fluted columns, are exceedingly beautiful. On the first floor of the main building, in the East Room, is Independence Hall, a shrine to every Ameri can, in which was adopted and signed the Declaration of Independence, and promulgated on July 4th, 1776. A MUSEUM OF NATIONAL RELICS. 53 The apartment retains its original appearance, and is decorated with quaint carvings, and with its wainscotted walls serving as a picture gallery of great American worthies. The table on which the immortal document was signed; John Hancock's chair; the old chandelier which was used by the Continental Congress still pendent from the ceiling; and other sacred relics are all objects of the deepest interest to visitors. On the same floor, in the Western Rooms, is a museum of national relics, mementoes of the "times that tried men's souls." As for instance: the flag of the First Regiment Pennsylvania Militia, lost and re captured at the battle of Brandy wine; relics of the battle • of Gerrnantown; the original stamp imposed under the celebrated Stamp Act of Great Britain in March, 1765, which led to the Revolution; and many others which we have not the space here to enumerate. The original steeple, being decayed, was taken down in 1774, and the present one put up in 1828. On a pedestal in the vestibule, surrounded by a net work of iron, is placed the famous Liberty Bell, bearing the motto, " Proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." It was cast and imported from England in 1752, purposely for the State House, but was cracked in testing it. It was recast, however, and suspended from the steeple, and on the afternoon of the memorable Fourth of July, 1776, announced, with iron tongue, the result of the momentous delibera tions of Congress, by ringing out the j'oyful annuncia tion for more than two hours, its glorious melody floating clear and musical as the voice of an angel above the discordant chorus of booming cannon, the roll of drums, and the mingled acclamations of the people. 4 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. In the rear of the State House is Independence Square, which has undergone extensive improvement, and is now in a condition better fitting its character and its association with the historic Hall, than it has been for many years. This square derives its name from the fact that it was here, on the 8th of July, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was read by John Nixon amid the shouts of the people, who, roused to the highest pitch of patriotic enthusiasm, rushed into the court rooms, tore down the king's arms, burned them in public, and destroyed everywhere the insignia of British authority. Birthplace *of Liberty. One of the most interesting and unpretentious edifices, and which should be dear to every American heart, is one still standing at the southwest corner of Seventh and Market streets, and now occupied as a business house, but in which the memorable Declaration of In dependence, our famous Magna Charta, was drafted one ihundred years ago by Thomas Jefferson. In those days ihe building stood outside of the thickly-settled portion •of the city, in what was then called "The Fields." A garden enclosed by a brick wall occupied the site of the house which now stands on the corner. In June, 1776, when all hope for reconciliation with England had faded away, a resolution was offered in the General Congress, by Richard Henry Lee, of Vir ginia, declaring all allegiance to the British crown at an end. This bold proposition was immediately fol lowed by the appointment of a committee to draft a Declaration of Independence. This committee con- of Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas ;on, Ro T Sherman and Robert H. Livingston. I Is III I INDEPENDENCE HALL --tion wns iigiirl and the "rent Bell rung out tie proclamation of Liburtj CARPENTER'S HALL. Vhel th" fir't Continental f"lijjre=s nss»ml>led us. BIRTHPLACE OF LIBERTY. Building in which the Declaration of Independence was written. GIRARD COLLEGE. THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS. A MONUMENT TO THOMAS JEFFERSON. 57 Jefferson, though the youngest member of the com mittee, was appointed chairman, and was requested by the others to draw out the instrument, which he did, and, with a very few verbal alterations by Dr. Franklin and Mr. Adams, it was adopted by the committee just as it came from his hand. On the 28th of June, 1776, the committee reported the Declaration to Congress, and on the Fourth day of July, 1776—an ever memor able day in the history of this country—it was formally adopted by Congress. This instrument forms an ever lasting monument to the memory of Thomas Jefferson, and gives, by far, a wider range to the fame of his talents and patriotism than eloquent panegyric or sculptured epitaph. Without exception, perhaps, the oldest edifice is Perm's Cottage, in Letitia Court, south side of Market street above Front, the tradition regarding which was for some time lost by the great mass of the population of Philadelphia. This name, "Letitia's House," was given by the citizens because Penn deeded the house to his unmar ried daughter, Letitia. It enjoys the reputation of having been the first cellar dug in Philadelphia. The material for the house was all sent out from England in charge of Colonel Markham, and was built before Penn arrived. It was on Penn's first visit, early in 1682, that he dwelt here. The finer work was taken from his palace at Pennsbury. Penn's instructions to his commissioner, of 30th of 9th month, 1681, says ex pressly, "pitch upon the very middle of the platt of the towne, to be laid facing the harbour, for the situa tion of my house," thus intimating the choice of Court, and his desire to have his house faein<* 58 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. the river, "as the line of houses of the towne should be." After Penn, it was used by Colonel Markham, his deputy Governor, and afterwards for public offices. In 1700, when he used the "Slate House," corner of Second street and Norris alley, having a mind to confer something upon his daughter, then with him, he gave her a deed, 1st month, 29th, 1701, for all that half square lying on High (Market) street, and including said house. If we would contemplate this house in its first rela tions, we should consider it as having an open area to the river, which here and there retained an ornamental clump of forest trees and shrubbery on either side of an avenue leading out to Front street, having a garden of fruit trees on the Second street side, and on Second street the " Governor's Gate," so called, opposite the lot of the Friends' Great Meeting. Its appearance now, crowded in upon by houses, makes it very difficult indeed to trace the landmarks. Another edifice, scarcely less sacred than Independ ence Hall, is Carpenters' Hall, which stands to the south of Chestnut street between Third and Fourth streets, and is reached by a passage way from the street first named. This building was originally constructed for the Hall of Meeting for the Society of House Carpenters of Philadelphia, in 1770, and it was taken and used by the first Colonial Congress, which met in it September 5th, 1774, to deliberate on the incipient measures of the War of the Revolution. Here it was that Patrick Henry poured forth those passionate appeals for liberty which so electrified the colonies. It was in this hall that he made his memorable speech SACKED RELICS OF COLONIAL TIMES. 59 in favor of war, and first uttered the words " Declara tion of Independence," predicting the separation from the mother country, when others dared not think of it. This building was afterwards used, for several years, as the first Bank of the United States. It then fell into use as an auction house, until a few years back. The citizens of Philadelphia, who pass and repass it daily on this busy thoroughfare, seldom think of its former glory, as being the spot where the groundwork of our national independence was laid. The Old Swedes Church, which is still standing on Swanson street (so named from the celebrated Swedish family who once owned all the land in that part of the city), below Christian, is one of the most venerable edifices in America. The first church upon this site was erected in 1637, more than forty years before the arrival of Penn's colony, and served both for a place of worship and of defence, being con structed of logs, with loop-holes and the appliances of defensive warfare. The present brick edifice was built on the same site in 1700, of cruciform shape, the front of gallery ornamented with wooden cherubim brought over from Sweden. Another sacred relic of colonial times is Christ Church, still standing on the west side of Second street above Market, and which was constructed at various periods of times. The western end, as we now see it, was raised in 1727, and having enlarged their means, they, in 1731, erected the eastern end. The steeple was elevated on or about the year 1754. The first church on this site was built of wood in 1695. When the present brick structure was erected, it was com pletely over the wooden structure and roofed in, the 60 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. congregation still worshipping in the small wooden chapel; when it was necessary to lay the floor in the present building, the inside building was taken away. At that time the bell to call the people was hung in the crotch of a tree on the sidewalk. Its chime of bells is among the oldest this side of the Atlantic. On the tenor is inscribed, " Christ Church, Philadelphia. Thomas Lester and Thomas Peck, of London, made us all." The years 1752-53 were very fruitful in ex pedients for adorning and beautifying the city. Several new improvements were started upon lotteries; among these was one of November, 1752, for aiding in raising a steeple for Christ Church. It was called " a scheme to raise £1012 10s., being half the sum required to finish the steeple to Christ Church, and to purchase a ring of bells and a clock." The lottery was drawn March, 1753, and was called "The Philadelphia Steeple Lottery." The steeple was finished November, 1754, at a cost of £2100, and the bells were purchased in England at a cost of £900; they were brought out freight free in the ship " Matilda," Captain Budding, and as a compliment to his generosity, as often as he arrived in subsequent years, the bells put forth a merry peal to announce their gratitude. When the British troops took Philadelphia, these bells, like others in the city, were removed to prevent them falling into the hands of the enemy and being cast into cannon. They returned with the patriots, and have remained to peal forth their music eversince. Washington was a regular attendant at Christ Church when President of the United States, and many of the heroes and patriots of the " times that tried men's souls" rest in its vaults. Among the few souvenirs of our early history in which Philadelphia is so peculiarly rich is the " Treaty FRANKLIN AND GIEAED. 61 Monument," a simple obelisk upon a granite pedestal, so insignificant that it can hardly be discovered, save by a sharp eye—marking the site of the old elm-tree, under which William Penn made his famous, treaty with the Indians. This tree stood for more than a century, and was blown down in 1810. The monument stands on the east side of Beach street, north of Han over, in an enclosure just large enough to hold it, and in the shade of a tall elm which may possibly be a lineal descendant of the one whose site it marks. Another shrine, which thousands and thousands of patriotic visitors to Philadelphia have this year visited, is Franklin's Grave, which is in the graveyard of Christ Church, on the cor ner of Fifth and Arch streets. A section of iron railing in the brick wall on Arch street permits the visitor to look upon the plain slab which, in accordance with Franklin's wishes, covers all that remains of the phil osopher-statesman and his wife. After the removal of the seat of government to Washington, Philadelphia lost much of its political prestige, but none of its importance as a place of busi ness. The commerce of the city grew rapidly during the early part of the nineteenth century, and its su premacy in this respect over all American rivals was unquestioned. Trade with the East and West Indies developed into prominence, and the accumulation of wealth by merchants was rapid and vast. Some of the names connected with this commerce are familiar to most readers, and one of them, by the magnificent charity and wonderful foresight of him who bore it, is so blended with Philadelphia that no sketch of the city could be complete without its mention. 62 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Stephen Girard came to Philadelphia in his youth, comparatively poor. He was a Frenchman by birth, but, at an early age went to sea and followed it for many years. It was as captain of a ship that he first entered the Delaware, and he continued to make his voyages for some time after he had fixed upon this as his home. Finally he settled down in Philadelphia as a general trader, and by his almost supernatural sagacity and indomitable energy, accumulated the largest fortune ever, up to that period, gained by an American. He died in 1832, leaving all his property, with the exception of 'a few insignificant personal be- qnests, to the city. At that time his estate, so be queathed, was estimated at several millions of dollars, and now it is probably worth more than fifty millions. A part of this estate was, by his will, to be devoted to the foundation of a college, which should accommodate not less than three hundred children, who must be poor, white male orphans, between the ages of six and. ten years, and who are to be supported and instructed until they arrive at the age of sixteen, when they must l-e apprenticed to good trades or other useful avoca tions. To meet this requirement the city erected, on the site designated and bequeathed by Girard, consist ing of forty-five acres of ground on Ridge road, a struc ture at a cost of two millions of dollars, which is one of the most beautiful buildings in America, and the truest specimen of Grecian architecture times. • Girard College. The central or college building is 218 feet long, 160 wide, and ninety-seven high, and is a noble marble structure of the Corinthian order. The roof commands NOTED BUILDINGS. 63 a wide view of the city. In the room in the building known as " Girard's room" are preserved the books and personal effects of the founder. A statue of Girard stands at the foot of the grand stairway, and under neath the statue he is buried. The grounds contain a monument to the graduates of the college who fell in the civil war. Clergymen are not admitted, in accordance with an express provision made in his will. The Academy of Natural Sciences has, during the present year, been moved into a handsome building at the corner of Race and Nineteenth streets; the architecture of which is that of the Collegiate Gothic, and the material used serpentine stone, with trim mings of Ohio sandstone. The Society was founded March, 1812, "for the acquirement, increase, simplification and diffusion of Natural Knowledge," as the records tell us, by benevo lent persons emulous to excel each other in carrying forward their projected work. The act incorporating the society is dated March 24th, 1817. From its foundation the Academy has met weekly. The results of its labors are recorded in a journal (quarto), and in the Proceedings, octavo, which are exchanged with more than two hundred kindred societies at home and abroad. The society possesses more than 22,000 volumes of scientific works, and vast collections of natural objects. The collection of birds and the collection of shells are unequalled in the world, and other departments of the museum are very full, though far from complete. The Academy of Fine Arts, whose new gallery, on Broad street, above Arch, is one of the most prominent buildings in the city—was founded in 1805, by the voluntary contributions of a 64 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. number of Philadelphians, and was incorporated in 1807, by act of Assembly. The aim of this institution, one of the worthiest and noblest in the great City of Brotherly Love, as set forth in its charter, is to im prove and refine the public taste for works of art, and to cultivate and encourage our native genius by " pro viding elegant and approved specimens of the arts for imitation." Its first annual exhibition was held in 1811, and over five hundred specimens of the skill of both painter and sculptor were then displayed. For many years the academy was located in a modern Ionic building standing on the site of the present American Theatre, Chestnut street, above Tenth; but six years ago steps were taken to rear a larger building, and one more worthy the standing of the institution and its treasures, and the present edifice is the result of the efforts which were put forth. It is of a modified Gothic style, having a front of 100 feet on Broad street, and a depth on Cherry street of 258. The principal front is two stories high, ornamented with encaustic tile's, terra-cotta statuary and light stone dressings, the wall being laid in patterns of red and white brick. Over the main entrance there is a large Gothic window, with some tracery. The Cherry street front is of similar materials and relieved by a colonnade support ing a series of arched windows, back of which will be a transept with a pointed gable. The building has galleries for casts from sculpture, life-class rooms, lec ture-rooms, and retiring rooms on the first floor; while upon the second is- located the grand gallery, seventy- fi've by forty-two feet; the " Gilpin " gallery (contain ing a hundred thousand dollars' worth of art treasures, bequeathed by the late Henry D. Gilpin), ninety-five by forty-two feet, together with a number of smaller THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 65 exhibition rooms. The general appearance of the building conveys a fine idea of the florid Venetian style. The art collections of this academy are the most valuable in this country, comprising the master pieces of Stuart, Sully, Neagle, Benjamin West, Alls- ton and Wittkamp. Its marbles and fac-similes are very fine and many in number. Its gallery of casts from the relics of antiquity is especially instructive. The academy is now under the supervision of gentle men who have always been lovers and patrons of art, and has the promise of great prosperity and success. The University of Pennsylvania, with its cluster of beautiful buildings, forms a most conspicuous object in West Philadelphia. This institution, which now exhibits such marked prosperity and is making such rapid strides of progress, originated in and grew out of an early attempt at lib eral education in the old Province of Pennsylvania. A school where Latin, English and Mathematics had been taught had been in progress for some time pre vious; but it was not until the 13th of July, 1753, that a charter was granted, incorporating the " Trus tees of the Academy and Charity School in the Pro vince of Pennsylvania." Two years later, the demand for higher education continuing to increase, a new charter was granted, adding a Collegiate Department to the already prosperous Academy and Charitable School. The first commencement of the new college was held in 1757, when a class of seven young men were graduated. From this time the college increased in prosperity and numbers, attracting students from different parts of the country, and even from the West Indies, until in 1763 nearly four hundred individuals 66 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. were receiving instructions in its various departments. Soon after the breaking out of the Revolution, however, the legislature of Pennsylvania, suspecting the loyalty of the college, abrogated its former charters, appointed a new Board of Trustees, conveyed all the property into their hands, added, out of confiscated estates, an endowment of £1500 a year, and changed the name of the institution to the one which it now bears. This occurred in 1779. It was first located on Fourth street, below Arch, where it remained till the year 1800, when the build ing on Ninth street which had been erected for the resi dence of the President of the United States, when it was expected that Philadelphia would be the capital of the country, was purchased for the use of the Uni versity. From that time until 1872 this building was the home of the institution. The old building having become altogether inadequate to its wants, the present magnificent structures of serpentine marble were erected and occupied in 1872. They form one of the handsomest groups of college buildings in the United States. The University is divided into Academical, Colle giate, Medical and Law Departments, and among its Faculty are numbered some of the most distinguished men in the State. The junction of Thirty-sixth street, Darby road and Locust street, was selected as the best location for the new buildings of the University. The one for the accommodation of the Department of Arts and Science is one of the most conveniently arranged college buildings in the country. It consists of a main central building with connecting eastern and western wings, which are completed by towers. It extends, exclusive of towers, bay windows, etc., 254 feet in DEPARTMENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. 67 length, 102 feet 4 inches in breadth, with an additional projection of its central building 21 feet 10 inches be yond the wings. The design is in what is termed the Collegiate Gothic style; the material used is Lieperville stone for the basement, with base courses of Humrnels- town brown stone. The walls above are serpentine marble, with cornices, gables, arches, etc.? of Ohio stone. The entrance porch is of Franklin stone, with arch supported on polished red granite columns, with encircled capitals of Ohio stone. The windows of chapel and gables are decorated with geometrical tracery. The pointing is done with red mortar, and this, with the green color of the serpentine, and the relief afforded by the Ohio stone, gives the building an exceedingly rich appearance. The cost of the entire building, exclusive of the spe cial fittings required for the different laboratories, mu seums, cabinets, and the furniture, was $2o5,910.46. The students in these two departments are under a common government and discipline, and are in constant association with each other. The instruction, however, in each department is in charge of a distinct faculty, and both the objects of that instruction and the method of imparting it differ essentially. The Law Department has its lecture-room in the building of the Department of Arts and of Science. The Department of Medicine is located in a building situ ated on one side of the square devoted to various uses in connection with the University. It is larger and more commodious, as well as more elegant, than any other building in America devoted to a similar purpose. The arrangements for the convenient accommodation and instruction of students have been carried out in accordance with plans based upon long experience. 68 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. In the basement are the laboratories; on the first floor, two large lecture-rooms; on the second a general museum and an amphitheatre for six hundred students; and on the third, rooms for the study of operative surgery and dissection. The Lecture and Dissecting Rooms; the Museum and Cabinet, including the Wistar and Horner Museum, founded nearly one hundred years ago, and which is unequalled for the number and variety of its specimens of the normal and morbid anatomy of every part of the human body; the Chemical and Physical Apparatus, the most extensive private collection in the country; the Library, containing upwards of three thousand medical works, accessible to advanced students and graduates under appropriate regulations; and nu merous other departments are all so constructed as to excel all previous accommodation for a medical school. The immediate neighborhood of the University to its own hospital and the Philadelphia Hospital, at both of which the clinical instruction of the students is chiefly given, forms another and quite peculiar advantage of this institution. The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania is an elegant and commodious edifice, constructed accord ing to the best established principles of hospital archi tecture, provided with all the appliances pertaining to such institutions of the first class, is adjacent to the new Medical Hail, and forms an integral portion of the Medical Department. It is situated on the south side of Spruce street, between Thirty-fourth and Thirty- sixth streets, directly south of the building in use by the collegiate and scientific departments of the Uni versity. The style of architecture of the building is of the same character as that of the Departments of Art and THE UNITED STATES MINT. 69 Science, and in harmony with the new hall of the Medical Department—the three buildings forming a group that unitedly constitute the University of Penn sylvania. The hospital comprises in design a central building with pavilions. In the centre building, which is an gular in form, its greatest width being 88 feet 4 inches, by a depth of 131, are located on the basement and floor a lecture-room, with covered seats for 150 stu dents ; linen and splint rooms, a laboratory; the gen eral kitchen, from whence the food is distributed throughout the upper stories by means of dumb wait ers; scullery and closets; and servants' dining-rooms, store-rooms, etc. On the first or principal stories are the rooms and offices for officers and business purposes. On the second stories, in the front, are chambers for private patients, and in the rear, rooms for medical staff, resident physi cians, private laboratories, etc. The amphitheatre, or main lecture-room, is circular in form, sixty feet in diameter, and forty-five feet high to the skylight in the centre. The ceiling is domed, being circular in plan from the walls to the skylight, and oc tagonal in the skylight; the operating arena is exactly in the middle of the room, and the seats are concentric with it, arranged in ascending rows, sufficiently elevated one above another to enable every student present to see uninterruptedly all the operations in the arena. About sixty students can be seated in this room. It is abundantly lighted and ventilated, having windows on three sides, in addition to the large skylight in the centre of the dome. The students' entrance is from the main stairway in the third story. It is regarded as probably the most spacious and best arranged clinical lecture-room in the United States. 70 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. We must make a brief mention of the celebrated United States Mint, which stands on Chestnut street, above Thirteenth street. This building was erected in 1829, pursuant to an act of Congress enlarging the operations of the government coining, and supplementary to the act creating the Mint, which was passed in 1792. The structure is of the Ionic order, copied from a temple at Athens, of brick, faced with marble ashlar, with a graceful portico. The beautiful and delicate processes and contrivances for coining, as well as the extensive numismatic cabinet,- are very interesting, and well worth seeing. The New Public Buildings, now being erected on what was once Penn Square, at Broad and Market streets, have elicited so much aston ishment and interest from the many who have passed them during the past six months, that they deserve notice. It will be an enormous structure—486i feet long by 470 wide, four stories high, and covering an area of nearly 4i acres, not including a court-yard in the centre 200 feet square. The central tower will be 450 feet high. The exterior walls are to be of white marble, and those facing the court-yard of light blue marble. Union League Building is located on Broad street, and, from its ornate style of architecture, is one of the principal adornments of that noble avenue. It is of brick, in the French Renais sance style, with facades of granite, brick and brown stone. * UNION LEAGUE. PUBLIC LEDGER BUILDING. tf 'f CHAPTER III. OPENING CEREMONIES, MAY 10, 1876. years after the first organization was effected in preparation for the Centennial Exhibition, and less than two years from the time when the work was commenced upon the buildings on the Lansdowne plateau, converting that beautiful portion of the most beautiful of parks into a magnificent city devoted to art, to industry, and to patriotism, Philadelphia became the focus toward which were directed the thoughts of all the people of this land, if we may not say of all the civil ized world. May 10th, 1876, beheld the flower and the first fruition from the seed planted by patriotism, fill ing the hearts of those who had toiled so long and so earnestly, with pride and exultation. The marvellous Exhibition whose gates were opened on that ever memorable day, more than repaid all the toil and labor, the sacrifice and endurance, that at last brought it to completion, and the ceremonies of its dedication worthily marked the opening day of our great Cen tennial festival. The bright May sun shone down upon such a pageant as our country has seldom known 1—upon the Park, in all its fresh spring loveliness; upon the great palaces of art and industry, of bewilder ing variety and magnitude, and upon a crowd of enthusiastic men and women greater, beyond doubt, than was ever assembled on this continent before. The representative men of the nation were gathered 5 , 73 MASONIC TEMPLE, BROAD STREET, PHILADELPHIA. 74 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. there, the leaders in every branch of public and of private influence, and the representatives, too, of almost every civilized nation upon earth, all met to do honor to a free nation's birthday festival; and it must have been a dull spirit that was not stirred as the strains of noble music arose upon the summer air, and the float- ing flag announced the formal opening of the festival.;' For months Philadelphia had been anticipating the 10th of May in the Centennial year. The day dawned in an outburst of patriotic ardor. The busy labor of the flag and decoration makers, public and private, saw the light the day previous. The city was literally enveloped in bunting—enwrapped in the flags of all nations. The stars and stripes found the English jack, the French and German tri-colors, the Austrian and Russian eagles, the elephant of Siam, the Chinese dragon, the sun of Japan, and the emblems of all the world aiding it in celebrating the Centenary. From pole and halyard, in festoons and clusters, they were flung to the Centennial breeze. How many square miles of silk and bunting waved in and over, around and through Philadelphia on that day, it will be difficult to calculate. Everybody gave vent to joy with a flag, and the universality and remarkable character of this patriotic outburst in bunting, silk and decorative art, was one of the most striking features of the day. The preparations for the display began on Tuesday, and, despite the lowering weather, the decorations fulfilled their part thoroughly. No feast or carnival of Europe or the Orient ever showed brighter decorations. The day opened with clouds and rain. It was a sore disappointment, but could not be helped. "Old Prob abilities " had done his best for the previous twenty- THE MORNING OF THE OPENING DAY. 75 four hours in predicting clear weather, but the ele ments would not obey. Patriotism, however, after having been wrought up to the pitch displayed in Philadelphia, is not to be dampened by rain. At sun rise the bell on Independence Hall sounded the alarm that the great day had come. The peal continued a half hour, being taken up and spread over the city by all the bells and chimes, waking up the people who had not already begun the flag decorations. This was the formal announcement of the beginning of the Cen tennial holiday, and, to add to the display, the ship ping in the harbor also ran up flags at sunrise. Thus opened the day. At seven o'clock crowds were gathering at the Exhibition gates impatient to pass, though admittance had been ordered for nine, and in the city, at the local railroad stations, along the Centennial car routes, at the rendezvous of the military and in all the hotels, the bustle of hasty departure was already appreciable. The next hour brought lighter hearts, for the gentle rain growing steadily gentler, finally ceased altogether; the cloud curtain overhead slowly drew aside, and between, in a bright blue sky-way, the tardy sun shone forth dazzlingly. Then the streets everywhere grew suddenly populous, the horse cars jammed and the military jubilant. Shortly after the gates were opened to the public, and for hours the stream of visitors con stantly increased. As they passed in, convenient avenues led them into the partially paved thoroughfare between the Main Building and Memorial Hall and up to the scene of the ceremonies. There they awaited good-naturedly the official party and the programme. Meanwhile the guests of the Commission and their escort were assembling in the city, the civic bodies at 76 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Independence Hall, whence they took carriages, at nine o'clock, for the grounds, and the foreign dignita ries at their hotels. Through the mud and the drizzling rain the various regiments then in the city, composing the National Guard of Pennsylvania, marched early to the place of assembling on South Broad street. Previous to the first trumpet-blare, Governor Hartranft and his bril liantly-accoutred staff appeared at Broad and AValnut streets, and a few minutes after, at about eight o'clock, the signal for the start was given. Out AValnut street proceeded the rows of glistening bayonets; tastefully- decorated residences, flying bunting, and a cheering multitude sending a thrill through the heart of many a patriotic looker-on. The head of the line had scarcely arrived at the residence of George W. Childs, AValnut street, near Twenty-second, when President Grant stepped out upon the door-step, followed by the mem bers of his Cabinet. The loud and prolonged huzzas of the swarming multitude the President greeted with numerous bows. Accompanied by his escort, the First City Troop, seventy-five men, under the charge of Lieutenant Snowden, he then took a position in the line. He was seated, together with Governor Hart ranft and Secretary Fish, in a carriage drawn by four gray horses. Secretaries Bristow, Taft, and Robeson, and Postmaster-General Jewell, followed. The Boston Cadets, 125 in number, marched by next in regular columns and with steady tread. Governor Rice, mounted, though in plain attire, and his staff next fol lowed, the Boston Lancers, 150 mounted men, each carrying a red flag attached to a lance, prancing after. Governor Kellogg, of Louisiana, and staff, appeared next. Then marched by the National Guard of Penn- TIIE MILITARY ESCORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 77 gylvania, Major-General John P. Bankson commanding, the commands appearing in the following order: Black Hussars, Captain Kleinz, fifty men; Washington Troop, of Chester county, Captain Matlack, fifty men ; Keystone Battery, Captain Poulterer, with fifty men and four pieces and caissons; Second Brigade, General Thayer; Navy Yard Band; United States Marines, 100 men, from League Island station, Captain C. H. Wells commanding; Fifty sailors from the United States steam ship Congress; Americus Cornet Band ; Third Regiment National Guards, Colonel Ballier, 300 men; Sixth Regiment Band; Sixth Regiment National Guards, Colonel Maxwell. 330 men ; McClurg's Liberty Cornet Band ; State Fencibles, Captain Ryan, 102 men ; Excelsior Band; Gray Invincibles, Captain Jones, escorting the Delaney Guards of West Chester, Captain Hood, and numbering altogether 100 men; Second Regiment National Guards of Penn sylvania, Colonel Peter Lyle, 375 men, and accompanied by their band; Beck's Band of forty pieces; First Regiment National Guards of Pennsylvania, Lieutenant-Colonel J. Ross Clark, 550 men ; Easton Grays, Captain Stitzer, forty men, and accompanied by a band; Weccacoe Cornet Band; Weccacoe Legion, Captain Denny, fifty men; Centennial Drum Corps in Continental uniform; Washington Grays, Lieutenant Lazarus, forty men; Cadets Penn sylvania Military Academy, Chester, numbering 100, and com manded by Lieutenant Barrett, Fifth United States Artillery; Eleventh Regiment, Colonel Tencate, 200 men. | After entering the Exposition grounds the larger portion of the troops formed en masse between the Main Exhibition Building and Machinery Hall, but several commands were detailed to line and guard the passage-way from the grand stand to the Main Building. The cavalry was not allowed to enter the grounds, but formed in line on Lansdowne drive and saluted the Presidential party as it entered Memoriaf Hall. The Keystone Battery was stationed at George's Hill, and assisted in the cannonade with which the inaugural ceremonies were concluded. 78 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. The space reserved for holding the formal opening ceremonies was the large area bounded by the Main Building on the south and by Memorial Hall on the north. Memorial Hall stands upon a broad terrace, the front portion of which is paved with flagstones. Along the front of the hall and covering part 'of this pavement was erected a platform capable of accommo dating 4000 people. That portion of the platform in front of the centre of the hall was square in shape, with a semi-circular stand projecting from the front, and placed directly across the avenue leading from the Main Building to Memorial Hall. This stand was erected for the accommodation of the Emperor and the Empress of Brazil and their suite, the President of the United States and Cabinet, and those persons most immediately concerned in the conduct of the ceremonies. From the ends of the pavilions, on the eastern and western corners of the building, the platform diverged from the east and west line in a southwesterly and southeasterly direction, thus giving it the general ap pearance of a parallelogram with square projections at the corners. The seats on this platform all looked toward the south, facing the northern side of the Main Building, and with their backs toward Memorial Hall. The front of the central stand was covered with a large United States flag, across which was draped, in honor of the presence of the Emperor of Brazil, the green and yellow folds of the Brazilian standard. At the two corners of the entrance to the stands were displayed the flags of Great Britain and the United States, and to the right and left of the stands, respectively, the standards of France and Germany. In front of the balustrade, extending above the cornice of Memorial THE CONCOURSE OF SPECTATOES. 79 Hall, were placed handsome vases filled with a profu sion of rare and beautiful plants. Immediately in front of the central stand were placed seats for the repre sentatives of the press, of whom there were a great number. Over against the great platform and facing it was erected an inclined platform capable of accommodating one thousand persons. It adjoined the north line of the Main Building, and was occupied by the grand orchestra and chorus. This platform was arranged with tiers of seats, one over another, and was raised sufficiently high from the ground to permit the passage of the procession under it. At eight o'clock a number of invited guests had arrived, and by nine o'clock there was a very general sprinkling of people over the space between the Main Building and Memorial Hall. At ten o'clock the stands and open space between them were thronged with people, and in a few minutes after ten the assem blage had become so dense that it was practically im possible to make one's way from point to point without the assistance of the police. All the available space on the platform and terrace was soon occupied to its utmost capacity, and people began to climb up to all points in the vicinity from which views of the scene could be obtained. Groups of men and boys were perched upon the bronze statues representing "Pegasus led by the Muses," standing on either side of the approach to Memorial Hall, and every inch of space on the statues and on the backs of the horses was eagerly grasped for. Indeed, so great was the eagerness to obtain a place that two men seated themselves one between the ears of each of the horses. Groups of people were also con gregated on the roofs of the Main Building, Memorial 80 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Hall, Photographic Hall, the north annex to the Main Building, Machinery Hall, and every other accessible elevation in the vicinity. Viewed from the grand stand, the immense assem blage of people, covering acres of ground, had a most impressive appearance. Among the distinguished persons who now arrived and passed along to the grand stand, and who received the most applause, were Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil, and the Empress. The arrival of the imperial pair was heralded all along the passage-way, the orchestra playing the " Hymno Brazileira Nacional." The Emperor was dressed in a plain suit of black, with a silk hat, and wore no decorations of any kind. The dress of the Empress was a rich lavender silk, en traine, with satin bonnet and delicate lace shawl. The royal pair, attended by their suites in full uniform, repeatedly acknowledged their appreciation of the welcome ten dered them by bowing to the cheering multitudes, the Emperor occasionally removing his hat; and finally, after ascending the steps to the platform, facing round, and with the utmost grace and modesty saluting the assemblage. With his wife, he was then conducted to a seat in the centre of the platform, immediately to the light of the chair reserved for the President of the United States. Generals Sherman and Sheridan, and Governor Rice, of Massachusetts, were greeted with hearty cheers. By a very thoughtful arrangement, which was carried out with a happy effect, the repre sentatives of this and most of the other nations, directly interested at the Exhibition, were conducted to the platform during the performance of their respec tive national airs by Theodore Thomas' grand orchestra of 150 musicians. THE NATIONAL ANTHEMS. 81 1. The "Washington March. 2. Argentine Eepublic. Marche de la Bepublica. 3. Austria. Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser. 4. Belgium. La Brabanconne. 5. Brazil. Hymno Brasileira Nacional. 6. Denmark. Volkslied den tappre Landsoldat. 7. France. La Marseillaise. 8. Germany. "Was ist des Deutscben Vaterland. 9. Great Britain. God save the Queen. 10. Italy. Marcia del Ee. 11. Netherlands. "Wie neerlandsch bleed. 12. Norway. National Hymn. 13. Eussia. National Hymn. 14. Spain. Eiego's Spanish National Hymn. 15. Sweden. Volksongen (Bevare Gud var Kung). 16. Switzerland. Heil dir Helvetia. 17. Turkey. March. 18. Hail Columbia. Upon the conclusion of the national airs the Presi dent of the United States, accompanied by Presidents Hawley and Welsh, of the Commission and Board of Finance, and the members of the Cabinet, made his appearance on the rostrum, and met with a hearty greeting. Mrs. Grant, escorted by Colonel Fred. Grant, was also on the stand. Then, upon a signal by General Hawley, the orchestra performed the Cen tennial Grand March, composed by Richard Wagner, which received at its close an applause that was almost rapturous. All noise now became hushed, and the venerable and eloquent Bishop Simpson arose with un covered head, his example being followed by all on the platform, the men in the standing multitude also re moving their hats, and besought the Divine blessing upon the work in the following prayer: Almighty and everlasting God, our heavenly Father, Heaven is Thy throne and the earth is Thy footstool. Before Thy majesty 82 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. and holiness the angels veil their faces, and the spirits of the just made perfect bow in humble adoration. Thou art the Creator of all things, the Preserver of all that exist, whether they be thrones or dominions or principalities or powers. The minute and the vast, atoms and worlds alike attest the ubiquity of Thy presence and the omnipotence of Thy sway. Thou alone art the Sovereign Ruler of nations. Thou raiseth up one and casteth down another, and Thou givest the kingdoms of the world to whomsoever Thou wilt. The past with all its records is the unfolding of Thy counsels and the realization of Thy grand designs. We hail Thee as our rightful Ruler; the King eternal, immortal and invisible, the only true God, blessed forever more. We come on this 'glad day, O Thou God of our fathers, into these courts with thanksgiving and into these gates with praise. We bless Thee for Thy wonderful goodness in the past, for the land which Thou gavest to our fathers, a land veiled from the ages, from the ancient world, but revealed in the fulness of time to Thy chosen people, whom Thou didst lead by Thine own right hand through the billows of the deep, a land of vast extent, of towering mountains and broad plains, of unnumbered products and of untold treasures. We thank Thee for the fathers of our country, men of mind and of might, who endured privations and sacrifices, who braved mul tiplied dangers rather than defile their consciences, or be untrue to their God, men who laid on the broad foundations of truth and justice the grand structure of civil freedom. We praise Thee for the closing century, for the founders of the Republic, for the immortal Washington and his grand associates ; for the wisdom with which they planned, and the firmness and heroism which, under Thy blessing, led them to triumphant success. Thou wast their shield in hours of danger, their pillar of cloud by day and their pillar of fire by night. May we, their sons, walk in their footsteps and imitate their virtues. We thank Thee for social and national prosperity and progress, for valuable discoveries and multiplied inventions, for labor-saving machinery relieving the toiling masses, for schools free as the morn ing light for the millions of the rising generation, for books and periodicals scattered, like leaves of autumn, over the land, for art and science, for freedom to worship God according to the dictates of conscience, for a Church unfettered by the trammels of State. REV. MATTHEW SIMPSON, BISHOP M. E. CHURCH. PRAYER BY BISHOP SIMPSOX. 85 DOM PEDRO, EMPEROR OF BRAZIL. HON. JOHN WELSH, PRESIDENT BOARD OF FINANCE. Bless, we pray Thee, the President of the United States and his constitutional advisers, the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Senators and Kepresentatives in Congress, the Governors of our several Commonwealths, the officers of the army and navy, and all who are in official position throughout our land. Guide them, we pray Thee, with counsels of wisdom, and may they ever rule in righteousness. We ask Thy blessing to rest upon the President and members of the Centennial Commission and upon those associated with them in the various departments, who have labored long and earnestly, amidst anxieties and difficulties, for the success of this enterprise. May Thy special blessing, O Thou God of all the nations of the earth, rest upon our national guests, our visitors from distant lands. We welcome them to our shores, and we rejoice in their presence among us, whether they represent thrones or culture or research, or whether they come to exhibit the triumphs of genius and art in the development of industry and in the progress of civilization. Pre serve Thou them, we beseech Thee, in health and safety, and in due time may they be welcomed by loved ones again to their own, their native lands. Let Thy blessing rest richly upon this Centennial Celebration. May the lives and health of all interested be precious in Thy sight. Preside in its assemblies. Grant that this association in effort may bind more closely together every part of our great Republic, so that our Union may be perpetual and indissoluble. Let its influence draw the nations of earth into a happier unity. Hereafter, we pray Thee, may all disputed questions be settled by arbitration, and not by the sword, and may wars forever cease among the sons of men. t - May the new century be better than the past. More radiant with the light of true philosophy, warmer with the emanations of a world-wide sympathy. May capital, genius and labor be freed from all antagonism by the establishment and application of such principles of justice and equity as shall reconcile diversified interests and bind in imperishable bands all parts of society. We pray Thy benediction especially on the women of America, who for the first time in the history of our race take so conspicuous a place in a national celebration. May the light of their intelli gence, purity and enterprise shed its beams afar, until in distant lands their sisters may realize the beauty and glory of Christian freedom and elevation. We beseech Thee, Almighty Father, that 86 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION; FORMAL TRANSFER OF BUILDINGS. 87 our beloved Kepublic may be strengthened in every element of true greatness until her mission is accomplished by presenting to the world an illustration of the happiness of a free people, \vith a free church, in a free State, under laws of their own enactment, and under rulers of their own selection, acknowledging Supreme alle giance only to the King of kings and Lord of lords. And as Thou didst give to one of its illustrious sons first to draw experi mentally the electric spark from heaven, which has since girdled the globe in its celestial whispers of " Glory to God in the highest, peace on earth and good will to men," so to latest time may the mission of America, under Divine inspiration, be one of affection, brotherhood and love for all our race. And may the coming cen turies be filled with the glory of our Christian civilization. And unto Thee, our Father, through Him whose life is the light of men, will we ascribe glory and praise, now and forever. Amen. The grand chorus then sang the Centennial hymn, written by John G. Whittier, and set to music by John K. Paine, of Massachusetts. Centennial Hymn. Our fathers' God ! from out whose hand The centuries fall like grains of sand, We meet to-day, united, free, And loyal to our land and Thee, To thank Thee for the era done, And trust Thee for the opening one. Here, where of old, by Thy design, The fathers spake that word of Thine Whose echo is the glad refrain Of rended bolt and falling chain, To grace our festal time from all The zones of earth our guests we call. Be with us while the New World greets The Old World thronging all its streets, Unveiling all the triumphs won By art or toil beneath the sun ; And unto, common good ordain This rivalship of hand and brain. Oh! make Thou us, through centuries long, In peace secure, in justice strong; Around our gift of freedom draw The safeguards of Thy righteous law, And, cast in some diviner mold, Let the new cycle shame the old! I At the close of the hymn, of which only the first three and last verses were sung, the formal transfer of the Centennial buildings to President Hawley, who re ceived them on behalf of the commission, was made by Mr. John Welsh, President of the Board of Finance, in the following speech: Mr. President and Gentlemen of the United States Centennial Commission: In the presence of the government of the United States, and of the several distinguished bodies by whom we are surrounded, and in behalf of the Centennial Board of Finance, I greet you. In readiness at the appointed time, I have the honor to announce to you that, under your supervision and in accordance with the plans fixed and established by you, we have erected the buildings belonging to us, and have made all the arrangements devolving on .us necessary for the opening of the "International Exhibition." We hereby now formally appropriate them for their intended occu pation ; and we hold ourselves ready to make all further arrange ments that may be needed for carrying into full and complete ef fect all the requirements of the acts of Congress relating to the Exhibition. For a like purpose we also appropriate the buildings belonging to the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia, erected by us at their bidding, to wit: Memorial Hall, Machinery Hall and Horticultural Hall. These and other substantial offerings stand as the evidence of their patriotic co-operation. To the United States of America, through Congress, we are indebted for the aid which crowned our success. In addition to those to which I have just referred, there are other beautiful and convenient edifices, which have been erected by ihe representatives of foreign nations, by State authority, and by -88 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. individuals, which are also devoted to the purposes of the Exhibi tion. Ladies and Gentlemen: If in the past we have met with disap pointments, difficulties and trials, they have been overcome by a consciousness that no sacrifice can be too great which is made to honor the memories of those who brought our nation into being. The commemoration of the events of 1776 excites our present grat itude. The assemblage here to-day of so many foreign representa tives uniting with us in this reverential tribute is our reward. We congratulate you on the occurrence of this day. Many of the nations have gathered here iu peaceful competition. Each may profit by the association. This Exhibition is but a school; the more thoroughly its lessons are learned, the greater will be the gain, and, when it shall have closed, if by that study the nations engaged in it shall have learned respect for each other, then it may be hoped that veneration for Him who rules on high will become universal, and the angels' song once more be heard: " Glory to God in the highest, . And on earth peace, good will towards men." * Before beginning and again upon closing his address, Mr. Welsh was favored with prolonged President Hawley said: cheering. Mr. President, of the Centennial Board of Finance: The Centen nial Commission accepts the trust with grateful and fraternal ac knowledgment of the great services of the Board of Finance. Mr. Dudley Buck, of Connecticut, then ascended the musical platform, the members of the chorus rose to their feet, and the Centennial Cantata, written by Sidney Lanier and set to music by Mr. Buck, was rendered. Then followed the presentation of the Exhibition by Joseph E. Hawley, President of the Commission, to the President of the United States. His appearance was the signal for three thundering cheers and a tiger, which was appropriately acknowledged by the General, THE PRESENTATION TO PRESIDENT GRANT. 89 who proceeded with the following address—the only one loud enough to be heard with satisfaction: ME. PRESIDENT : Five years ago the President of the United States declared it fitting that " the completion of the first century of our national existence should be commemorated by an exhi bition of the natural resources of the country and their develop ment, and of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind," and ordered that an exhibition of American and foreign arts, products and manufactures should be held, under the auspices of the Gov ernment of the United States, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. To put into effect the several laws relating to the Exhibition, the United States Centen nial Commission was constituted, composed of two commissioners from each State and Territory, nominated by their respective governors and appointed by the President. The Congress also created our auxiliary and associate corporation, the Centennial Board of Finance, whose unexpectedly heavy burdens have been nobly borne. A remarkable and prolonged disturbance of the finances and industries of the country has greatly magnified the task, but we hope for a favorable judgment of the degree of success attained. July 4th, 1873, this ground was dedicated to its present uses. Twenty-one months ago this Memorial Hall was begun. All the other one hundred and eighty buildings within the enclosure have been erected within twelve months. All the buildings em braced in the plans of the commission itself are finished. The demands of applicants exceeded the space, and strenuous and continuous efforts have been made to get every exhibit ready in time. By general consent the Exhibition is appropriately held in the City of Brotherly Love. Yonder, almost within your view, stands the venerated edifice wherein occurred the event this work is de signed to commemorate and the hall in which the first Continental Congress assembled. Within the present limits of this great park were the homes of eminent patriots of that era, where Washington and his associates received generous hospitality and able counsel. You have observed the surpassing beauty of the situation placed at our disposal. In harmony with all this fitness is the liberal sup port given the enterprise by the State, the city and the people individually. In the name of the United States you extended a respectful and 90 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. cordial invitation to the governments of other nations to be repre sented and to participate in this Exhibition. You know the very acceptable terms in which they responded, from even the most distant regions. Their commissioners are here, and you will soon see with what energy and brilliancy they have entered upon this frjendly competition in the arts of peace. It has been the fervent hope of the commission that, during this festival year, the people from all States and sections, of all creeds and churches, all parties and classes, burying all resentments, would come up together to this birthplace of our liberties to study the evidence of our resources, to measure the progress of an hun dred years, and to examine to our profit the wonderful products of other lands; but especially to join hands in perfect fraternity and promise the God of our fathers that the new century shall surpass the old in the true glories of civilization. And further more, that from the association here of welcome visitors from all nations there may result not alone great benefits to invention, manufactures, agriculture, trade and commerce, but also stronger ' international friendships and more lasting peace. Thus reporting to you, Mr. President, under the laws of the government and the usage of similar occasions, in the name of the United States Centennial Commission, I present to your view the International Exhibition of 1876. The President's Address, An opportunity such as that afforded on this occa sion for American citizens to behold the men to whose intellectual force, business tact and indomitable en ergy, is owing the consummation of that grand triumph which they were then congregated to celebrate, had never presented itself before, and, as a natural conse quence, a grateful people could not let this one slip without giving vent to the feelings of their hearts. General Hawley retired to his seat amid deafening cheers and clapping of hands. Then came the event that all so curiously and impatiently awaited, the speech of the President of the United States. As soon THE SPEECH OF THE PRESIDENT. 91 as he arose the members of the Cabinet and others followed his example, and their cheers were taken up by the multitude, whose applause, this time to the Chief Magistrate, was almost as great as that received ' by Presidents Welsh and Hawley. Taking some manuscript from his coat-tail pocket, the President of the United States, with modest demeanor, and still more modest tone of voice, proceeded to read his speech: MY COUNTRYMEN : It has been thought appropriate, upon this Centennial occasion, to bring together in Philadelphia, for popular inspection, specimens of our attainments in the industrial and fine arts, and in literature, science and philosophy, as well as in the great business of agriculture and of commerce. That we may the more thoroughly appreciate the excellencies and deficiencies of our achievements, and also give emphatic ex pression to our earnest desire to cultivate the friendship of our fellow-members of this great family of nations, the enlightened agricultural, commercial and manufacturing people of the world have been invited to send hither corresponding specimens of their skill to exhibit on equal terms' in friendly competition with our own. To this invitation they have generously responded; for so doing we render them our hearty thanks. The beauty and utility of the contributions will this day he sub^ mitted to your inspection by the"managers of this Exhibition. We are glad to know that a view of specimens of the skill of all nations will afford to you unalloyed pleasure, as well as yield to you a valuable practical knowledge of so many of the remarkable results of the wonderful skill existing in enlightened communities. One hundred years ago our country was new and but partially settled. Our necessities have compelled us to chiefly expend our means and time in felling forests, subduing prairies, building dwellings, factories, ships, docks, warehouses, roads, canals, ma* chinery, etc., etc. Most of our schools, churches, libraries and asylums have been established within an hundred years. Bur- thened by these great primal works of necessity, which could not be delayed, we yet have done what this Exhibition will show in the direction of rivalling older and more advanced nations in law, 6 t 92 TEE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. medicine and theology, in science, literature, philosophy and the fine arts. Whilst proud of what \ve have done, \ve regret that \ve have not done more. Our achievements have been great enough, however, to make it easy for our people to acknowledge superior merit wherever found. * And now, fellow-citizens, I hope a careful examination of what is about to be exhibited to you will not only inspire you with a profound respect for the skill and taste of our friends from other nations, but also satisfy you with the attainments made by our own people during the past one hundred years. I invoke your generous co-operation with the worthy commissioners to secure a brilliant success to this International Exhibition, and to make the stay of our foreign visitors—to whom we extend a hearty welcome —both profitable and pleasant to them. I declare the International Exhibition now open. At the conclusion of the President's remarks, which was at exactly 12 o'clock, at a given signal the Amer ican flag was run up on the staff at the highest peak of the Main Exhibition Building. At the conclusion of this ceremony, which was ac companied by a salute of artillery of 100 guns on George's Hill, the assemblage commenced to disperse, some towards one building, and some to another, ac cording as they wished to obtain a more favorable position to see the dignitaries on some portion of the route travelled by the procession, or, despairing of that, to witness the displays in the various buildings. It took a long time, nearly an hour, before the large plat form in front of Memorial Hall was emptied, and the space between it and the Main Building was sufficiently cleared to obtain an unobstructed passage. The ceremonies being concluded amid the plaudits of the multitude, the line of march was taken up for the Main Exposition Building. Chief Marshal Dixey called off the order of the procession as follows: THE ORDER OF THE GRAND PROCESSION. 03 President Grant, the Empress of Brazil and Mr. Alfred T. Goshorn, Director General. The Emperor of Brazil and Mrs. President Grant. The Brazilian Minister, Senor Borges, and wife. Colonel Fred. D. Grant aud Mrs. Waite. Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite. Hon. T. W. Ferry, The President of the Senate. Joseph R. Hawley, President of the United States Centennial Commission. John Welsh, President of the Centennial Board of Finance. Daniel J. Morrell, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Commission. John L. Campbell, Secretary of the Commission. Frederick Fraley, Secretary of the Board of Finance. The Cabinet. The Supreme Court of the United'States. The Diplomatic Corps. The Foreign Commissioners of the Exhibition. The United States Centennial Commission. Chiefs of Bureaus of Administration. The Centennial Board of Finance. Henry Pettit aud Joseph M. Wilson, Engineers and Architects of Main Building and Machinery Hall. H. J. Schwarzniann, Architect of Memorial Hall and Horticultural Hall. James H. Windrim, Architect of Agricultural Hall and the United States Government Building. Richard J. Dobbins, Contractor Main Building and Memorial Hall. Philip Quigley, Contractor Machinery Hall aud Agricultural Hall. Aaron Doane, Contractor Government Building. The Board of the United States Executive Department. The Women's Centennial Executive Committee. The Fairmount Park Commission. The Governors of the States and Territories. The Senate of the United States. The House of Representatives. The General of the Army and Staff. The Admiral of the Navy and Staff. The Lieutenant-General of the Army and Staff. 94 THE CENTENKIAL EXPOSITION. The Vice-Admiral of the Navy and Staff The General Officers of the Army anil Staffs. The Rear-Admirals and Commodores of the Navy and Staffs. Officers of the Army and Navy. Military and Naval Officers of Foreign Governments. Consuls-General and Consuls of Foreign Governments. Judges of the United States Courts, and Officers of the United States Executive Bureaus. Officers of the United States Coast Survey. Officers of the Naval Observatory. Officers of the Smithsonian Institution. The Board of Judges of Awards of the Exhibition. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The Legislature of Pennsylvania. The Judiciary of Pennsylvania. The Board of State Supervisors of Pennsylvania. The State Board of Pennsylvania. The Mayor of Philadelphia. The Mayors of Cities. The Select and Common Councils of Philadelphia. The State Centennial Boards. The Women's Centennial Committees. The Advisory and Co-operating Committees and Boards of the Commission. International Regatta Committees, and Committee of the National Rifle Association. Officers of the City Department of Philadelphia. The Presidential party was flanked on both sides by a platoon of City Troopers, who also did duty along the line of the procession. The cortege entered the Main Exposition Building at the north entrance—the Presi dent and Governor Hartranft receiving the enthusi astic applause of the multitude as they passed through the open space between the platform antl the entrance door. Passing along the centre transept of the building, the party soon reached the nave, stopping as they did so, at the head-quarters of the French Commission, where the Delegate and Resident Commissioner were PROGRESS THROUGH THE BUILDINGS. 95 presented by Director-General Goshorn to President Grant. • Following the northern and easterly direction the departments of Switzerland and Belgium were next reached, and the same ceremonies were gone through with. The beautiful building erected for the Brazilian exhibit was next arrived at, and here the party stopped for a few minutes. The Emperor, Dom Pedro, and his Empress were saluted by the Commissioners in charge, who came forward and kissed the hands of both imperial personages. At the Department of the Netherlands, to the east of that of Brazil, the usual introductions were gone through with, the soldiers drawn up in line in front of it, saluting the President as he passed. The Department of Mexico was next passed, and its Commissioners presented to the President. At this point the procession left the nave and, taking the next easternmost cross avenue, went on to the south avenue. Here it passed through the greater portion of the United States exhibit. Arriving at the centre transept it passed along it to the nave, leaving to the left the German head-quarters, where the officers of the commission who were in waiting were presented to the President. Next the Austrian Department was inspected, and then the procession made a detour to the north, taking in the exhibits of the English colo nies, Canada, India, Australia, New South Wales, Vic toria and New Zealand, commissioners from each of which were in front of their respective departments as the party passed by. Returning to the nave, the English Department was reached, and here the President passed some minutes 96 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. in conversation with Colonel Sanford and Professor Archer, the English Commissioners. Norway and Sweden .were the next departments passed on the right hand side of the line, whilst to the left the depart ments of Austria and Russia were brought to the President's notice. In front of the Department of Spain, on the same side of the nave, the entire Spanish Commission stood in a body, with th'e Spanish Engi neers drawn up in line behind them. There a short stop was made, the President engaging in conversation- with several of the Commissioners. Denmark was next passed, and then the procession came to a halt in front of the Departments of Turkey and Egypt. Here another detour was made, and the departments of the Sandwich Islands, Portugal and Tunis, situated in the extreme southwestern end of the building, were visited, and their Commissioners presented to the President. Retracing its steps to the nave, the proces sion passed the Departments of Japan, China, Peru, Chili, and the Argentine Republic, on the left hand, and the Italian exhibit on the right hand, leaving the building by the western main entrance. As one by one the several foreign departments were passed, and the Commissions in charge presented to the President, these latter fell into line in the rear of the Diplomatic Corps, their handsome court costumes or picturesque national attire giving additional brilliancy to the suite following in the wake of the President. Crossing Belmont avenue, through the military drawn up on both sides with presented arms, the pro cession entered Machinery Hall, where all was stillness prior to.their coming, and surrounded the great Corliss engine. The President of the United States, the Em peror of Brazil and George H. Corliss then ascended THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OPENED. 97 the platform of the mammoth motor. The President having taken hold of the valve-lever of one engine and the Emperor of that of the other, both gave the turn simultaneously; steam was on; the great walking- beams began to ascend and descend; the engine was in motion; eight miles of shafting and hundreds of ma^ chines of all descriptions were in operation, and the International Exhibition of 1876 was at that instant thrown open to the world. After leaving the great engine the procession moved straight down the main avenue in a westerly direction, passing on its way the several foreign departments. Meanwhile all the machinery in the vast building had begun running, and the din and clatter of the hun- dr§ds of machines, united with the music of the bands without and the ringing of the chimes within,i made it a confusion of sounds long to be remembered. When the western end of the building was reached, the pro cession passed out, and the President with his party got into carriages and were driven off to the city. The procession then broke up, the Emperor and Empress of Brazil and suite going up toward the lake and visiting the buildings in that vicinity, and the rest of the distinguished guests and visitors going their several ways. After the conclusion of the grand ceremonies at tending the opening of the Exhibition, the Women's Pavilion was opened with very simple ceremonies. The time was made to accommodate the Empress of Brazil, who was to take an important part in the opening. With the exception of a few members of the Women's Centennial Committee, and employes, no persons were allowed in the building until after the 98 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. arrival of Mrs. Gillespie, President of the Committee, with the Empress. Long before this time a large con course of people, largely composed of ladies, surrounded the building, vainly trying to obtain entrance. In the building, besides the manufactured articles on exhibition, there were looms of various kinds for weaving silk and wool, and skilled women were in attendance to use them. They were run by a six-horse power Baxter engine, which was to be set in motion by the Empress. On the arrival of Mrs. Gillespie and the distin guished lady at the southern entrance, the two walked through the building, followed by the other ladies of the Empress' suite and members of the Women's Committee. Mrs. Gillespie conversed in 'French with the ladies, explaining the objects of interest as they passed. On reaching the rear of the building the, Empress pulled a golden cord, connecting with the engine, and the machinery at once commenced to move and the looms to clatter, ^he party returned to the entrance, and there met Emperor Dom Pedro II., who had been on a tour of observation over the grounds. He then inspected the place, and the cere mony was over. w H w I \ \ \ ••I WISS VHICKON NEAE CHESTNUT HILL. -*-'* VIEW OF PHILADELPHIA FROM FAIEMOIJNT PARK. CHAPTER IV. DESCRIPTION OF FAIRMOUNT PAEK—PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS OF EXHIBITION. TjWRMOUNT PARK, at Philadelphia, is the most J- extensive, and in natural advantages the most attractive, among the pleasure-grounds of Europe and America. It borders and includes the Schuylkill river for a distance of over seven miles, and the Wissahickon, a tributary stream, for a distance of over six miles. It begins at Fairmount, a point on the Schuylkill distant about one and a half mile from the Centre Square of the city, and terminates at Chestnut Hill, on the Wissa hickon, a distance of nearly fourteen miles. Of the two principal sections of this park, the one bordering the Schuylkill contains 2,240 acres. The one bordering the Wissahickon contains 450 acres. The entire park comprises nearly 3,000 acres. Fairmount takes its name from this part of the pub lic grounds, where the water-works and the oldest of the present reservoirs are situated. This was the original Fairmount, and embraced but a few acres between the present Spring Garden street bridge and the water-works. Fairmount Water-Works and the surrounding land scape have been famous for their beauty for several generations, and objects of attraction to visitors from all parts of the country. From the Fairmount basin a 101 102 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. fine view of the Schuylkill river and the park grounds may be obtained. On the river above the dam are the steamboat landings, on a plateau near which is The Lincoln Monument. This fine bronze was modelled by Randolph Rogers, in Rome, and cast at Munich. Its entire cost was $33,000, and the ceremonies of the unveiling, in the presence of 70,000 persons, took place on September 22d, 1870, the anniversary of the Proclamation of Emancipation. The martyred President is represented sitting in a cushioned chair holding in his right hand a quill pen and in his left a scroll—the immortal procla mation. The face is an excellent likeness and the posture is easy and natural. The figure is colossal in size, measuring nine feet and six inches in height, and if represented standing, in the same proportion, would be eleven feet high. It is raised upon a granite base, upon the sides of which appear these inscriptions : " To Abraham Lincoln, from a grateful people," on the south face; on the east, u Let us here highly resolve that the government of the people by the people and for the people shall not perish from the face of the earth;" on the north, " I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within the States in rebellion, are and hence forth shall be, free;" and on the west face, "With malice towards none, with charity towards all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in." Leinon Hill Is the hill north of Fairmount, and within easy walking distance. At the base of the hill are handsome flower beds ; on the river bank are the beautiful stone boat- WISSAHICKON DRIVE. FOUNTAIN IN THE PARK. CHESTNUT STREET BRIDGE. THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. 105 fa MOKKEY HOUSE ZOOLOGICAL GAKDEF \ \ • '" r> ''"L houses belonging to the clubs composing the " Schuyl- kill Navy," and the level ground back of the Mansion House is one of the great playgrounds of the park. The " Mansion," now used for refreshment purposes, is on the site of the country-seat occupied by Robert Morris during the Revolution. North of the Mansion House are many objects of interest, including the log cabin which was the head-quarters of General Grant at City Point, Virginia, during the long siege of Petersburg. The East Park Is the common name of the grounds on the east bank of the Schuylkill above Girard avenue. The Schuyl- kill Water-Works are located a few paces north of Girard avenue. The great storage reservoir, a fine play and parade ground, Rockland, the place to which the children are taken on free excursions, and many fine old mansions, one of which once belonged to and was occupied by Benedict Arnold, the traitor, are in the East Park. The West Park Includes the Zoological Garden, Lansdowne, George's Hill, Belmont, and Chamouni, extending from the dam at Fairmount to the Falls of Schuylkill. It is finely wooded, and contains many beautiful ravines, through which rivulets of water run down to the Schuylkill. The Centennial Buildings are located on Lansdowne Terrace; and on the river bank, above Belmont, is a small cottage which tradition says was once occupied by Thomas Moore, the poet. The Zoological Gardens, These celebrated gardens are situated in a part of the park property formerly known as " Solitude," on the BEAK PITS, ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN. 11 106 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Schuylkill river. The grounds are well shaded by trees of a century's growth. The places of interest are the Carnivora-House, the Monkey-House, the Aviary, the Fox Pens, the Wolf-Pens, the Raccoon-House, the Prairie Dog > Village, the Elephant and Rhinoceros Houses, the Rabbit-House, the Eagle-Aviary, the Deer Enclosure, the Bison-Sheds and the Bear-Pits. The collection of birds and animals is the finest in this country. The portion of the park on which the Centennial Exhibition was held contained 450 acres; it extended from this point to George's Hill and Ridgeland, em bracing two tracts, Lansdowne and Belmont; the first, Lansdowne, is bounded by the river, Elm avenue— the park's southern boundary—George's Hill, and the Belmont tract. It is a plateau known as the Lans downe Plateau, and a second plateau lying north and westward—Lansdowne Terrace, separated by a ravine from the other. These grounds were formally transferred by the Park Commissioners to the Commissioners of the Interna tional Exhibition on the 4th day of July, 1873; and the Proclamation of the Exhibition made by order of the President of the United States. The grounds on which the Exhibition was held were enclosed within a close board fence nine feet high and 16,000 feet, or near three miles, in circuit, within which was an area of 236 acres. The walks and drives through these grounds had a total length of seven miles,, while five and a half miles of narrow-gauge rail way, operated by steam, surrounded and intersected them, affording rapid and cheap facilities of commu nication between the principal buildings and points of attraction. Si; lii THE PRINCIPAL EXHIBITION BUILDINGS. 109 "We will now proceed to give a description of the principal buildings which were erected for the Centen nial Exhibition. It will necessarily be but a very brief one, however, as they have been described so often, and seen by so many hundreds of thousands of our readers, that any detailed account would only be tedious. The Main Building, This stupendous structure was located along the southern border of the Exhibition grounds, extending east and west 1880 feet in length, and north and south 464 feet in width. The height in the interior, from the floor to the louvre, was seventy feet. The building was of wood, iron and glass. In the centre of each side was a grand entrance, on each of the four corners a tower seventy-five feet high, and in order to obtain a central feature for the building as a whole, the roof over the central part, for 184 feet square, was raised above the surrounding portion, and four towers, forty- eight feet square, rising to 120 feet in height, were in troduced at the corners of the elevated roof. From these towers, and from promenades which connected them near their summits, a magnificent view of the city and country was afforded. The building cost $1,600,000, and had a floor space of 21.47 acres. Machinery Hall, This structure, the next in size to the Main Build ing, consisted of a main hall, 1402 feet long and 360 feet wide, with a wing on the southern side 208 by 210 feet. It was composed of a superstructure of wood and glass upon a foundation of massive masonry. The entire floor space was about fourteen acres. It was located 550 feet west of the Main Building, and the 110 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. distance from the eastern end of the latter structure to the western end of Machinery Hall was nearly three- fourths of a mile. There were a number of annexes to the building, the most important of which was a structure about two hundred by ninety feet in size, in which the best kinds of saw-mill machinery were exhibited in practical operation. Machinery Hall cost $792,000, and its exhibits embraced mining, chemistry, working of metal, wood and stone, spinning, weaving and sewing, printing and making books and paper, power generators, hydraulic and pneumatic apparatus, railway, plant and rolling stock, aerial, pneumatic and water transportation, etc., all of which will be found fully described hereafter. * Agricultural Hall, This building was located on a commanding elevation near the northern extremity of the triangular plot forming the Exhibition grounds. It presented a novel combination of materials, mainly wood and glass, and consisted of a long nave, crossed by three transepts, each composed of truss arches of the Gothic form. The ground-plan was a parallelogram, 540 feet^by 820 feet, covering about ten and a quarter acres. Steam-power was supplied for the use of agricultural machinery, and there were a number of very extensive annexes for the display of pomological exhibits, wagons and carriages, and machinery for which there was no room in the main structure. In connection with the agricultural department were extensive stock-yards at the crossing of Belmont avenue over the Pennsylvania Railroad, for the exhibition of horses, cattle, swine, sheep, poultry, etc., of which descriptions are given in a separate chapter. Agricultural Hall cost $300,000. Its exhibits HORTICULTURAL HALL. WOMEN'S PAVILION HORTICULTURAL HALL. 113 were classified into agricultural and forest products, pomology, land and marine animals, fish culture and apparatus, animal and vegetable products, textile sub stances of vegetable or animal origin, machines, im plements and processes of manufacture, agricultural engineering and administration, and tillage and general management. Horticultural Hall. This was an extremely ornate and commodious structure, located on a terrace bordering the Schuylkill river. It was erected by the city of Philadelphia, at an expense of $251,937, and like Memorial Hall, now that the Centennial is over, remains in permanence as an ornament of Fairmount Park. The building was of the Moorish style, 383 feet long, 193 feet wide and seventy-two feet high. Its chief materials, externally, were iron and glass, supported by fine marble and brick work. Surrounding the edifice were parterres of flowers and plants, artistically arranged, with fountains play ing amidst them, reviving with their moisture the luxuriant growth. Promenades extended in all direc tions through these beds of verdure and perfume. The exhibits within and without the building embraced ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers, hot-houses, con servatories, graperies, and their management; garden- tools and accessories of gardening, and garden designing, construction and management. The interior of this hall possessed an Arabian Nights' sort of gorgeousness. On the eastern and western extremities were vestibules, restaurants, reception rooms, etc. An ornamental stairway at the western end led up to the gallery, which ran all around the building at the height of twenty feet from the floor, from which was had a view as entrancing as a poet's dream. 114 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Perhaps the gem of the whole of the big buildings, as far as decoration is concerned, was the Horticultural Hall. The appearance of the exterior is very attrac tive, but the interior is a marvellously beautiful triumph of decorative art. The color charms without dazzling the eye, and when the building was filled with shrubs and flowers, a perfectly enchanting coup cTceil greeted the visitor. It is admirably arranged in every way for the purpose for which it is destined. Even the cultivated taste of skilled Paris artisans who visited the Exhibition was impressed with the beauty of the scene around Horticultural Hall—first, by the beautiful design of the building itself, and next with the exquisite arrangement and utilization of the landscape around it. Memorial Hall and Annexes. The most imposing and substantial of all the Exhi bition structures was Memorial Hall, built at a cost of $1,500,000 by the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia. It was placed at the disposal of the Commission, to be used during the Exhibition for the display of sculpture, paintings in oil and water colors, engraving and lithography, photography, industrial and architectural designs, models and decorations, ceramic and vitreous works, and mosaic and inlaid executions. Now that it has so nobly served its purpose, and that the Grand World's Fair is over, it is designed to make it the receptacle of an industrial and art collection similar to the famous South Kensington Museum at London. The design of the building is modern Re naissance. It stands on a terrace 122 feet above the level of the Schuylkill, is on a line parallel with and 200 feet north of the Main Building. It is built of granite, is 365 feet long and 210 feet wide, and has a THE SMALLER EXHIBITION BUILDINGS. 115 dome of glass and iron, the summit of which is 150 feet above the ground. It covers one and a half acres of ground. Immediately in the'rear of the building was the Art Annex, a temporary but fire-proof building, affording as much exhibiting space as Memorial Hall itself. The entrance to Memorial Hall is through an ornate vestibule into the central rotunda, both of which were devoted to the display of statuary. At each side are two large galleries arid several smaller ones, the main galleries of which were occupied by the United States and Great Britain on one side and France and Germany on the other. The buildings thus briefly sketched embraced an exhibition space of forty-eight and a half acres, while other public and private edifices, erected directly for the purposes of the Exhibition, increased this space to seventy-five acres. This exceeded the area of the London Exhibition of 1862, fifty-one acres; of the Paris Exhibition of 1867, thirty-four and a half acres; and of the Vienna Exhibition of 1873, twenty-five acres. Grand and imposing as these five Main Exhibition buildings were (and the general verdict of all who saw them is that they were faultless in design and perfect in construction), they were yet but centres in which the principal features of the Exhibition, classified under the five distinctive headings of Manufactures, Machin ery, Fine Arts, Horticulture and Agriculture, were grouped. Five other edifices were erected which were properly classified as public to distinguish them from the numerous buildings constructed by nations, States and individuals for special uses and special exhibits. Of these the 7 116 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. United States Government Building, Erected by the General Government, was one of the most striking within the Centennial enclosure. It was 500 feet in length by 360 feet in width, covering an area of more than four acres, while its immediately contiguous grounds, utilized for exhibition purposes, increased this space to seven acres. The exhibits made by the government, in and around this edifice, will be found under their proper head. The Women's Pavilion Was a very neat and tasteful edifice, in the form of a Maltese cross, 208 feet by 208 feet. It was emphatic ally what its name implied—a Women's Pavilion— originated and paid for by the women of America, and devoted to the exclusive exhibition of the products of woman's art, skill and industry. The remaining public edifices, all of which were tasteful specimens of archi tecture, were the Judges' Pavilion, 152 by 113 feet, containing ten committee rooms, four private rooms for the use of the Exhibition Judges, and two large halls; the office of the Centennial Board of Finance, and the office of the Centennial Commission. The other edifices erected in the grounds were 160 in number, and were dotted on all portions of the broad space, presenting a variety of design that added mate rially to the ge'neral attractiveness of the scene. The States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, New Hamp shire, Connecticut, California, Massachusetts, Arkansas, Delaware, West Virginia, Kansas and Colorado, each had its special building for the accommodation of its citizens. JUDGES' HALL. GOVERNMENT BUILDING. CHAPTER V. UNITED STATES EXHIBITS——GOVERNMENT BUILDING. ri THE chief executive officer in charge of the exhibits -L in the Government Building was Lieutenant Henry Metcalf, of the United States Ordnance Corps, whose office was at the right of the main entrance. Each of the subordinate departments was in charge of an officer specially detailed for that purpose. The War Department and Treasury Department occupied the northeastern portion of the building; the Navy De partment the southeastern, in conjunction with the Postroffice Department; the Department of the Inte rior and Agricultural Department the southwestern; and the Smithsonian Institution the northwestern. These departments were subdivided into sections, each in charge of an officer who had special supervision over the details of that section. The Signal Service Bureau, In the War Department the first section which claims our notice, because of its operations being brought home to us daily, was the Signal Service Bureau, in charge of Lieutenant Grugan. The principal part of this exhibit was a signal station, or weather-observer's station, fully equipped and in operation, with recording instruments, telegraph wires, a printing press and full corps of observers. 119 inn 120 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. This very important branch of the Government ser vice has been, to a very great extent, the creation of General Albert J. Myer, Chief Signal Officer, U. S. A., who is now familiarly known as " Old Probabilities," who, though he does not " regulate the weather/' does regulate the carrying of umbrellas and overshoes. In deed, he received the thanks of a prominent brother officer in charge of the opening ceremonies on the 10th instant, for ordering up, under the most discouraging circumstances, the few hours of sunshine which ren dered those services so enjoyable. General Myer was in command of the Signal Corps during the war, a corps which rendered very important services in communicating information across districts where it Avould have been impracticable for the United States Military Telegraph Corps to have run its wires. At the close of the war, however, there was little left for this corps to do, the Telegraph Corps was abolished, having only a quasi military status; and General Myer was called upon to organize a system of daily weather reports in connection with his Signal Service Corps. This his studies and tastes admirably fitted him for, and the work was begun. Records had long been kept at all the military sta tions, and much of the groundwork of a correct system had been already prepared. The Smithsonian Institu tion, too, had, with limited means and volunteer ob servers, developed the science of foretelling the weather and tracing the course of storms to a greater extent than any other organized effort had ever done. The weakness of all methods, however, had been in the fact that volunteer observers, though enthusiastic, could not be relied upon; for, to suit their own con venience, or through unintentional neglect, the observa- OEGANIZATION OF SIGNAL CORPS. 121 tions were not made at the proper moment, or were made by unskilled persons. General Myer started out with the principle that the observers should be not only qualified, but should be under strict military discipline. In this way only could reliable data be obtained. He therefore accepted none but enlisted men for observers, and these were first instructed in their duties before being put into service. Observing stations were established at all the im portant cities in the Union, and at every sea and lake port which was accessible by telegraph. Many other important seaports have since been reached by a coast line of telegraph, built for the purpose by this depart ment. At these stations observations are made three times in the twenty-four hours, at intervals of eight hours, all being made at the same instant of time. The results of these observations are sent immediately by telegraph, by the operators connected with the signal office, to the office of General Myer, at Washing ton, and from these data skilled officers make up the " Probabilities" for each locality, which are so uni versally consulted by the readers of the morning papers before they venture over their thresholds. The pre dictions and the reports from all the stations are tele graphed to each station. The observers note, first, the state of the barometer; second, the state of the ther mometer; third, the humidity of the atmosphere; fourth, the rainfall; fifth, the direction and velocity of the wind. For this purpose each office is provided with a barometer, a thermometer, a wet and dry bulb thermometer, a rain-gauge, and an anemometer. The display at the Government Building was in tended to show a signal station with all these appli- 122 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS IN USE. ances, and with many others which are now in use, or being tested at the office of the Chief Signal Officer. The above named instruments, as exhibited, are all self-registering, and make a record fuller and more accurate than any made by human observers. They are all of American invention, and are principally by gentlemen connected with the service. Lieutenant Gibbon's barograph or self-registering barometer is the usual syphon-shaped mercurial barom eter, in the short leg of which an iron float rests upon the column of mercury. The slightest change in the level of the column makes this float rise or fall, and its motion is communicated by a cord running over a pulley to the circuit-breaker of an electro-magnet. The armature of the magnet communicates its motion to a pen which dots the surface of a cylinder moved slowly by clockwork, thus registering the slightest change and the exact moment of its occurrence. The paper with which the surface of the cylinder is covered is ruled to cover a space of fourteen days, and as each paper is removed it is filed away as a permanent record of that period of time. Foreman's barograph is in its leading characteristics like the one above described, and has also an attachment which automatically prints in figures each change of one-thousandth of an inch. Hough's thermograph is a self-registering thermom eter. It consists of a syphon tube, the short leg of which is expanded into a larger tube with a closed end. In this short leg is placed alcohol, which is confined there by a column of mercury in the longer leg, which is open at the top. The thermometer operates by the contraction and expansion of the spirits by cold or heat, raising the column of mercury as the spirits expand and letting it sink as it contracts. Upon the surface of the mercury is a float, which rises and falls with the column, and by a very delicate apparatus operates a circuit-breaker of an electro-magnetic circuit. This again, as in the case of the barograph, is made to record the changes on a revolving cylinder. A marine barograph is constructed much like the one first described, except that the tube containing the mercury is made of iron instead of glass. It has an attachment to hang it up by, which keeps it always in a perpendicular position. Eccard's Evapograph is an instrument for determin ing the amount of moisture in the atmosphere, and registering the result. This is determined by the rapidity with which water exposed to the atmosphere will evaporate. The instrument is an open cylindrical vessel filled with water, resting upon a delicate scale; as the water evaporates the vessel is lightened and rises, the slightest change being sufficient to operate the circuit-breaker of an electro-magnet which, as in other instruments, records the changes on the cylinder moved by clockwork. The motion, of course, is always upward, as evaporation continually goes on with greater or less rapidity. Gibbon's electrical rain and snow gauge records in like manner the depth of the rain or melted snow which falls in any given time. A receiver is situated on the roof of the building, the area of the upper section of which is a certain number of times as great as the base of the cylinder of the instrument with which it is con nected by a tube. Upon the water in the lower cylin der is a float, which, as it rises, communicates its motion by an electro-magnet to the recording apparatus as before described. Eccard's rain gauge dispenses with the electro-mag- i 124 THE CE'NTENNIAL EXPOSITION. net, the float communicating its motion by a counter poise to the clockwork. This is a very simple and effective instrument. Gibbon's Anemograph measures and records the velocity and direction of the wind. Upon the roof of the observing station four hemispherical cups, placed vertically on horizontal arms, catch the slightest move ment of the air and cause the arms to revolve a certain number of revolutions, equalling in the distance travelled one mile of distance travelled by the wind, closes an electric circuit, and an electro-magnet records the same on a revolving cylinder. This cylinder, moving by clockwork, should there be no movement of the magnet, will cause the pencil to make a long, straight line; with a high wind the record is frequently made, and the line is broken up into longer or shorter sections, corresponding with the velocity of the wind. The direction is indicated on another cylinder. There are four magnetic circuits connecting with the four points at the weather-vane corresponding with the four points of compass. Once in four minutes the clock work makes a record, and that record is made by the pen of whichever circuit the weather-vane has at the time closed. Eccard's Anemograph dispenses with the electric circuit, and makes its record on the cylinder by entirely mechanical means. The weather-vane in turn ing revolves the rod to which it is attached, which communicates its motion directly, or by gearing, to the pen, without the intervention of an electro-magnet. The above-described instruments are thought to be the most reliable of any invented, and are in every respect the most simple in construction. The anemo graph, or wind instrument, is perfectly satisfactory; and Eccard's barograph, or self-registering barometer, ill "OLD PROBABILITIES'" WEATHER REPORT. 125 is the most perfect and simple of any yet invented. The limited appropriations made to the department make it impossible to introduce these wonderful and almost intelligent instruments into all the offices. The only recording instrument used in all offices is the simplest form of anemograph, which notes the velocity of the wind. The barometers, thermometers, rain gauges and humidity thermometer are all read by the eye of the observer at stated times, with the possible liability to errors either of the eye or hand, and the entire lack of a record of the time intervening between the observations. The publication branch of the office was also equipped and in operation in this display. Each morning a chart was printed showing the results of the observations taken at 7.35 A. M., with the proph ecies concerning the weather for the day. The observers sent their reports by telegraph to the chief signal officer in Washington in cipher, for the double purpose of securing accuracy in the transmis sion and brevity in the despatch. These reports were translated, and "Old Probabilities" forecast the weather from these data. General Myer himself sometimes did this, and his predictions were generally verified; Lieu- tenant Craig, Lieutenant Dunwoody and Professor Abee usually performed this work, each taking his turn for one month, while the others were assigned k> other duties, such as the verification of the prophecies from the returns received at a later date, and editing the pub lications made daily, weekly and monthly, of the phe nomena observed. In the daily bulletin is the synop sis of the reports, the probabilities and the verification or failure of the prophecies. The weekly bulletin gives a resume of the observations of the week, noting !„ - Ill 126 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. LIGHT-HOUSE SERVICE. 127 the commencement and progress of storms, their dura tion and other circumstances connected with them. The monthly bulletin is of a similar character, becom ing more general in its nature. Eeports are also received by mail from similar organizations in various parts of the world, and by means of these the whole route of a storm can frequently be tracked from its inception in the Eocky Mountain range, where the greater number originate, to where they leave our shore, and, crossing the Atlantic, break on the western coast of Europe, traversing that continent to a greater or less extent. Many reports are sent in by masters of vessels, and thus an almost connected account of any remarkable storm is obtained. In fact, it is hoped that, with proper support, the time is not far distant when vessels will be specially commissioned to take these observations in mid-ocean. The charts printed at the various stations each day are posted in conspicuous places for the benefit of sea faring men and others, and their predictions are the guide to outward-bound vessels. In fact, the skipper who should take out his craft from an Atlantic port after the danger signal had been raised and the bul letin had informed him that a cyclone had started up the coast, would be regarded as a most reckless man to have charge of a vessel. It may be interesting to know how the data received point out the course of a storm. Long experience has shown that certain conditions of barometer and ther mometer produce certain or nearly certain results. For instance, by taking a weather chart and drawing a line through all of the stations where the barometer is lowest, and drawing another line through all the stations with highest barometer, it will be observed frun the arrows showing the direction of the wind that they all point from the latter line to the former line, or area of low barometer. These low or high barometer areas move usually a little to the north of east, and, with two observations as a basis of calcu lation, their velocity can be readily determined. Occa sionally two or more low barometer areas or storm centres will unite in one grand storm. Observations have shown that the cyclones which start from the West Indies take one of two routes, or divide and pass over both. They come northward to the southern coast of Florida, then follow the Gulf Steam north ward, or dash westward through *he Gulf of Mexico, or divide at that point and go both ways. These daily charts are not alone valuable to the navigator, but are distributed for the benefit of the farmers. At a post-office distributing station, like Philadelphia, the midnight report is printed and goes out in the early morning mails to every post-office, where it can be received early enough to be of service. These charts are hung up in the post-offices, and are consulted with much interest. The signs of the coming weather, which are usually looked for in the horns of the moon, in the dew upon the grass, in the pigs carry ing straws, in the wind " backing round," and other mysterious and ambiguous methods of getting up a wise prophecy, are now looked upon with deserved contempt in the rural districts, and the prophet who uses them is verily without honor in his own country. Light-House Service. One of the first needs of a commercial country is to make traders to her coasts reasonably secure against disasters by pointing out dangerous places along those 128 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. coasts; hence the light-house service is generally as old as the government which establishes it. When light-houses were first built on the American coast is not definitely ascertained, but nearly all the principal Atlantic ports had each a light-house a century ago. They seem to have been built by the local authorities until 1789, when those already built were ceded to the General Government. The Light-House Board is a part of the Treasury establishment, but its composition is of a mixed char acter. It consists of two officers of the Navy, two offi cers of the Engineer Corps of the Army, two civilians, and a secretary, wh* is also a naval officer. The ex hibit was in charge of Lieutenant Paul, and was situ ated near the northern end of the Government Build ing. The eye was at once attracted in passing by the beautiful display of lanterns, of which one large rotary one of the first class created great curiosity in those unfamiliar with such subjects. The general shape of these lanterns is much like an exaggerated pineapple, the lenses and prisms representing the scales. The uninformed observer usually turned away with the impression that these prisms were merely for the sake of ornament. On the contrary, their shape, their size and position have been determined by the best skill of the optician, and each individual triangular piece of glass performs its special duty of receiving and transmitting the rays of light from the lamp. These pineapple-shaped lanterns utilize every ray of light from the lamp, both by reflecting and refracting them, and send them all out in straight, parallel lines. The central lens receives all the diverging rays which strike it, and sends them out like the round headlight of the locomotive. Arranged above and below it are LIGHT-HOUSE LANTERNS. 129 triangular prisms, each cf which receives its quota of rays, which it sends on the same route as those from the lens. All the rays, however, which strike a prism are not refracted—that is, do not pass through the glass; some of them are reflected from the surface, and these also are utilized, as they are sent off at such an angle from the glass that they take the same route as those which were refracted. The result of such a combination of rays is to make one vast beam of light, which can be seen at a great distance. Some of the lights on the Atlantic coast can be seen for twenty- eight miles. The question may very likely be asked, why cannot a light of that character be seen at any distance ? If the rays were perfectly parallel, no doubt it could, but the fault is not with the light, but because of the vision being obstructed by intervening objects. Were there no headlands, but the level surface of the water, the distance at which the light could be seen would depend upon the height of the tower. The curvature of the earth, which is quite perceptible at the searshore, inter poses an obstacle to unobstructed vision, and a light upon a tower 150 feet high would be cut off at a dis tance of about twenty-six miles. The lanterns are divided into six classes, the class being determined by the distance of the lamp from the surrounding lenses. The farther these latter are from the lamp the larger they must be. First-class lights are those which are placed on headlands running farthest out to sea. They are placed on high towers, and are the first lights seen by the mariner when he approaches a coast. These of course have the largest lamps. Second order lights are similar in construction but on a smaller scale. The smaller lights than those 130 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. CONSTRUCTION OF LAMPS. 131 first named are used in narrow seas or passages, on the courses of rivers, or at their outlets, where they empty into a bay or gulf. Some lights are fixed, others are revolving or flash lights. The former class are intended to send a beam m a particular direction, or are in a cylindrical lamp which shines equally well in all, though not with so great brilliancy. The revolving, or flash lights, are represented in the Exhibition by the lanterns before described. It may have occurred to the reader that a vessel on first perceiving a light on approaching a coast, might, if not entirely certain of her reckoning, be mis led by it, thinking it to mark the entrance to a differ ent harbor. The flash light makes a variety which perfectly indicates its locality to the mariner. As has been before described, the parallel beam of light is seen only in the line of its route; as the lantern revolves the direction of this beam is continually changed, so that the light, at one instant bright, in the next dis appears, and is not again seen until the revolution brings the next set of lenses to bear upon the vessel. The length of time elapsing between these flashes affords a means of identifying the locality; thus some lights flash at intervals of sixty seconds, others at thirty, and others at ten. The large lamp which revolved in the Exhibition showed a face quite as frequently as ten seconds. The lamp is made to revolve by clockwork, which runs by a weight suspended in the tower. The works require winding every four or five hours, and the watchman who falls asleep endangers the shipping in his vicinity; for by the stopping of these revolutions his flash-light becomes a fixed light, or no light, and thus misleads the mariner. To guard against unfaith ful watchmen a system of daily reports has been adopted by which each light-keeper acts as a check upon his neighbors. The lights are so near each other on our coasts that each keeper may see three or four, and should he fail to see all these lights his report must show the hour of such failure. He cannot know the cause. Should his own light fail he reports the cause, and the two reports will show the faithfulness of the keepers. The lamps are of peculiar construction, and are the invention of Mr. Funck, who had charge of that special department. Those for the three largest sizes are what are called fountain lamps—that is, the reservoir is above the lamp, with which it connects by a tube. The burners are of the argand pattern, and are four in num ber, one within the other. The oil, which, by its weight, furnishes an abundant supply, is conveyed to each burner by a separate tube, and when in too great supply overflows the top of the wick and falls into a reservoir, from which it is pumped into the supply reservoir by a force-pump. Lard oil is used in all the large lamps and mineral oil or petroleum in the smaller sizes. There are also floating lamps which can be anchored over any dangerous shoal. On the western rivers, especially on the Mississippi, where the channel changes daily, the new channel must be marked daily. For this purpose a small lantern is hung upon a stake, and hence the name "stake-light." Each day the keeper in charge of these lights sounds the channel and removes his stakes. The Light-House Board have now in service 953 lights, as follows: First order, forty-six; second, twenty- eight ; third, sixty-seven; fourth, 190; fifth, 125; sixth, 179j reflector lights, thirty-eight; stake lights, 2£0. n N nL' I II' 132 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. THE NAVAL DEPARTMENT EXHIBIT. 133 Fog Signals. There are also fifty-three fog signals. These were exhibited northwest of the building, near Belmorit avenue. One consisted of a large bell, tolled by clock work ; the other was a siren, or steam fog-horn, which was set up and used to announce the opening and closing of the Exhibition grounds. When it sounded there was no mistaking the hour. Those who were in the fog about the time of day could immediately take their bearings.; those who were in its immediate vicinity were not left in doubt for an instant,- and people twenty-five miles away listened to the song of the siren with a feeling not unmixed with awe. The instrument was one of a class which Professor Joseph Henry, of the Board and of the Smithsonian Institution, has labored long to perfect, and this was the most effective of its class. The steam is forced through two revolving discs, pierced with round holes. The discs are placed close together, and revolve in opposite directions. -Steam passes only at the instant when two holes are opposite each other, and the current is thus continually interrupted, the rapidity of the interrup tions giving the pitch to the horn. Intervals of any definite duration can be made between the blasts of the horn, and thus any particular fog-horn's locality may be identified. It may be mentioned that vessels are supplied with lists of all the light-houses and fog-signal stations, with their peculiarities. Other methods of indicating shoals or concealed rocks were shown in the display of buoys of different kinds which were exhibited at the same place. The can buoy is made generally of boiler iron. It is shaped like a cone, and the buoy is anchored point downwards. It weighs about 3300 pounds, and has a sinker which weighs nearly as much. This is called a first-class buoy, and is painted black. A nun buoy is a double cone, placed base to base, and painted red. Its position is always on the star board side. The black can buoy is on the port side. Black stripes on a nun buoy mean that the obstruction is shallow water; a white stripe on a can buoy means deep water. We next come to the exhibit made by the Naval Department, which occupied the southeast end of the Government Building, and was classified under eight separate heads, viz.: Ordnance, Steam Engineering, Construction and Repair, Yards and Docks, Medicine and Surgery, Equipment and Recruiting, Provisions and Clothing, Hydrography, including details of Arctic Exploring Expeditions, Astronomical and Naval Obser vations. These were each represented by display of the distinct manufactures implied in their titles; the design being to illustrate systematically the definite objects and workings of each section in its immediate relation to the United States Navy. Naval Ordnance, Commencing in the order of the above category, the first collection was that of naval ordnance. Considering the transitional aspect presented by the various forms and methods of all artillery, this must not be regarded as a complete display of what is now in use, but it ac curately represented the various armaments of our own ships and the manner of putting up ordnance and its appendages on shipboard since the first authorized gun was discharged in the Revolutionary contest by Com modore Abraham Whipple. 8 Illll 134 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. On the elevated earthwork around the left side of the main entrance to the building a battery had been set up, which included a fac-simile of a monitor turret, and although this was constructed of light plates, and the interior of wood, yet it was perfect in form and every other respect, being made after the plans of Cap tain John Ericsson, of New York. The only apertures by which an entrance could be effected were the port holes, but the exertion was amply repaid by an exami nation of the contents. There were two 15-inch guns, each about 17 feet long, weighing respectively 43,618 Ibs. and 43,610 Ibs., without Ithe carriages. One of the guns was mounted on Ead's carriage, by which it was run out and other wise regulated by steam. The other was on the Erics son carriage, and was worked by hand-power, taking the united efforts of four men to direct its movements. After a gun has been fired and drawn in, a large swing ing "false port" immediately closes the aperture, and renders the turret once more secure from stray shots. These illustrate the two methods now in vogue in our monitors. Outside the turret were arranged the standard cored, solid, shrapnell and canister shot used for the guns within. Next were the following guns: an 8-inch rifled gun altered from a smooth bore, and weighing 17,275 Ibs., mounted on the new pattern iron pivot carriage; a 9-inch smooth bore gun, weighing 9,186 Ibs., mounted on the Marsilly iron carriage; one 8-inch smooth bore of the same style, weighing 6,478 Ibs.; one 11-inch smooth bore, weighing 15,844 Ibs., mounted on the rather clumsy Grice wooden carriage; one 60- pounder rifled Parrot gun, weighing 5,390 Ibs., on the new ordnance carriage for pivot or broadside, and used CATLING GUNS. 135 for both; one 100-pounder gun of same sort, weighing 9,757 pounds, mounted on Ericsson's patent iron pivot carriage, the advantage of which is that one man can run this great weight in and out with ease; one 11-inch smooth bore, mounted on the Ericsson iron carriage; one 32-pounder smooth bore gun, weighing 4,560 pounds, mounted on iron broadside carriage; one 20- pounder brass rifled boat howitzer and one smooth bore of the same calibre; one new pattern rifled Cochrane gun; one Moody breech-loading gun and a gun carriage of Ward's design, and a light one for a 12-pounder. There were also exhibited three specimens of old-fash ioned carronades used in the war of 1812. Under each of the above guns were arranged the various death-deal ing projectiles for them, including solid shot, shell, grape, shrapnell and canister. Catling Guns. Entering the building, the first objects which struck the attention of the visitor were the Gatling guns or mitrailleuses. There were two of these shown, which, on close observation, proved slightly different. The gun was composed of six barrels, a hand-crank causing them to revolve about a central axis parallel to their bores; as each barrel came opposite a certain point, a self-primed, metal-cased cartridge falling from a hopper, was pushed into the breech by a plunger, where it was exploded by the firing-pin. The machinery was simple, and not liable to get out of order, and the gun can fire 200 shots a minute, with long range and precision. The weight of the Gatling gun is about 1000 pounds, and is therefore very great compared to that of the charge, so there is little or no recoil, and when once pointed it requires hardly any adjustment. The dis- 136 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. tinction between the two on exhibition was in the form of the hopper. That first designed was permanent .and of a circular form, and being of light material, a good blow would render it useless. But the newly designed hopper obviates this difficulty. It is a single case, and as soon as the charges in it are expended, it is replaced by a fresh one, of which a large stock is carried in the ammunition boxes. We shall now make some com parisons with other guns in the collection having many or revolving barrels, in order to appreciate the rapid strides made in this direction of late years. The first was an old Billinghurst battery, which was used during the civil war. It was composed of twenty- five parallel barrels, which, being fixtures, do not scatter the shot like the Gatling. Another for like comparison was a De Brame gun, which consisted of six revolving chambers and one barrel having an open rifled twist to give direction to the ball. Then there was also a light, revolving Nugent gun, worked with a crank and lever, intended for the bow of a gunboat. Having six chambers and one barrel, the rapidity of firing heats the latter very much, so two spare barrels are sent with each gun, and can easily be changed. We next come to ordinary breech-loading guns for boat service. Prominent among those exhibited was a small iron gun obtained from Alvarado, Mexico, which was cast about the year 1490, and used by Cortez in his conquest of that country. It was very primitive in form, and the method of loading it was by lifting out by hand a heavy weight from the breech, kept in place by a side wedge. Turning from this we may examine the light three-inch brass howitzers, with the intricate French system of breech-loading and elevating, or a KELIC OF PAUL JONES. 137 more serviceable one still, in the form of a twelve^ pounder Dahlgren gun, with the old style of elevating apparatus, which is less liable to derangement than any other. Small Arms and Eelics, The array of small arms was very interesting, and showed old flint, rifles and carbines, pivot guns, mus- ketoons, muskets, sabres, bowie-knives, cutlasses, broad swords, revolvers, pistols and frogs, from the revolu tionary times to the more improved Martini-Henry breech-loaders and sabres of to-day. There were indeed relics of historical interest en shrined in this Government Building. In a case by themselves were the old cutlass, boarding armor and helmet used by Captain John Paul Jones on the Bon- homme Richard, while the identical flag which floated from the fore-top of that gallant ship formed an appro priate drapery around the portrait of her commander on a pillar close by. Again, there were an old musket, tomahawks, bowie-knives and pikes taken by divers from the wreck of the monitor Keokuk, off Charleston. There was also a case containing hand grenades, pistols, all in pieces, to illustrate the many parts of which they are composed. Projectiles, ,The array of projectiles for all these guns was indeed a formidable one. Dahlgren's hollow shot varies in §ize from twenty to a hundred and fifty pounds; shell from twelve to fifty pounds, and steel bolt shot from thirty to a hundred and fifty pounds. There were the shot, shell, shrapnell and canister for smooth and rifled bore guns of all the best makes and inventors, including 1-38 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Holroyd, Parrot, Schenkl and Sawyer, Stafford, Smith, Emery and Ganster; and to show the interior of these projectiles was a table, on which were arranged all classes of shot in sections, some fired at iron targets, others of tempered steel, wrought-iron, cast-iron and cored. In another case were nearly all the pieces of a shell which were collected after it had exploded. Gunpowder was represented in every conceivable form, from the very fine musket powder to the pebbles for big guns, some of which were an inch in diameter. We noticed that these pebbles were of various shapes— octagonal, hexagonal, grape and square. They were made from fine powder, pressed, and experiments are constantly being made at the experimental battery at Annapolis, to test the efficiency of the various kinds and forms. Torpedoes, The torpedo is a machine for destroying.hostile ship- ping, pontoon bridges, etc., through the agency of sub aqueous explosions. The germ of the device is to be found in floating powder vessels, which were first used at the siege of Antwerp in 1585, but the name " tor pedo" was first applied to the machine by Robert Ful ton about the year 1800. Fulton's system included four classes of torpedoes: buoyant mines, held in place by anchors, and provided with a mechanical device by which explosion ensued when they were struck by a vessel; line torpedoes, exploding by clock-work; har poon torpedoes, to be attached to the enemy's vessel by a harpoon shot from a gun, and then to be exploded by clock-work; and lastly, " blockship" torpedoes, to be carried on spars projecting from a peculiar kind of vessel, and exploded by contact with the enemy. DIFFERENT KINDS OF TORPEDOES. 139 By a description of the different kinds of torpedoes exhibited in the Government Building, the reader can judge what improvements have been made in this direction during the last seventy-six years. The collection was divided into three distinct classes, viz., the movable or automatic, towing and spar torpe does. There were three specimens of the movable class, the Lay, Ericsson, and the Fish, of which the most perfect and important was the Lay. The motive power of this is carbonic acid gas, and the machinery is governed and the helm is steered by electricity. It explodes, however, by contact only, with three percus sion fuses on the head. The head or nose of the tor pedo contains the explosive charge of 300 pounds of powder, or 75 pounds of dynamite. In the second sec tion of the interior were three flasks, containing the carbonic acid which generates the gas, and a tube car ries the gas from this to the machinery at the other end. The third or middle section contained a roll of two miles of wire which pays out from the torpedo itself; in the fourth or last section was the engine or steering apparatus* When experimenting with it recently at the torpedo station, Newport, E. I., they sent it out to sea for one mile and a half, thus proving it to be the best and most successful ever made. While running out, the torpedo is submerged several feet, but its course is traced by small guide-poles and flags thereon, and it is steered or stopped by the electrical connections on the shore. The next was an Ericsson torpedo, of which the motive power is pneumatic pressure. The nose part contains the charge of two hundred pounds of powder. There are diving fins, to regulate the depth of submer sion, and the machinery is all inside. The peculiarity 140 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. of the power of propulsion is in two screws—One Lav-, ing a direct and the other a back action—revolving in opposite directions and giving the propelling power ahead, while the rear propeller neutralizes the " back lash " of the other on the rudder. The engine for this is of course an air-pump, the air being forced through a pipe; to which is screwed the hose, and this is wound round a reel which pays out as the torpedo moves for ward. The great objection to this is the weight and bulk of the engine and hose-carriage, and the torpedo can only be sent out a few hundred yards. Next to this was the " fish" torpedo, the power of propulsion of which is thirty atmospheres. It has a revolving screw and fins to regulate the depth of sub mersion. It only explodes on contact; there is no means of steering it, but it is simply launched forward in the direction of the object of attack. If it should fail to strike, it would continue in its course until the motive power was exhausted and would then sink. Several spar torpedoes were exhibited. These were one hundred-pounders and seventy-five-pounders, shown both closed and opened. In connection with'this class was the model of a boat specially designed for them; the spar torpedoes attached, and the method of using them was clearly shown. They were exploded by means of Farmer's dynamo-electric machine, of which several were exhibited, together with pneumatic bat teries, circuit closers for submarine mines, torpedo fuses, whole and in section, and an electric pedestal and key-board by Lieutenant Bradford, U. S. N. Steam Engineering, The Bureau of Steam Engineering came next in order, and included marine engines and their appurtenances, SPECIMENS OF WILD ANIMALS. 141 none of which were built expressly for the Exhibition, but were simply selected from stock and erected with a view of showing, as nearly as possible under the cir cumstances, the position in the ship occupied by the engines. By this display an accurate idea could be formed as to how low in a wooden gunboat or iron clad vessel, engines of this class have to be placed in order to avoid injury from shot or shell. It made altogether an unique and interesting display of its class, and was well worthy of careful examina tion and study. Preserved Specimens of Animals. This collection embraced some of the finest speci mens of the wild animals of North America which could be obtained. It occupied a position at the east ern end of the section, and near the exhibit of the Springfield Arsenal. The bison or buffalo of the plains was represented by three fine specimens—one large bull and two cows. North of these was a gigantic specimen of the white polar bear, with wide open mouth, made of carved and painted wood. Its coat was pure white, with the ex ception of one small spot on the right shoulder. The great breadth of chest, enormous limbs and long, sharp claws, fully bore out this animal's reputation for strength and ferocity. A little to the south was a grizzly bear from the Rocky mountains, which was inferior in size and ferocity of appearance only to its Arctic neighbor. Near the southwestern end of the section was a group of smaller bears, embracing some very handsome specimens of the black bear, cinnamon bear and brown bear. The collections of ungalata, or horned animals, was very complete, and embraced 142 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. KIFLE-MAKING MACHINERY. 143 in specimens of the North American elk, barren and woodland carribous (belonging to the stag family), male deer, Virginia deer, peccary, mountain goat, moose, prong horn antelope, big horn sheep and moose. Among the fissipedia (those animals which have sepa rate toes) were specimens of pumas, jaguars, ocelots, lynxes, wolves, foxes, fisher cats, martens, minks, wild cats, wolverenes, skunks, otters, sea otters, bears (already described), raccoons, ferrets, sables, badgers, wolves, bea vers and yaragundi. The rodents included specimens of squirrels, prairie dogs, marmots, beavers, porcupines, rabbits and gophers (rodents found in the Mississippi valley and along the Missouri river). We must not omit among the exhibit in the Navy Department one of the most interesting. We refer to the Display of Flags, There were two of the old pine tree flags and a grand union flag of 1776, union national flag of 1777—the latter was a white flag with an anchor, and the word Hope on it, the field was blue, and had thirteen white stars; another union national flag, with stars and stripes, of 1795; union national flags of 1815, 1818 and 1876 ; also our union jack of to-day. Next were arranged the commodore's blue, broad pennant from 1776 to 1860, red pennant from 1776 to 1876, and white pen nant of the same date; also the flag officer's blue, red and white flags from 1858 to 1866; a rear admiral's blue flag, a rear admiral's red flag (these with two white stars), and a rear admiral's white flag (two blue stars), from 1866 to 1869. An admiral's and vice- admiral's flags during the same years were also shown —the former was blue, with four stars in centre, and the latter with three stars. The flag of the Secre tary of the Navy was also shown. It was blue, with a -white anchor and four stars in the centre. In addition to these was a complete series of officers' flags, pennants and signals of to-day, the name of which was appended to each. In the Ordnance Department Was seen in practical operation all the rifle-making machinery which the Government Armory at Spring field, Mass., could crowd into the limited space. The skilful men operatives beginning with the round bars of steel and the long blocks of black walnut, turned out complete the handsome weapons of death almost as rapidly as the latter could be made to end human lives. The plain strip of walnut was applied to the lathe, and in three minutes and fifteen seconds was perfectly gun- shaped ; then to the borer, which prepared it for the lock in one more minute. It was then a finished stock. To enumerate »11 the other machines used before com ing to the gun-barrel, including the gang-driller for boring out the receiver, the miller for milling the same, the firing-pin and tang-screw machines, would be attempt ing too much in this space. All of them are of gigantic strength, and yet their construction is as fine as that of a watch. There must be no irregularity in their operation, not even to the extent of the one-thousandth part of an inch. The barrel was bored out by three or four augers of different and regularly-increasing size. One of these guns, a Springfield breech-loading rifle, was wrought upon by no less than 550 different opera tives before it was perfect. These manage 1,200 ma chines, and the number of guns which they can turn out in a day of eight hours is about 400. The bayonet- grinder attracted hundreds about him. The bayonet I _ , 144 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT. 145 having been wrought into nearly perfect shape, he took and applied it to a fine-grained grindstone, making 1,500 revolutions per minute. The next feature was car tridge-making. Nine women were employed at this, there being as many different machines, and through these must go the constituents that finally come out a cartridge. There is the cutter and cupper, which cuts the copper plates into circular pieces as large as a silver half-dollar, and then punches them through a hole, shaping them like a cup. Several other cupping ma chines, differing only in the diameter of the hole, each in turn takes the cup and lengthens it, until finally it is headed in another machine, has the fulminated cap inserted in another, the charge in another and the bul let in the last. Bullet-making was also carried on. At frequentintervals throughout the section stood stuffed figures of soldiers, fully uniformed, bearing arms and representing the variations in the dress of United States artillerymen from the colonial times utitil the present day. Some of these were so life-like that not a few visitors mistook them for the guards of real flesh and blood who stood stock still guarding the exhibits, and applied to them for incidental information. The walls at the rear of the section were covered with cases filled with guns and bayonets of all patterns, from the prim itive oddities to the most elaborate; also with bottles containing all varieties of gunpowder, and also the con stituents of that article, showing it in its various stages of manufacture. There were pistols and revolvers enough to arm the Russian soldiery, and of so many different, odd and pretty styles that all the tastes on earth could make gratifying selections. Then were shown a battery of Whitworth guns, presented by loyal Americans in Europe to the United States government in 1861; an enclosure formed by six 6-pounders, presented to the government by Lafay ette, used as posts and connected by heavy chains, within being models of gun plants and cannon forges, illustrating the whole process of cannon-making, from the forging together of wrought-iron rings to the rifling operation; samples of bloom iron used in constructing the Hitchcock gun; pyramids of formidable-looking columbiads, hand-grenades, grape, canister and shot from the six up to the one-thousand pounder—some for breech-loaders and others for muzzle-loaders; heaps of chain, bar and other shot labelled "rebel," and noted for its raggedy, slaughterous appearance; cavalry forge- carts, with all the conveniences that could be expected from a blacksmith-shop on wheels; ambulance, baggage and battery wagons and battery forges; models of all kinds of heavy guns and mortars, and also the heavy guns and mortars themselves; mountain howitzers, their carriages and also ammunition chests—all oi|fpack saddles just as they are earned over mountains or bad roads on the backs of mules; stuffed, uniformed figures of cavalrymen on the backs of papier-mache horses; the mortal and stuffed remains of the famous trotter George M. Patchen, hitched to a carriage containing a Catling gun; a Hotchkiss revolving cannon (for field use, discharging eighty rounds of shells or canister shot per minute), and a section of oak which stood in side the intrenchments near Spottsylvania Court House, and was cut down by musket balls in an attempt to recapture the works previously carried by the Second Corps, Army of the Potomac, May 12th, 1864. Outside the building were scores of mounted and unmounted cannons and mortars of all sizes, the most remarkable being a 146 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. PLASTER CASTS OF FISH. 147 20-Inch Eodman Gun, "Weighing 115,000 pounds, which throws a 1080-pound, ball, and requires a charge of 200 pounds of powder. The United States Fish Commission, in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution, made a very interest^ ing exhibit in the Government Building, illustrating in a very complete manner The Fishery Kesources of this Country. It was made under the joint supervision of Professor S. F. Baird, who is connected both with the Smith sonian Institution and the Fish Commission, and Mr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Curator of the National Museum. Much time and labor were spent in procur ing, within the limited time allotted, as complete a representation as possible of the fishes found in American waters. T .this end they obtained a number of photographs, drawings and plaster casts of fish, together with fish preserved in ice, as also a very complete and interest ing collection of fishing vessels, boats, etc. (life-size and models), apparatus and dories used in whale fisheries, nets, traps and pounds, prepared specimens of aquatic animals, other products of the waters, and economical applications of some of these products. On" an upright partition near the specimens of fishing boats was exhibited a beautiful collection of sea-weeds from deep sea soundings and from the surface. They Were preserved on card-board and framed, and con> prised some very rare and pretty specimens colored in beautiful tints, from the palest pink and green to the richest purple. Extending from east to west was a double line of partitions on which were arranged the admirable collection of plaster casts of fish specially prepared for the Smithsonian Institution, together with specimens of fishing tackle. The northern wall was occupied by a very large and fine collection of photo>- graphs of fish. The plaster casts were by far the most interesting portion of the fishery exhibit. These casts were ob tained in the following manner: The artist of the Smithsonian Institution, Mr. J. H. Richard, first copies in water colors the fish fresh from the water. Plaster casts are then taken from the fish, and the casts are painted in imitation of the water colors. This is done with the greatest minuteness, each scale being painted separately. It is claimed that these specimens are much more accurate representations of the living fish than preserved specimens would be, since the color of the living fish is often not retained after death. The models, however, are colored from paintings of the fish made while it is still alive. There were 408 of these models, all arranged on screens placed at regular intervals. • The United States Geological Survey. In the Government Building, at the extreme western end, were located the exhibits of the United States Geological Survey, in charge of Professor F. V. Hayden. It will be remembered that several parties were- sent out into the far Southwest during last summer for the purpose of exploring the country on the Pacific slope, which abounds in pre-historic mural remains. The •results of these explorations during the years 1874 and 1875 were here shown by means of photographs, models, drawings, maps, charts and publications. There were two models by Mr. W. H. Jackson, photographer i i 148 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. of the survey, measuring about three feet by two and a half feet, representing a portion of an ancient cave ruin in the Bio de Chelly, Arizona, The entire village, as discovered by the party, was 550 feet in length, and consisted of seventy-six rooms on the ground floor, and in places rose to a height of twenty feet or more, cover ing three stories. One of the casts was a faithful copy, in miniature, of the southern end of the town, showing about 100 feet, or one-fifth of the original settlement. The buildings were built of blocks of stone, the walls in some places being two feet thick, all situated under a recess formed by the receding rock, about fifty feet above the dry wash of the Bio de Chelly. The second cast was the same as the first, restored to its probable original state, and tiny men and women were to be seen at their daily work, grinding corn, carrying water, etc. This has been reconstructed after the manner of the houses now occupied in Arizona and New Mexico by the Moqui and Pueblo tribes. There were two other very interesting models of iso lated ruined structures. The one represented a cliff- house discovered in the Canyon of the Rio Mancos, in the extreme southwestern corner of Colorado, which was situated in a perpendicular bluff some 800 feet above the valley. The fourth cast was a reproduction of an ancient circular tower which was found in the same district. Below these ruins, in cases, were col lections of very ancient glazed pottery and implements, obtained from the ruined buildings and graves. The walls of the Geological Survey department were deco rated with some of the largest and finest photographs ever taken in the Bocky mountains. They were origi nally photographed on plates twenty by twenty-four inches in dimensions. Maps showing the topographical NAVAL OBSERVATIONS AND ARCTIC RELICS. 149 and geological features of the explored West were ex hibited on upright screens, the largest of which was seventeen feet in length. The west end of the build ing had been constructed for the insertion of transpa rencies or photographs on glass, and these were of much interest, as being some of the largest views of the kind to be found. They were principally pictures of the ancient ruins of Arizona, Utah and Colorado, and views of the geyser basins of the Yellowstone. Naval Observations and Arctic Eelics. The exhibit made by the Naval Observatory, and that of Arctic relics, made in connection with it, were the most interesting in the department. The observa tory was represented by a large number of photographs and heliotypes of the telescopes in the observatory at Washington, and of works performed with their assist ance, including results obtained by means of the great twenty-six-inch refractor, which was mounted in 1874, and which is the largest refracting telescope in the world; by its famous chronometers (Negus, of New York, and Bond, of Boston, makers), and by a newly invented apparatus for determining what is technically called personal equation, or, in other words, for adjust ing the variations found in astronomical observations made by different persons possessed of different powers of vision and also of different temperaments. . The observatory having for some time past been intimately connected with Arctic expeditions, and Bear Admiral Davis, Superintendent of the Naval Observa tory, being engaged in preparing an official narration of the expedition of the Polaris, a design was formed and carried out for a collection of 9 150 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. THE ESQUIMAUX. 151 Relics of Arctic and Antarctic Explorers. In a high glass show-case, fourteen feet square, stand-, ing near a fine bust of Kane, were shown, on one side, the prismatic compass, transit, sextant and other in struments used by that intrepid navigator near the frigid wilds of Western Greenland; drawings and paintings, of Arctic scenery and animal life, executed by himself, and the flag of the Advance, the ship in which he made his second voyage; the three other sides of the case contained relics of the expeditions of Hayes, Hall and Bradford; the flag that Wilkes took on his Antarctic expedition in the ship Peacock, the same flag being taken by Kane, Hayes and Hall, also, on their Arctic voyages; relics of Sir John Franklin's expedition, including portions of his vessel secured by Captain Hall in his second expedition and brought back by him then, together with relics of Parry's voy age ; the journals kept by Hall in his Polaris expedi- tionj and a fac-simile of the sledge made for Captain Hall by " Esquimaux Joe." Department of the Interior. The exhibition offered by the Department of the Interior was the most curious in the Government Building. It occupied about one-seventh of the entire floor-«pace in that structure, and was devoted mainly to Indian specimens. The glass along the sides of the building forming the southwestern corner, or that in which the display was located, was colored in represen tation of wild and picturesque scenery in the region between the Kocky and the Sierra Nevada mountains. The geological formation of noted peaks, plateaus and valleys .of that 'region was illustrated by means of topographical plaster work, variously colored. Captain Jack, Split Oak, Dull Hatchet, Clumsy Moccasin and other famous Indian braves were here in all the glory of life-size papier-mache and stuffing, streaked on the face with red paint, and wearing the head-dress-of feathers so familiar to everybody that studied " history with picters in." The Esquimaux. The little, puckered-mouth, pug-nosed Esquimaux, • with his slight sprinkling of a moustache and " goat," was also exhibited. Arm-in-arm with him, and still more diminutive than himself, was his wife. Both were dressed in the white bearskin garment, which is hood and coat combined. With, the exception of their faces there was between every portion of their bodies and the outside air a thickness of several inches of non conducting substance, and it is wonderful how they stood a Philadelphia Fourth of July. Proceeding along the passages bounded on both sides by glass show-cases Were seen, in the latter, vessels of plaited willow, re sembling baskets, but having the interstices filled with cement, so as to hold water, arrow-heads varying in size from the bulk of a three-cent silver piece to half that of a man's hand, made of copper, sand-stone, flint, iron or stones of pretty colors, and bows and arrows of sizes differing to suit all, from the little, naked, pros pective warrior, who is made to practise against a target, up to the veteran over the door of whose tent hang the scalps of fourscore pale-faces. The medicine man's rattle was also shown. With this magic appa ratus the red-skinned physician rattles the demon of sickness out of patient and out of camp. It sometimes happens, however, that the rattle proves inefficacious, 152 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. but this signifies that the patient is loathsome in the eyes of the Great Spirit, and not that the medicine man is a hoax. Patent Office. To describe the display in this department would be to name all the patent duplex, back-acting, cylindrical, concavo-convex tooth-pincers, mowing-machines and other inventions that have sprung into existence since 1836, the year in which the Patent Office, with all its contents, was destroyed by fire. There were 5,000 models here, representing the most improved patent of all inventions made in the United States since that time. They were admirably classified, and if a man wanted to find a model of a certain stove he had only to look in the division of " heat;" if he wanted that of a certain reaper, he would have found it in the division of " agriculture," and so on. In connection with these models, relics of revolutionary heroes were exhibited. There were, for instance, the blue swallow-tail coat worn by General Jackson at the battle of New Orleans, in 1815; the blue coat and yellow home-spun pants and vest worn by Washington when he resigned his commission at Annapolis, in 1783; Washington's tent- poles, camp-plates, mess-chest and household furniture; a set of porcelain presented by Lafayette to Martha Washington ; embroidery and other work executed by that lady, and the war saddle of Baron de Kalb. The Department of Agriculture. This occupied the western side of the southern pro jection of the Government Building, and was classified under five distinct heads, viz.: Chemistry, Natural History and Economic Museum, Microscopy, Botany, and Statistics. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 153 The collection of the chemical division consisted of soils, rocks, marls, fertilizers, agricultural and horticul tural products, and materials manufactured from them. The object was to show as far as possible in this way the history of soils, and their formation by disintegra tion and decomposition of rocks; marls, including the green-sand, calcareous and phosphatic, from different ages; natural fertilizers and their application in manu facture of artificial fertilizers; the agricultural and horticultural products, the value of which depends upon their chemical composition, and their utilization by means of economic methods involving chemical pro cesses. The specimens of vegetable products were all arranged in the cases with reference to that stage of the process of manufacture from which they were taken, in such a manner as to illustrate clearly the changes through which the raw material must pass to render it fit for market and consumption. The Natural History and Economic Museum Comprised a collection of all the injurious, beneficial and edible insects of the United States ; a very large collection of birds; a most complete and well-arranged display of domestic poultry, chiefly of American origin; about 800 samples of American grain, collected from every State in the Union, showing the difference be tween the same varieties in different parts of the country; and many other very valuable items which our space will not permit us here to dilate upon. The Internal Kevenue Bureau, This important branch of the government, though one of the youngest, made an exhibit which, though 154 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. not a large one, had many objects of interest. One of the handsomest was a design, elegantly framed, composed of all the varieties of revenue stamps issued by the de partment. The combination of colors was well con ceived. A leading tobacco firm had sent in all the different styles in which tobacco is put up, appropriately stamped, while another firm sent in a collection of beer and whiskey barrels, with the stamps which each must carry. These two products, being the most heavily taxed and being those from which the most revenue is obtained, monopolized the majority of styles of stamps and formed a large portion of the exhibit. The Printing Bureau Made a very pleasing exhibit of currency printed by the government, including a collection of notes which took the premium at the Vienna Exhibition. One of the greatest objects of interest in the Govern ment Building was to be found among the postal ex hibits in the Post-office Department, viz., the Centennial Envelope-making Machine. The flat piece of paper was placed in at one end, and drawn through the intricate machinery, receiving the stamp, and being gummed and folded, passed out at the other end a complete envelope, ready for use. As every twenty-fifth envelope passed into the tray await" ing its reception, the next envelope slipped automatic ally a little out of the regular line, in order to mark the divisional number to be included in each package. So beautiful and regular was this piece of mechanism in its every movement, that it seemed as if it were en dowed with life and understanding, and, indeed, the best mechanics could not make by hand envelopes with anything like its precision. CENTENNIAL POST-OFFICE. 155 The rapidity of the work may be judged from the fact that, on an average, twenty-five thousand envelopes were made a day by this machine, without taxing its capacity in the least. Among the exhibits in this department were fine specimens of all the different varieties of stamps, stamped envelopes, mail bags, topographical maps of the various post routes, and all the principal blanks, bound in book form, used by the department. Other interesting exhibits were Franklin's old ledger account when he was postmaster, and a model showing the patent mail-catcher used in the fast mail trains, which pick up the letter bags at the stations while the train is running at full speed. Connected with the United States Government Building, and at one end of it, was located the Centennial Post-office, Than which there was hardly any one department of the Exhibition of more practical value to visitors. There were employed at the office ten regular carriers and six clerks, and four mail wagons which arrived and departed every hour of the day. The Centennial Post-office only delivered matter addressed to persons within the grounds; all other letters or papers for the city being sent either to Station B, West Philadelphia, or to the regular city office. This department in the Government Building was a complete working office, illustrative of the United States postal service, and foreign orders for any part of Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland or Canada were obtainable the same as at the down-town office, while registered letters were despatched for any part of the civilized world. i 156 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. On the west side of the building was a complete ex hibit of the United States fast mail lines, this important service being illustrated by two distributing cars adopted by the department. Here were seen all the details of post-office work, from receiving and stamping a letter to its final start for its destination. In these cars seven clerks were kept constantly employed in distributing the mail for all points outside of the city, and, in addition to the letters and papers despatched at the Centennial Grounds, they distributed all circulars mailed from the main office. In these cars visitors became familiar with all the details of the fast mail service, for here were seen working models of the cars used on the New York and Chicago and New York and Pittsburgh lines, and here could also be examined all the minutiae of transporting the United States mails. In the first car was a crescent-shaped apartment for papers, which were thrown into slanting pigeon-holes and thence conducted to the sacks. Next to this was an octagonal apartment, containing 2000 boxes, into which packages for different routes and larger towns and cities were thrown. All these packages were signed with the name of the clerk who put them up, and if a mistake occurs the clerk is made responsible for it. It will be seen from this that all employes are obliged to be correct, and, as a consequence, letters, papers, pack ages and postal cards are seldom delayed at a station even for an hour. CHAPTER VI. UNITED STATES EXHIBITS——MACHINERY HALL. IN this building was one of the finest exhibitions of sewing machines and fancy needle-work probably ever seen together. The merits of the different ma chines are too well known to need mention here, so, with the exception of a single one, we shall speak of the displays made by each company alone, without any reference to the machines themselves. The new ma chine was called "Little Wender," And well it deserves its name. With the exception of a little handle on top of the left end of the table, and which connects underneath with the feeding device, the machine is evidently of common make. The opera tor takes this little handle in the left hand and turns it back and forth, and by this means the feed is turned in any direction desired, and out from the needle the most intricate embroidery can be made as rapidly as the most common work. All that the operator has to do is to form a pattern in his mind, and then turn this little handle back and forth, and the machine lays the work on with an accuracy that is almost mathematical. How much practice it takes to do this we cannot say, but the ladies who ran these machines appeared to scarcely give their work a second thought, a,nd yet they wrote and embroidered as if they were running straight seams. 157 158 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. RIFLING GUN-BARRELS. 159 Wheeler and Wilson Had quite a large space, and had their machines en closed in elegant frames, and as a sample of what the machines will do, showed a large case of boots and shoes and other leather work fancifully embroidered. The Weed Company Had not such a fine exhibition of frames, but displayed a large picture of the battle of Bunker Hill, that was worked entirely by one of their machines, and took the operator forty-five weeks to finish. The . Wilson Company Had a fine large exhibit, both of machines and samples of work beautifully embroidered with vines and flowers, in many different colored silks. In order to show the'wonderful difference between what their machines are now and when they were first patented, the model that was used when Mr. Howe ap plied for his first patent was taken from the Patent Office, at Washington, and placed on exhibition by the Howe Company. The machines, as first made, were very small, and were intended to be screwed to the top of a table and operated entirely by hand. The fly-wheel and treadle are a later application, and were never dreamt of at that time. Instead of the needle being .straight and working vertically up and down, in this model the needle was curved and secured to an arm, or lever, so as to pass into the work from the side, the work being held in exactly the opposite position from what it is now. Attached to some of the modern machines are arms that are attached to the needle-bar, and which have a palm-leaf fan secured to one end. As soon as the needle-bar begins to work up and down, the fan is set in motion and fans the operator fast or slow, according to the speed of the machine. The Singer Company Was not represented in this hall, but had built one of the finest buildings on the grounds, just back of the annex to Memorial Hall. In one room were a large number of machines, and show-cases filled with dresses that were enough to drive an ordinary woman crazy. The second room was fitted up very elegantly as a parlor, and was free to all visitors. To Singer more than any other inventor is due the perfection to which the modern machines have been brought. Inside of ten days after he heard of Howe's success in sewing by machinery, he invented his first machine, made a model, and applied for a patent. He took Howe's im perfect idea, and produced really the first really prac ticable sewing machine that was ever made. One of the most attractive objects was to us, as well as to thousands of others, a machine for Eifling Gun-Barrels, Exhibited by the Pratt & Whitney Company. Every one remarked upon the easy and graceful motion of this machine, the stroke being unusually long for any piece of machinery of the size. The machine, though simple in construction, was effective enough in its work. In the first place there was a double rack and pinion, the rack working up and down in a slide on an inclined plane. This rack and pinion were adjustable for dif ferent spirals or the twists of the rifling in the barrels. The slide carrying the rack and pinion was worked I 160 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. backward and forward by a connecting rod, the length of which was also adjustable to the length of the barrel to be rifled. At either end of the barrel a rotary oil pump, worked by a rack and pinion, was attached. These pumps discharged at each stroke of the rifling, and the oil, in addition to acting as a lubricator, washed off any chips, etc. The motions of these pumps, and indeed of all other parts of the machine, with the ex ception of those concerning which we have already spoken, were communicated through a connecting rod from a single cam. This rod not only worked the pumps, but the feed of the rifling and the partial revo lution of the barrel, the last motion being regulated in extent according to the number of grooves to be rifled —one revolution to the whole number of grooves— four, six or eight, as the case may be. The rifling was done by means of a cutter or scooper inserted in the side of the lower end of the rifling rod; the spiral motion to the rod being given by the pinion working on the rack in the slide of the inclined plane. The spiral motion was continuous in both the forward and back action of the rod, the feed of the rifling—that is, the gradually increasing depth of the grooves—being provided for by a simple but very ingenious contrivance. A long and very slightly tapering wedge, of about eight inches in length, was inserted in the rifling rod at the back of the cutter. As this wedge just touched the automatic feeder at every stroke, and the feeder was always grad ually but surely advancing, the wedge was driven a hair's breadth farther into the rifling rod at every stroke, while the taper of the wedge, at the same time, very slightly forced out the cutter at each stroke, thereby insuring a gradually increasing depth of the rifling in the grooves. TYPE-CASTING MACHINES. 161 An exhibit which was always surrounded by a crowd of curious visitors was the Type-Casting Machines Of the Johnson & MacKellar type foundry. These small but thorough working machines turned out metal letters with extraordinary rapidity; in the case of some of the letters at the rate of 120 a minute, indeed, as fast as the workman in charge of the machine could turn the crank-handle. The machine seemed to act simply enough, and to be marvellously compact and comprehensive. At the top there was a reservoir of molten lead, and at the bottom the type fell, letter after letter, with every click of the machine, into a trough which conducted it at once to a receiving-box. The metal, which was principally composed of lead, tin, and antimony, was kept in a fluid state by a small furnace immediately underneath it. In the centre of the reservoir there was a force-pump which, at every turn of the crank, injected sufficient metal into the mold every time it came up to receive the charge, an action of remarkable regularity and precision. On being fully charged, the mold flew back, its steel jaws swiftly opened, and the type was shot out into the trough leading to the receiving box. The body of the type was formed in the mold. The letters on the face of the type were formed in a copper matrix, which was held at the back of the mold by means of a spring. When the type came from the mold a small jet of metal, called a gate, was found to be attached to the lower end of it. They were taken in hand by boys who broke off the gates, after which they were polished on two sides on circular stones till they attained the smoothness and finish of plate glass. The type was 162 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. THE LOCKWOOD ENVELOPE MACHINE. 163 then set up, with the face up, on wooden sticks ahout three feet long, care heing taken to keep all the various letters, punctuation signs, etc., separate. " Dressing " was the next process through which the type passed. The dresser placed the type on a steel rod, which he locked firmly in his hench, and then cut a groove just where the gate had been broken off. More polishing was afterward done, and the face of the type was care fully examined with the aid of a magnifying glass, and all defective letters rejected. The type wrs then paged in square galleys of about seven pounds each in weight, and they were ready for immediate use, or for sale. All type passes through five processes before it is used, with the exception of small t's and j's, and double f's, which have to pass through six processes before they are ready for use. The Lockwood Envelope Machine Was another great source of public attraction, and after seeing the very perfect and interesting machinery for making envelopes by the million, exhibited by the Lockwood Manufacturing Company, one may well ex claim, " What becomes of all the envelopes?" The paper from which the envelopes are cut is fed into the machine from large rolls after the fashion of newspapers which are printed from the web, the web in the case of the envelopes, however, being kept slack. On being drawn into the machine by rollers the paper is caught between two springs, which keep it always in the centre, but have sufficient expansive power to allow any inequalities in the edges of the paper to pass. The paper then passes under six knives hanging from a cross-head frame, which has an up and down motion, which cut the corners for folding, etc., before it comes under the operation of the creasers. Two of these creasers turn over the side edges ready for pasting, and the third makes the crease which is to form the bottom edge of the envelope. The edges of the envelope next pass under two small and narrow rolls which are gov erned by cams. The rolls, being fed with paste from tubular reservoirs above, paste the edges of the paper where desirable, the action of the cams causing the rolls to jump the parts where no paste is wanted, or rather where its absence is necessary. Passing on, the half-made envelope is struck by a second set of knives, three in number; of the first two, one cuts off the unnecessary edge of the overlap, and the other cuts out the shape of the cover. The third knife, which is heavy and blunt, catches the envelope at the creased line, which is to form the inside of the bottom edge, and drives the envelope down between two rollers, in passing through which the envelope is folded, and the side edges are firmly pasted together. The envelopes are caught in endless tapes, which are carried by a series of slowly-revolving wheels. Each envelope laps closely over the one behind it; thus the only portion of all the envelopes which remains ex posed is the three-eighths of an inch of the inside edge of the cover, which has to be gummed so that the en velope can be sealed when it is used. These tapes carry the envelopes round one large wheel forty inches in diameter, and thirteen smaller ones, each thirty inches in diameter, these wheels over which the en velope passes on its back being cut out so as not to interfere at all with the drying gum. As the envelopes pass over the large wheel they are struck by a flat revolving brush,which is fed with gum- arabic from a roller revolving in a reservoir, and which 164 THE CENTENNIAL, EXPOSITION. transfers it to the envelopes, gumming some half a dozen of them at each revolution. Immediately above, the envelopes pass under a fan which has an exceed ingly- rapid revolution, the action of which thickens the gum and gives it a great tendency to harden and dry quickly on the paper. And then the envelopes go on their long and slow journey round the thirteen smaller wheels, being perfectly sound and dry before they reach the last one, and entirely complete with the exception of folding over the gummed cover. On leaving the last wheel the envelopes pass into a machine which performs this very service, and then slides them over plates into brass boxes placed at intervals around a re volving carriage-plate, in which they are automatically counted. On its way to the boxes the envelope passes, as we have said, over a plate. This plate has two holes in it, in which two expanding punches work with a vertical motion. If an envelope skips, the punches descend through the holes; but as no expansion takes place, they return without having added to the count. When, however, an envelope is on the plate, the punch expands and the pressure depresses the plate. The plate has a connecting rod governing a shaft, to an arm of which a panel, working in a ratchet, is at tached. The depression of the plate thus reacts on the panel, and tooth by tooth, at every stroke of the arm, the ratchet revolves. The ratchet, however, has a heavy dog attached to it, opposite its twenty-fifth tooth, and the machine is so arranged that when twenty-five en velopes have passed between the plate and the expan sion punches, the dog shall strike in passing the cog of the vertical shaft which carries the revolving car riage, on the plate of which the brass em-elope boxes GUMMING AND FOLDING MACHINE. 165 are placed, and give just a sufficient turn to bring the next box into position. As fast as the envelopes are removed from the brass boxes the ordinary fastening is bound around them, and they are packed away in large boxes. Fully 120 envelopes can be made in one minute, the average daily product being 60,000. This machinery, which is the invention of Mr. D. J. Ferry, attracted vast crowds of people, mechanics among the number, who seemed to be fascinated by its automatic working powers. In the same section was the Gumming and Folding Machine for Envelopes, Exhibited by Samuel Raynor & Co., of New York. In this machine the envelopes were not cut out from the web; they were cut out previously by steel dies, after the fashion of paper collars. The shaped envel opes were placed on packages on a bed-plate. Over this plate was the gummer, a die on a revolving shaft, the shaft working on two supports, with a vertical motion. As the shaft revolved, the die, on the upper motion of the guides, came in contact with a roller covered with gum, and on the downward motion it came in contact with the edge of the upper cover of the envelope with which it corresponded in shape, and transferred the gum to the envelope. Immediately after the gumming a second die, or "picker" as it is called, which is sus pended from a cross-head supported by two vertical guides with an up and down motion, fell with a blow on the corresponding edge of the lower cover, and gummed it; the fiat edge of the die, nearly an eighth of an inch thick, " picking" up the envelope and de taching it from the pack so as to allow it to be carried by nipping guides over an opening, with a pressure plate 10 166 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. below, when it was caught by a plunger the exact size of the body -of the envelope, and was creased and thrust down.on to the pressure plate below. On the return of the plunger, pressure-shapes from all four sides folded over the laps and the covers, pressing and pasting the two laps and the lower cover firmly together, but leav ing, of course, the upper cover free. The envelope is then completed with the exception of drying the gum on the upper cover. This was done by a contrivance which struck one more favorably than the numerous wheels of the Lockwood machine, inas much as it was exceedingly compact and occupied com paratively little space. It is this: on the retirement of the pressure-shapes the envelope was shot by a spring into a trough, from which it slid between four spiral screws about three feet long. There were two sets of these screws, the first having a downward work ing, and the second an upward working thread. The envelopes passed slowly down, and on reaching the bottom were carried by a plate, working backward and forward, over to the upward working screw. The journey down and up occupied about ten minutes, the two sets of screws carrying about 600 envelopes at once. The Raynor machine will gum and fold 30,000 envelopes a day. It was certainly one of the most- compact machines we ever saw, and it did its work thoroughly and without a hitch. A young girl can give it all the attendance and attention it requires. All she has to do is to supply the machine with shaped paper, remove the envelopes as they accumulate at the top of the spiral springs, and see that the gum reser voirs are kept charged. WOOD-TURNING LATHES. 167 Elaborate Wood-turning. Of the hundreds of curious mechanical operations in Machinery Hall, one of the most interesting was that of fancy wood-turning, which was exhibited near the centre of the main aisle. Like the manufacture of fancy glassware, this kind of wood-turning depends for its excellence almost solely upon an educated eye and muscle guiding the few simple tools that are used. The turning-lathe was operated by a belt connected with the shafting of the Corliss engine. The finer the work required the more rapid the revolution of the lathe must be. Fixed firmly in the pulley, perpendicu lar to its centre, was a horizontal steel spindle where the wood to be turned was fastened. If a chalice was to be made the wood was cylindrical, and while it was in rapid revolution the machine, with a gouge having a semi-circular edge, hollowed out the cup, making the chips fly. He then held a chisel against the convex surface of the cylinder, shaping the outside of the chalice almost while one could say Jack Robinson, the chips darting off like electric sparks. A wooden chalice, having a cylindrical ring of less diameter than either the base or the bowl, was formed by leaving a circular disc fast to the standard when shaping the outside of the chalice. The cylindrical ring was then magically shaped and freed from the standard by a narrow-edged gouge. Many persons were puzzled to know the pro cess of making chalices and other articles composed of different kinds of wood, varying in color and yet ap parently turned out of one piece. This was done by gluing the different woods together to form the cylin der and then operating as before. 168 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Illustrative of tlie silk manufacture in the United States we must make special mention of the Nonotuck Company's Silk Machinery, As affording another of those complete displays of pro cesses which go such a long way to educate the masses, and which formed such an overwhelmingly important feature of our late International Exhibition. To begin with, the skeins of raw silk, just as they came from China or Italy, were strung upon winders for the purpose of being wound on to bobbins. This was a very simple process and done on very simple machinery; the only mechanical aid of any conse quence being a reciprocating cam, which gave a lateral motion and distributed the strand of silk equally over the bobbin. These bobbins were then transferred to the "doubling" machine, on which any number .of threads, from three up to ten, are wound together. But this machine involved one or two very pretty movements. As in the case of the winder, the equal distribution of the combined thread on the bobbin was regulated by a reciprocating cam, but a very neat attachment also stopped any one bobbin the moment one of the threads making the combined thread snapped. Immediately under the bobbin on which the threads were jointly wound there was an arm rising from the balance-frame. In the event of one of the threads snapping, the guide through which it ran, and which was only supported by its tension, fell back against the balance-frame. Its weight was sufficient to displace the frame and bring forward the arm; aiid the arm, having an elevation, raised the bobbin and unshipped it, at once stopping its revolution. By this ingenious arrangement the main thread was kept SILK TWISTING AND SPOOLING MACHINES. 169 * of one continuous size without any trouble, because it could not run on without the companionship of all the minor and component threads. On being taken from the doubling-machines, the bobbins were placed on the " spinner," which gave the various threads a sufficient spin to make a strand in the process of unwinding. The bobbins then went to the "twisting" machine, on which the threads from three of them were firmly spun and twisted together to make what is called machine-twist silk, but from only two bobbins to make sewing-silk. Both kinds of silk were twisted twice, but with this great difference—machine-twist was first twisted to the right and then to the left, while sewing silk was first twisted to the left and then to the right. The silk was then rewound into skeins, and after being washed in strong soap suds was dried and stretched. The length of these skeins was regulated with great nicety by an ingenious adjustment. An eccentric drove a ratchet wheel with a dog on it, and the adjustment caused the dog to strike the ship per and stop the winding machine the moment the desired length of silk had been wound into the skein. The silk was now ready for the dyer, and after being dyed was again wound in bobbins preparatory to " spool ing." The spooling machine had a feed shaft with a right and left hand thread on it and a half nut on either side. This arrangement gave an easy and regu lar direct and reverse lateral motion to the guide, the spool remaining stationary; the length of silk wound on to the spool was regulated by a binder and a strap attached to a weight, both being governed by a treadle. The operator knew exactly how many times the guide should travel right and left to fill the spool. By press ing the treadle, the weight below the shaft was raised 170 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. and released the strap from the shaft, while at the same moment, and equally governed by the treadle, the binder—which was a small wheel—pressed the belt against the shaft, causing it to revolve. The moment the spool was full the operator ceased to press the treadle, the binder released the belt, and the strap, attached to the weight below, fell on the shaft and stopped it instantly. The same arrange ment enabled the operative to stop the revolution of the shaft in case of accident to the spool or thread, as the machine cannot run unless the foot is pressing on the treadle, and the moment the pressure ceases the machine comes to an instantaneous stop. One of these spooling machines will wind 110 dozen of spools a day; and some conception of the extent of the Nonotuck Company's business may be gained from the fact that they have no less than sixty of these spooling machines in constant operation in their factory, where they employ over six hundred hands. Only one thing has to be done to render the spools ready for the silk. It is to stamp their two ends with the brand and the name of the company. This was done by one of the prettiest and most perfect little pieces of machinery in the hall, and the stamping of the colors into the wood obviates the falling off of printed labels, as is some times the case with cotton spools, from insufficient gumming in the labeling machine. The spools were fed from a trough, through a hollow post, into the stamping machine, an arm pushing them one by one as they came out at the base of the post into a groove, where -they were caught and held in position by a small weight; the spool at the same time pushing back a spring. Two spools were in the grooves at one time; the one receiving its first and the other its SPOOL-STAMPING PROCESS. 171 second stamping simultaneously. At either end of the spools were two dies, one inked with red and the other with blue ink. These dies pressed upon the spools simultaneously, impressing the name of the company in one color, and, on the second impression, the brand in the other color. The outer spool was then released by the momentary rising of the weight, and the spring against which it was pressing kicked it out into a basket. The groove bed revolved, bringing the inner spool to the outside and a new spool into the place of the inner one, the operation being repeated ad infini- tum. As the dies sprang back from the spools they" took a quarter turn upward, which brought them under the inking rollers; the rollers being inked and moving in a similar manner to those in a job printing press. There were four composition rollers to each ink reservoir and pair of dies. The whole stamping machine was divided into two parts, each the counter part of the other, and turned out the stamped spools at the rate of 120 a minute. One machine will stamp 70,000 to 80,000 spools a day, sufficient to fill ten ordinary flour barrels. Grapple Dredging Machine. In Machinery Hall the American Dredging Com pany of Philadelphia exhibited one of their grapple dredging machines, an illustration of which we give, together witli one showing the patent grapple used. This machine is adapted to excavating material ranging from loose rock or gravel, sand and clay to ordinary river silt, in depths varying from three to twenty-five feet; to elevating the material so excavated to heights up to twenty feet above the surface of the water, or fifteen feet above the level of the deck of the 172 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. dredge; and to depositing the material directly from the dipper, to the right or left hand, at pleasure, with out change of machinery, at distances within thirty feet from the side of the dredge, according to the length of the boom used. The machine is also adapted to the excavation of channels of rivers,- the deepening of docks, slips and basins, depositing the material therefrom in lighters or scows at its side, or on piers where the spaces are too contracted to admit the lighters alongside, or when it is desired to fill the piers. The hull measures fifty feet in length, twenty-one feet in width, six feet six inches in depth of the hold. The engine has two cylinders, each ten inches in diame ter, sixteen inches stroke of piston, operating one main shaft, on which are placed two sets of Western's patent disc frictions. This dredge has a capacity of at least one thousand cubic yards per day of ten hours, in ordinary river silt, in depths not exceeding thirty feet, and in cuttings of six feet or more in thickness. For operating in compact clay or boulders, or for breaking up wrecks or cribbing, or drawing piles, etc., a special grapple, such as is shown in accompanying illustration, is used. Patent Gunpowder Pile Driver, This powerful machine, also exhibited by the American Dredging Company, of Philadelphia, and an illustration of which accompanies, has been in practi cal and successful operation four years, and been found most economical and efficient. By it, a pile forty feet long and fourteen inches in diameter may be forced its entire length into firm ground,, in one minute, by fel t) fc tt PATENT GUNPOWDER PILE DRIVER. GUNPOWDER PILE-DRIVER. 175 the successive explosions of cartridges composed of an ounce to an ounce and a half of common blasting pow der, without the slightest injury to the pile; obviating entirely the necessity of banding the head of the pile, before it is driven. There is no blow or concussion, as between solid substances, in the application of the force to the pile; the power is transmitted to, and acts upon the pile through the medium of an intervening stratum of air; and hence it partakes of the character of hydraulic pressure, applied with suddenness and rapidity, forcing the pile into the ground, instead of pounding it down, as by the old process. It is easily operated by the working-crew of an ordi nary steam pile driver; greater penetration is secured, with much greater ease than by that process; no band ing nor protection whatever is required for the pile heads; no loss of any portion of the pile is occasioned from its injury, and the pile is infallibly guided "home" without assistance, with a saving of time and avoiding all risk of injury to workmen in this respect; while the rapidity of its action, coupled with the enormous pressure of its " blows," is believed to be unequalled by any other process. Manufactures of Glue, Curled Hair, etcD Among the many manufactures, which are a great public benefit, inasmuch as they make valuable waste products which otherwise might become a cost to the community to remove, by producing articles therefrom which add to the comfort of mankind and the progress of the arts and sciences, the manufacture of glue, gela tine, curled hair, etc., takes a leading rank. There was a very handsome display, at the Centennial Exhi bition, by Baeder, Adamson & Co., of Philadelphia; a 176 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. firm occupying a prominent place among the industrial manufacturers of this country. The exhibit comprised the various goods of which they make a specialty, such as glue, gelatine, sand and emery paper, emery cloth, curled hair in all its varieties, raw hide, whips, felt, and felting for covering boilers, steam pipes, and re frigerators. The firm also grind emery stone, which is used upon their paper and cloth, as also flint stone, for the manufacture of sand-paper and other purposes. Samples of the manilla paper made in their paper-mill at Riverside were also shown; this is used in the pro duction of sand and emery paper. House-Furnishing and Florists' Goods. The Racine Hardware Manufacturing Company, of Wisconsin, made a very fine display of their goods, but we were more especially attracted by that of what may more properly be classed as florists' goods; illustrations of some of which we give. These articles are specially adapted for the home- cultivation of flowers during the winter season, and the aquaria are beautiful ornaments for the home, and are a perpetual source of amusement and instruction. They have the peculiar advantage of making us acquainted with forms and habits of animated existence which are commonly hid from our inspection. Thus their influ ence upon the family circle is wholesome and elevating, tending constantly to awaken in all the members, both young and old, an increased love for the contemplation of the wondrous skill and wisdom of the great Creator. We have an illustration of a Fernery with folding flower-stand ; the height of this was forty inches; size of fern case seventeen by fourteen by thirteen inches, and the weight sixty-six pounds. I G lit II Ill \ GA.S FITTINGS. 179 Another was that of a Fern Jardinier, also with a folding flower-stand below. There are three different cuts of Aquaria, being those that more particularly struck our fancy, although there were a large variety of designs; one of these was in tended for a table, and was in the form of a glass bowl twelve inches in diameter, holding nearly two gallons of water. This could be transformed into a table aquarium and bouquet holder by the addition of a vase, wire screen and glass shade. It is well known that cut flowers retain their freshness a long time when kept under glass, and some of the choicest foliage plants retain their beauty only as kept from dust and gas. A second was an arched aquarium, having an arch covered with ivy or other climbing plant, and a bird cage suspended from the centre of the arch. The third was a large aquarium intended for a show win dow, prepared for connecting supply and overflow pipes. In addition to these we give an illustration of a very pretty Lawn Settee, with folding tent. The back of the settee reversed like a car seat, and the canopy could be thrown backward or forward, as desired. Gas Fittings. That this branch of household decorative art has advanced and become a very important branch of American industry was proved by the numerous and very elaborate displays made in the Exhibition by several firms. One of the most attractive exhibits was that of the Archer & Pancoast Manufacturing Com pany, of New York, who are principally engaged in the manufacture of chandeliers and all kinds of gas fitting One of the most striking features of this ex hibit \ is $ieir " Extension Centre Light Chandelier," Hill iii 180 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. an attachment consisting of an Argand burner affixed to the main body of the chandelier and in the centre, and capable of being lowered or raised to any desired distance. The goods exhibited were worked in bronze, gold, nickel, brass, steel, and imitation, and the crystal work and frosting attracted great attention and were much admired. Sugar Cane Mill, A huge sugar mill for cane, weighing close to 500 tons, was one of the most solid-looking institutions in Machinery Hall. It was intended for the largest size cane sugar mill, such as are in operation in Cuba and Louisiana. The motive-power was a powerful walking- beam engine of 150 horse-power. On the end of the shaft of the fly-wheel was a two and a-half feet gear wheel that gave motion to another gear nine feet in diameter, which motion was transmitted by a third wheel, three feet in diameter, in the same shaft to the large twenty-feet gear that carried in its immense shaft the upper of the three great rollers. The two low er rollers moved in opposite direction to the upper, and received their motion by gear wheels from another on the main shaft. The rollers move at a low rate of speed, making one revolution to twenty-two of the engine. There was also at the same section a centri fugal machine for the purpose of freeing the sugar from the molasses. The Cotton Press, Built by the Taylor Iron Works, of South Carolina, was another of the very heavy weights of the machin ery. It was a double engine, with the cylinders inclined at an angle of about thirty degrees, and operated the powerful double and direct-acting hydraulic press, \ !« \ CROQUET SETTEE WITH FOLDING TENT. PIN MACHINE. 183 the jaws of which worked in a double upright standard and guides, that were themselves of immense weight and strength. This was one of the most powerful presses of the kind that has ever been built, and the entire press and engines aggregated in the neighborhood of 250 or 300 tons of iron. The Pin Machine, Or rather the machine for sticking the pins in the papers after they are manufactured, was one of the very interesting little machines that attracted attention. After the pins are finished they are fed into a brass hopper of this machine, from which they slide down a steel gutter, with a small groove in the angle just sufficient to allow the body of the pin to rest in it, but not the head. They slide down until they reach a certain point, where the pin is turned at right angles, and at the same instant a small hammer or plunger strikes it into a strip of paper, fed by clock-work, and •with two parallel ridges dented in it, at the rate of 300 per/minute. As fast as these strips receive the pins they are wound upon a roller, and afterwards«cut into suitable length, rolled, and pressed into shape ready for the market. Apparatus for Printing Wall Paper, Near the entrance at the northwest part of Machinery Hall was the printing press for making wall paper. It was upon the same principle as the calico printing press, except that here the printing rollers were of wood, with the patterns raised about three-sixteenths of an inch and faced with metal. A large drum carried the paper to be printed, and it passed successively under these rollers, which were equal in number to the number of shades of color in the pattern. The press on I" I III 184 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. TAILORING BY STEAM. 185 exhibition printed with twelve different colors, each roll engraved with the part of the pattern of the same color, and by a peculiar arrangement each was printed as the paper passed it and brought that color in contact. The color to be printed was placed in a small trough as wide as the drum, and a flannel apron, passed over a couple of rollers and in contact with the printing roll. After passing under the entire set and the final touches the paper was placed in the drying racks, which were arranged over a system of steam-pipes. The whole of this beautiful operation was shown prac tically in the building by experienced hands. Machine for Cutting Bevel Gear Wheels. Near the Corliss engine was a very peculiar machine for the purpose of finishing the teeth of bevel or rnitre wheels. It was a very massive machine, and looked like a huge quadrant set on edge and a great gear wheel at the end of the curve. It was operated by a stationary engine, and by an automatic arrangement the teeth were cut to any form and any depth. The wheel to be cut was placed upon a horizontal mandril, and the cutting slide brought to the proper angle by the large geared wheel at the outer edge of the arc. There was a former that was set in the arm radiating from the centre of the arc, and which carried the cutter slide. The Vacuum Pan, For clarifying sugar, was situated at the west end of the hall, and was a very imposing exhibit on account of its enormous dimensions and the beauty of workman ship. Rising to a height of some thirty-five feet the huge ten feet vacuum pan looked like a monster carboy with ash and walnut lagging. There were two plat forms or stories one above the other. On the ground floor was a powerful horizontal engine working an air- pump to make the vacuum in the pan. The air-pipe connecting with the top was some eighteen inches in diameter, of iron, and had several drums. Underneath the pan was a large circular valve to run off the product of evaporation. There were also connected with this drying pan sugar boxes to receive the sugar and moulds for moulding the sugar loafs. The whole ap paratus was of the most complete description, and was a fair sample of the vacuum pans used in the largest sugar refineries in Cuba or Louisiana. Tailoring by Steam. Tailoring by steam, or at least a very important part of it, is accomplished by a couple of machines that were on exhibition—one in the French department and the other in the American. The latter consisted of a long cutting-table, fitted on one side with a long guide rail the whole length, and carrying an apparatus con sisting of an arrangement by which a rapid up and down motion was given to a narrow chisel. This latter could be moved so as to cut in any direction with the greatest ease, and could be so handled as to stop cutting whenever desired, so as to pass over spaces. It was claimed that it would cut from a single thickness up to one and a quarter inches solid, and make the cut in a cleaner manner than it could be done with shears, and travel and cut without the removal or pinning of the material. There was also one of these machines in operation at the United States Government Building. There was another variety of the same make called the " Stand ard," in which the work was moved instead of the cut- 186 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. ter, and will cut 1,600 pairs of pants, and other garments in proportion, according to cuts. The other, which was in the French department, wras much heavier in its construction, and operated with a steel ribbon that was given rapid motion, and the cloth was moved up against the edge, as in the " Standard." Among the many curious and ingenious machines which we saw, we must mention two, both of them not very far from the big Corliss engine, and close to each other. One was for winding spools of cotton, exhibited by Clark; and the other for putting the labels on both ends of a spool, and cutting them from a printed sheet by one operation, exhibited by J. & P. Coats. The Elate Crusher, For crushing and breaking of stones, ores, and other hard substances into fragments of moderate size, to be used in the construction of roadways, in ballasting rail roads, and in mining operations, which was shown by the Blake Crusher Company? of New Haven, Connect icut, deserves special mention, as being now generally in use wherever macadamized roads are constructed. It wras very simple in construction, but was made strong and massive on account of the great strain and wear to which its working parts are subjected in crushing minerals, some of which yield only to a pressure of over 27,000 pounds (thirteen and a half tons) to the square inch. Its principal features were a heavy frame in which were set. two upright jaws, one of which is usually fixed wrhile the other has a slight vibratory movement imparted to it by a rotating shaft. These jaws are wide enough apart at the top to receive the stones to be broken, but converge toward each other below, so that at the bottom the opening is only wide DIAMOND STONE SAW, ARCHIMEDEAN BRICK MACHINE. lilt THE BLAKE CRUSHER. 189 enough to permit the fragments to pass when broken to the required size. It will thus be seen that when a mass of stone or ore is placed between the jaws at the top, the vibrating jaw advancing cracks it into two or more pieces; then receding, it liberates the fragments, which drop lower down between the jaws, and are crushed again at the next movement of the jaw; and so on until all the fragments having been sufficiently reduced have passed out through the narrow space at the bottom. , These machines are made of different sizes, some of them being capable of taking in a stone weighing half a ton and reducing it in five seconds to fragments of five inches and downwards. The opening at the bottom of the jaws may be varied at pleasure so that fragments of any size may be produced. As a labor-saving machine also this crusher appears to be admirably adapted. We were told that one of the fifteen by nine machines for macadamizing uses, will produce over one hundred cubic yards of road Inetal per day, the fragments being one and a quarter inches in diameter and less. This is not only equal in quantity to the work of one hundred men, but the quality of the product is said to be better than that of hand labor, because there is enough of fine material in it to make a perfect road surface at the outset. The illustration given represents one of the many ways of setting up or locating this machine for break ing stone for roads, a purpose for which it is specially adapted. The crusher is placed on an elevated plat form extending from the side of a hill or bank, which is easily accessible for loads of rock brought from the quarries shown in the background. When located as shown, the loads of stone can be dumped close to the 11 190 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. jaws of the crusher, and the cart, driven down under the spout below, can be filled with the broken stone in from six to ten minutes, and driven off to the road-bed, and the material dropped at the precise spot where it is required. This arrangement, it is obvious, saves much handling, and consequently decreases the cost of the finished work. Where the formation of the ground is such as to admit of it, a further saving is effected by placing the crusher on a foundation so much lower than the platform that the top of the jaws of the machine will be level with the surface of the dumping floor, so that the stone to be broken can be rolled or pushed into the jaws. By this arrangement one or two men can feed the machine faster and better than three with the other plan, and do it easier too, for the simple reason that they have no heavy lifting to do. In working on level ground, in addition to tho disadvantage of being forced to handle the stone both before and after break ing, no space is afforded for an accumulation of the pro duct, an important consideration. With a side hill location, ample room is secured for the broken stone, which can accumulate largely under the spout, and should fall on a plank floor to facilitate shovelling. CHAPTER VII. UNITED STATES EXHIBITS. Killing Time and Labor, A PHILADELPHIA firm exhibited a noteworthy labor-saving machine in Machinery Hall. Al though not of very recent invention, it has never, until now, been in the market. It consisted of a flexible shaft of wire cable, revolving within a wire-lined gum tube, one end of the shaft being connected with the motive apparatus and the other effecting the mechanical associa tion. If marble is to be polished, a cast-iron disc, eighteen inches in diameter, is made fast to this latter end, and it revolves with the shaft. The operative spreads cut ting sand on the marble, applies the disc, which he easily moves all over the surface at will, and thereby effects the polishing with infinitely less bodily exertion and in much less time than is required in the old-time laborious process of shoving and drawing, jack-plane fashion, an immense block of marble over the surface of the block to be polished. Among the exhibits in Machinery Hall was a very fine display of wire, and wire cables, of every size and description. Among these was a section of the cable that is being used in the construction of the great bridge across the East river, between New York and Brooklyn. This cable was about sixteen inches in diam eter, composed of 6,000 No. 7 galvanized cast-steel wires, and capable of bearing a strain of 22,300,000 pounds. m 192 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. CAR WHEELS. 193 It is by far the largest cable in the world, and will span the largest space ever crossed by a single span of a bridge. The Americans lead the world in bridge build ing, and the American system is being followed by all other nations. Car Wheels, The exhibits of car wheels were in the western end of Machinery Hall, and in the northern part. A. Whitney & Sons, of Philadelphia, had a variety of sizes, ranging from nine inches to thirty inches, for mining trucks and construction cars. They had also engine and car wheels, and several different patterns of car wheels. In this section were also a couple of steel tires for sixty-inch drivers, and a number of pieces of broken wheels to show the crystallization of metal in chilling. The Kamapo Wheel and Foundry Company had a fine exhibit of new wheels and others that have shown good service, with their records pasted on their flanges. These wheels were made of cast-iron, with a sufficient proportion of white iron to sink the chill an average depth of about half an inch in the treads and flanges. These wheels, according to the records attached, had been run without injury over 200,000 miles under a Pullman palace car and subjected to severe usage, the life of an ordinary car wheel being limited to 50,000 miles. The Miltimore Wheel and Axle was an exhibit of independent wheels run on compound axles. In this there was a solid axle, over which was a sleeve, with a space of about one inch between the two. This sleeve fitted into a casting at each end, inside the wheel, and the casting passed through the wheel. . At the outer end it was trimmed out so as to leave a broad shoulder, and in this was inserted a set of brasses with round in centre. Back of this brass, and also in front, was a circular wedge, to fit the round surface of the brasses, and it was also, bevelled a little to allow a circular iron ring to be screwed firm and tighten it. The jour nal was oiled by means of an oil box, into which a hole opened from the end of the axle and led down to the inner surface of brasses. It was claimed for this wheel that a saving of 48i per cent, of motive power can be made by its use, and a saving of fully one-half of fuel, etc. The Hamilton Steel Wheel Company exhibited a palace car wheel, which, after 156,800 miles of run ning, was as sound as ever to all tests. There was also a case with a great number of pieces of broken wheels, to show the internal grain of the rim and steel. • • The Jersey City Car Wheel Company exhibited a number of wheels with cast-iron web and steel tires. A web was shown with the tire half way on, to illus trate the manner in which it is done. The Baltimore Car Wheel Company had their ex hibit. Their wheels were mounted on stands and pre sented a tasteful appearance. These wheels were all made of charcoal iron. In addition to the foregoing, the Cobdell Car Wheel Company, the Cayuta Wheel and Foundry Company, and the Lehigh Car Wheel Company, had very fine displays of wheels of cast-iron and steel, with some re markable instances of toughness. Nevada Quartz Mill,. Nevada was fittingly represented at the Exhibition by a quartz mill in operation. As the mining of the precious metals is the only productive industry of any I 194 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. consequence that State possesses, she wisely determined to set it forth to the best advantage. The mill cost $20,000, and an appropriation, covering the entire ex pense, was made by the Legislature. „ Four mines, the Consolidated Virginia, the California, the Ophir, and the Belcher, sent quartz here and kept the mill supplied; the product was kept separate and sold for the benefit of the respective owners. Tin's ore was packed in sacks containing about a bushel each, and loaded on cars of the Pennsylvania Railroad at the mines and unloaded at the building in the Park, making the entire journey of about three thousand miles without change of cars. The ore was in exactly the same condition as that used at the mills in Nevada. It was a light gray mixture of quartz, stone and white dust, and to the uninitiated had no appearance of value whatever. The rock went to the stamps through a self-feeding hopper, and came out in the form of a powder dissolved in a small stream of water that ran through a trough into the amalga mator—a big, round, sheet-iron box heated by steam. Here the quicksilver was added, and the mixture passed into another circular tank, where it was stirred by revolving arms. The quicksilver seized upon the silver and carried it off into an iron pot, whence the two commingled metals were put into iron pans and heated in a retort, when the former passed off in fumes and was collected, to go through its labor of releasing the silver from the dross again and again. The mill stood back of Machinery Hall, a little distance west of the Hydraulic Annex. Besides the crushing and amal gamating machinery, it contained all kinds of mining implements. A Diamond Stone Saw Was on exhibit by a company in Pittsburgh, which was claimed to be a very great labor-saving machine. When A DIAMOND STONE SAW. 195 ; doing regular work it is capable of cutting in ordinary sandstone at the rate of one hundred and fifty surface square feet per hour (counting both sides of the cut), and other stone in proportion, according to their rela tive density or hardness, leaving the stone perfectly true and in line, beautifully finished, free from spalls, and ready to be placed in buildings, etc. The company state that it can accomplish more work than a hundred men in the space of time, and at an expense not ex ceeding cost of sharpening and wear of tools necessary to do the same amount of work. In ten minutes the saw, which was seventy-two inches in diameter, cut through a block of hard sandstone, twelve feet long by thirty inches thick, making only a hundred and twenty revolutions to the minute. In Machinery Hall we saw a Diamond Drill, Which, for its particular purposes, was one of the most remarkable tools on exhibition. This drill had for its cutting face the end of a hollow cylinder with diamond cutters set in such a manner as to cut out a solid cylin drical core. Its action on the hardest rock is extremely rapid. In quartz rock it will cut easily ten feet in depth in one day, and through ordinary sandstone a foot per minute. Its peculiar value is in showing the , exact nature of the rock or soil through which it passes, : ;fuid there were shown quite a number of the specimens of the results of their boring. One specimen was the core from conglomerate rock boring that was six and three-quarters inches in diameter, and showed the size taken out by the largest size drills, and the clean nature of the cut, the conglomerate, from ite varying hardness, being a difficult rock for any other drill to bore through. In this particular case the rock was 200 feet in deptl. 196 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. taken from Sugar Notch, Pennsylvania. There was also exhibited quite a number of smaller borings made in prospecting for coal veins and minerals, which showed the strata in a beautiful manner. These specimens of the strata bored into, called " cores," were brought to the surface by means of a tool called a " core-lifter," which was attached to the drill and was adjusted the next above the bit or boring head. The shell or thimble of this tool is of the same size and shape as the core bit. In a recess in the inside of the thimble is placed loosely a tempered open steel spring about half an inch wide, with several ribs to give the proper thickness, and which is sometimes armed in the inside with diamonds to keep it from being worn by the core. When the drill is descending, this thimble is pushed up into a re cess where it has no effect, but when the drill is being raised slides down in bevelled sides of recess, and is contracted firmly against the core and carries it up to the surface. Shingle-Cutting and Sawing Machines. Several machines for cutting shingles for cottage and farm roofing were on display, but one that was ex hibited by Messrs. C. S. & S. Burt, of Dunleith, Illinois, deserves special mention. It is claimed it can turn out 150,000 shingles a day. This machine was called the Evarts' Rotary Shingle Machine, and was constructed as follows: *• Upright shafts standing on a square, heavy frame, carrying a horizontal saw each; a circular carriage, about eight feet in diameter, being mounted above the saws. This carriage was divided into twelve spaces, each of which was led with blocks as fast as they were cut up into shingles. It was driven by two friction SHINGLE-CUTTING AND SAWING MACHINES 197 rollers, which caused a uniform and steady feed. The motion was positive and continuous, there being no springs or other gear to get out of order. The dogs were simply weights raised by an inclined plane to drop off the end and fasten the block while the saw was passing through it. A man and a boy are suffi cient labor force to attend to the machine, the man to feed the blocks into the revolving carriage, the boy to remove the shingles as fast as they are sawed. This machine turned out wonderfully even shingles. It sawed the blocks up as close as possible, leaving very small slabs or spalts. It took in the largest-sized block, and the blocks only being fastened by the dogs at the moment the saw was passing through it, they could be removed and turned, or, in the case of an inferior block, replaced by a new one without any danger to the man tending the machine, and without appreciable loss of time. A thirty-horse power engine will run the machine, drag-saw, jointer, bolter, etc. The whole machine only weighs about five thousand pounds. Mr. Burt also exhibited Evarts' Hand-feed Shingle Machine, for sawing shingles, heading, fruit-box stuff, etc. It was a one-block machine, and had a single saw- shaft and a reciprocating carriage operated by hand. Eccentrically geared automatic feed attachments made it optional whether the feed shall be automatic or done by hand. Tapered shingles of any required thickness at top or bottom, and from sixteen to twenty-four , inches in length and up to fifteen inches in width, can be sawed on this machine. The full capacity of the machine was from 25,000 to 30,000 shingles a day in good pine or cypress timber, and from 8.000 to 12,000 pieces of heading. Low's Shingle and Bar rel-head Sawing Machine was exhibited by the same 198 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. manufacturers. This machine had its carriage in a vertical position, as also was the saw. This carriage was counterbalanced. The block was fed out over the saw, and then depressed while a shingle was cut off. The moment a shingle was cut the block rose, but was again fed out for another cut as before. This machine can turn out from 20,000 to 30,000 shingles a day. Brick-Making Machines. There were no less than twenty machines for making bricks on exhibition at the Centennial; Canada, Ger many, France and the United States being all repre sented in this class. There was the clay-tempering brick-making machine of Chambers, Brother & Co., of Philadelphia, which was constructed almost entirely of iron. In the operation of this machine, the clay—taken in its crude state from the banks—was dumped by the side of a large funnel. When necessary, it is mixed with loam, sand, or coal, and the requisite amount of water to reduce it to a proper consistency is added, and, the mixing process being completed, it is fed into a hopper, from which it falls into the machine. Inside the machine there was a revolving horizontal shaft, into which were set strong knives of steel. These knives cut through and through the clay, thoroughly mix and temper it, and, being set spirally, push it for ward. On the end of the tempering shaft there was a conical Archimedean screw, revolving in a cast-iron case, the inside of which was ribbed, so as to prevent the clay from slipping and revolving in it. It was also chilled in order to prevent wear. The screw being smooth, the clay slid on and formed, as it were, a nut. But as the BRICK-MAKING MACHINES. 199 screw revolved, and could not go backward, the clay also had to go forward. This operation had a further tempering effect upon the clay, which, by the time it reached the shaping die, had assumed the form of a solid round 'column. The die was of a peculiar con struction and was designed to reduce the round column of clay to a rectangular form; its breadth and thick ness being the breadth and thickness of a single brick. At the same time the clay was forced into the corners of the rectangular or finishing part of the die, so that the angles of the bar of clay, when it emerged from the die, were perfectly well defined and square. By the combined action, first of the knives and then of the Archimedean screw, the bar of clay was forced through the die and is carried away on an endless carrier in a solid bar. And here Mr. Chambers had a most ingen ious device for cutting the bar into bricks. The bar, as it passed along, struck a spiral cutter, with a two-and-a- half turn, the blades of which, following the movement of the bar, cut it and fit into the slats of an endless chain, which ran on the under side of the bar, thus dividing the bar into bricks of equal dimensions, and leaving a clean, straight edge and sharp corners on either side of each brick. The bricks, thus cut from the continuous bar, were separated and carried by another endless chain through the sanding-machine. This machine consisted of a chamber into which, by means of a centrifugal blast of air, a continuous cloud of fine dust or sand wste thrown. The sand prevents the bricks from sticking together, and was said to improve the color of them when burned. The bricks on leaving the machine are placed in hacks under sheds to dry, or they are placed in a dry ing room to be dried by artificial heat, or they are 200 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. BELTING MACHINES. 201 passed through a heated tunnel direct to the kiln. Under shedding, from six to fifteen days are required to dry the bricks, while only from eight to twelve hours are occupied in drying them by the artificial pro cess. One of these Chambers' machines will make from fifty to eighty bricks per minute, or at the rate of from twenty-five thousand to thirty-five thousand a day. The Gregg Brick Machine Company had one of their machines in daily operation in Annex No. 3, Machinery Hall. This machine had a circular mold-board, rotat ing intermittently, which had eight sets of molds, with four in each set, making thirty-two molds in all. The crude clay was fed into a hopper, from which, by the action of agitators, it was filled into the molds. The molds, as the board carrying them rotated, passed under a roller and received a steady pressure as they passed. This was a sort of preparatory pressure. The molds then passed under a horizontal knife, placed diagonally, the knife removing from each mold any excess of clay developed by the preparatory pressure. Passing on in their rotary journey, the molds received pressure number two. This was an upward pressure and was caused by a toggle joint. The third and last pressure was a double one, both upward and down ward, and was brought about by a simultaneous action of cams and toggles. The bricks were then discharged from the machine on to an endless carrier, and trans ported by it direct to the burning kiln. The expense of working the machine is trifling, it being entirely automatic in its operation. The Page Belting Company, Concord, N. H, This company had on exhibit a large and varied dis play of belting, ranging from one-eighth inch round in all sizes to thirty inch double, including usual sizes of single, light double, and heavy double belting. This was a very interesting exhibit of these transmit ters of power—the belting. Amid the whirl of thousands of revolving wheels in machinery, the apparently endless miles of belting fur nished by the Page Belting Company attracted much attention. Near the great Corliss engine was a mammoth thirty-inch double belt in constant operation, driving a great shaft which made 240 revolutions per minute, which was double the speed of the other main shafts. This belt only stretched one inch during the whole time it was on exhibition. Two large belts, one a twenty-inch banded, and the other a fifteen-inch dou ble, ran as driving belts in the machinery annexes. This company also exhibited a large stock of single, light double, heavy double, and round belting, the heaviest belting 100 feet long; and from this class of heavy goods, down to hame strings, mill straps, and loom pickers, the exhibit was full. In addition there were some interesting novelties in the exhibit made by this firm. Among these was an immense ox-hide, tanned and finished for belt leather, that weighed, in its finished condition, ninety-three and one-half pounds, which was claimed to be the heaviest ox-hide ever exhibited. A very handsome pair of ox- horns, measuring four feet eight and a half inches from tip to tip, were placed over their sign, at the front of the space. Two panoramas, in constant motion, illus trated the old way and the new way of making belts. The illustrations we give herewith show the vast improvements that have been made in the art of belt- making, and afford a striking contrast between the " old way" and the " new way." One of these cuts 202 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. represents an old-fashioned Tannery and Belt Factory, while the general view of the Page Belting Company's works gives an illustration of a modern Belt Manufac tory. The remaining cuts are as follows: one of a modern Bark Mill, m which the bark is ground; an interior view of the belt shop, in which the process of belt-making is carried on through all its several pro cesses, from the time the leather is straightened on one side to the final operation where the coil is winded and finished. The same motion which winds the belt into a solid roll draws it through an attachment of knives and finishers, which trim the edges true and give them a hard, smooth, and handsome finish. The last of the cuts gives a cood illustration of the belting ready lor _ market as produced by the old way and the new. Leather Belting. Amon"- the other exhibits in belting we noticed that of Alexander Brothers, who had a very handsomely fitted-up stand of black walnut, on the central par of which was a case containing specimens of leather, ehowina the many different ways in which the ends of the leather belting is spliced together. Some had steel bands passing through each, sewed Avith raw hide or waxed thread, pegged, sewed with hide and nveted after being brought to feather edge. Here, a so were shown round leather belting with steel swivel attach ments. There are two wings on which were placed seven heavy rolls, each of sole leather belting, varying in width from two inches to twelve inches. Adjoining this was the exhibit of Thomas J. Rorer. Amongst the rest was a belt that was fifteen inches in width, and during a great part of the time transmitted ninety horse-power and upwards to the different THE OLD AND THE NEW POWER PRESS FOR MAKING JOINTS. MODERN TANNERY—PAGE BELTING CO., CONCORD, N. H LEATHER DRESSING MACHINE. 205 machines on exhibit. This union belting was made by firmly cementing between two or more thicknesses of leather one or more layers of heavy cotton canvas, and then riveting or stitching throughout the entire length. The exhibit adjoining this on the west was that of Mr. Hoyt, who exhibited three monster belts, the smallest of which was a double one thirty inches in width, the next in size thirty-six inches wide, and the largest thirty-six inches wide and 147 J feet long, and weighing 1,130 pounds. Band Sawing Machine. Of all the various tools used for cutting wood the saw is, perhaps, the most valuable, and among them the Band-Saw is acknowledged to be best adapted for dif ferent work. Although the Band-Saw has been introduced more than sixty years ago in almost the same form, and pro vided with nearly the same commodities as now used, nevertheless, some obstructive mechanical disadvantage has prevented the general use of the same. The breaking of the saw-blades, and the difficulty of joining them, have been the main obstacles. It is true, the manufacturers of steel have given us a better article of steel, and the saw makers have succeeded in manufacturing saw-blade sheets which are far superior to those heretofore used. Improvements in joining the saw-blades have also been made, and now it is a very simple operation; but, with these exceptions, little has been done to prevent breakage of the delicate blades. Messrs. Bentel, Margedant & Co. exhibited a Band- Sawing Machine with an improvement in the shape of a self-adjusting steel band wheel. 206 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. A recess of the proper width and depth is formed in the rim, the bottom of the same has a number of pro jections which are turned true and ground to a circle, corresponding to the diameter of the wheel. The spnce between the projections is laid with an anti-friction material to the exact height of the projection, thus pre pared, the recess forms an accurate and everlasting bed for the reception of a cast-steel band, accurately ground on the in and outside. Type-Casting and Setting Machine. Among the many machines on exhibit in Machinery Hall, which commanded universal attention from all visitors, was the " Westcott Type-Casting and Setting Machine," made by the American Type Machine Co., of New York. It was interesting and instructive to watch the machine in operation, and to note the extent that it simplified and economized the labor of type casting and setting. The machine occupied a little less room than an ordi nary printer's case and stand; it was composed of a single iron cylinder, mounted, and which revolved in a substantial iron frame; from cams upon this cylinder all the motions were derived and they were all positive, nothing being left to the uncertain action of springs or gravity, and it was impossible for the machine to make a single revolution without performing all the motions necessary to perfectly cast, dress, finish, and set-up in line, any type which the will of the operator may require. At the left end, and in the rear of the machine, was a small tank, or font, containing metal kept in a molten state by means of a small gas-jet. Immediately in front of this were the molds in which the body of the TYPE-CASTING AND SETTING MACHINE. 207 type were cast. These molds, by a.small quantity of water contained in them, were kept at a uniform tem perature under the well-known natural law, that no piece of metal containing water can be heated above 212° F. until the water is evaporated. The face of the letter was formed in a piece of cop per, in which it was punched, and which was held in position while the metal was injected. As soon as the type was cast, this copper matrice was withdrawn from the face of the newly-cast type and returned to its proper place, ready for use when again required. While the matrice was in front of the molds, the metal was injected by a pump, a valve A? as opened to admit it, and closed as soon as the mold was full; the quantity of metal injected by the pump was suf ficient to cast the largest type, and if «, small one -was; to be cast, the surplus, after the molds were full, pre vented the piston of the pump descending farther, as it was forced down by a yielding rod. The piece of metal which contained the matrices was made of different widths, and each one opened the mold just the width required for it; the molds being closed after the easting of each type. When the type was cast the molds were opened to admit a hook which removed the type, and carried it forward in a channel to a point at which it was received between the jaws of two vises, which seized it on all four of its sides firmly. On an exact line with these jaws were four cutters, and as soon as they grasped the type it was pushed through, and the cutters shaved off all roughness which was upon the type and deposited it perfectly finished upon the composing stick; as soon as this was done, it and all the preceding letters which had been cast were ghoved along to the left upon the 12 208 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. stick by a small piece of metal called the "setter;" the instant that the setter performed its work the next succeeding type was cast and in the molds ready fo.r removal. All the above operations were going on simultane ously ; for while a matrice was being carried back to its place in its frame, and another being brought for ward, the other part of the mechanism was engaged in removing a type from the molds, finishing and setting it up. The Pump Annex, Among its wonders the Exhibition was not without its miniature Niagara Falls. On the south side of Ma chinery Hall was an annex for the exhibition of hy draulic and pneumatic machinery of all kinds, and in the centre of the annex was a tank or basin, 146 feet long, 60 feet wide, 8 feet deep, and which held 500,000 gallons of water. All around this basin were arranged pumps of every imaginable kind, from the smallest hand pump, up to those run by steam and which raised nearly 300,000 gallons a minute; blowers, for forcing great volumes of air; hydraulic rams; water meters; and mining machinery. All of those pumps which were driven by steam drew the water up from the tank and then discharged it back again over the edges, either allowing it to quietly fall from a considerable height, or forcing it through nozzles, which sent the •water high in the air, as from a fire engine. The con stant falling of thousands of gallons of water created a aioise that completely drowned the roar of all the ma chinery in the adjoining hall. In the exceedingly hot •summer days, there was no pleasanter place than a sent by the side of this basin, as the air was kept constantly in motion by the blowers and was always delightfully cool. I 11 /' k III ' Will li,i,.; THE PUMP ANNEX. 211 .V"1"* ' -•' In \ ' \ i I . ). ^ \ HAND AND POWER PUMP EXHIBIT. Among the pumps, the exhibit made by W. & B. Douglas, of Middletown, Connecticut, of which we give an illustration, deserves special mention. This firm manufactures all kinds of pumps, hydraulic rams, gar den engines, pump chain, etc. Over 500 pumps were on display, of which one-half were patterns, ranging in size from small pumps, mounted with a water-bucket on wheels, intended to be used by ladies in watering flowers, to deep-well force-pumps, capable of lifting water from 150 to 200 feet. Among the specialties displayed by this firm was a new model for a hydrant, provided with an arrangement for allowing the water to escape below freezing point. Also the Little Giant, a triplicate force-pump intended for use in factories in case of fire. They also exhibited a hydraulic ram in operation. A. Gawthrop & Son, Wilmington, Delaware, had on display single and double-acting improved hydraulic rams, an illustration of which we give, showing the automatic regulator in operation. The superiority in these rains is claimed to be in the following points : that they are securely fastened together by key bolts instead of screw bolts, so that any part of them can be got at in a few minutes, requiring no other tool than a hammer; also that the outlet valve is regulated by holes through the piston, and not requiring jam-nuts on the stem, which are always liable to get out of order. The automatic regulator is attached to the upper end of the feed pipe of the ram, and acts as a sentinel to stop the ram before the water gets so low in the feed box as to allow air to enter the end of the feed pipe, and will start the ram again (without wasting water) as soon as the water arises again to a given point; thus allowing the outlet valve to work with a 212 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. long, healthy stroke, always raising a greater per cent, of water than when working with a short stroke, and much less liable to stop. Among the varied and fine displays made by other firms in this Hydraulic Annex we must mention two others which merit special description—one for its im mense size and the fine display it made, and the other for intrinsic worth. The first was known as the Nia gara pump, and its name was fitly chosen. It consisted of two Andrews centrifugal pumps, which elevated about 30,000 gallons a minute fifty-two feet high, and then discharged it back again into the tank in one broad, steady sheet, about thirty feet wide, making as pretty a miniature waterfall as was ever seen. These pumps required 100-horse power to run them, and were capa ble of emptying the main basin of its 500,000 gallons in sixteen minutes. The other pump was known as the Buffer Steam Vacuum pump. It consisted of two or more chambers, into which the steam was alternately admitted so as to form a vacuum, and into these vacuums the water was forced by the pressure of the atmosphere. Instead of requiring live steam direct from the boiler to operate it, it was run entirely by exhaust steam, that is, by steam that had already done its work in driving the main engine, and was then allowed to escape into the air. A pressure in the steam of a pound or two Avas as good as the pressure of many pounds, so that a person who runs an engine, however small, can also run a pump that will raise any desired quantity of water without the expense of a single pound of fuel extra. The • Oscillating Pump Company, of Philadelphia, made a good display of a strange pump, the Sluthour. The body was shaped like a coffee-mill, in the funnel of which a lever worked in an arc of a circle, turning THE SLUTHOUR PUMP. 213 rectangular double valves fitted to the round part of the puinp-body. A great quantity of water was carried up through the valves and discharged over the mouth of the funnel. A modification of this form—the addition of an air chamber—gave a force-pump of considerable power. It was very simple in construction, and by the expenditure of very little force a great quantity of water was raised, together with any refuse matter, such as blocks of wood, chips, etc., which will pass through the large valve openings. The Sluthour pump was not a novelty, but was worthy of examination, as the only one of the kind exhibited. It is intended for use as a ship pump, and in stock-yards, etc. CHAPTER VIII. UNITED STATES EXHIBITS. Locomotives. THE history of the steam engine is the history of all enterprise and ingenuity for the last hundred years, and it were impossible to speak of industrial progress without referring to it. It was interesting to examine the old and the new style of locomotives, of which our Exhibition showed ex amples. Franklin said of the first balloon, "It is a babe, but it may become a giant." The balloon, how ever, is a " babe" still; while the locomotive presents to it a most striking contrast., This was one of the most instructive sections of the whole Exhibition, and well repaid a careful and exhaustive study. Locomotives, Just beyond the west end of Machinery Hall, in the open air, was the first locomotive ever run in America, and which was attached to two passenger cars such as were used in 1833. Both the locomotive, cars, and the track upon which they stood, were such curiosities in their way, in comparison to those used to-day, that we give a full description of them. The rails were not attached to wooden cross-ties, but to great stones, upon 214 LOCOMOTIVES. 215 which were placed thin blocks of wood, as it was con sidered unsafe in those days to run an engine which weighed nine tons on rails affixed to anything so frail as wood. The rails were much lighter than those used to-day, were rolled in England, and then shipped to America at great expense. The locomotive " John Bull" was built in England in 1831, and then shipped to America. On the arrival of this locomotive at Bordentown, N. J., it was transferred from the sloop, on which it had been brought from Philadelphia, by means of wagons, to the only permanent track of the Camden & Amboy Railroad Company, then completed, about three-fourths of a mile in length, and about one mile from Bordentown. The machinery was then put together, and a tender constructed from a whiskey hogshead placed on a small four-wheel platform car, which had been used by the contractor in the construc tion of the road. The connection between the pump of the locomotive and the water-tank was made by means of a leather hose made by a shoemaker. This engine first began to run in 1833, and took the place of horses, which had been used up to that time. The" cylinders are nine inches in diameter, have a twenty-inch stroke, and are placed underneath the front end of the boiler, in between the two front driving wheels. There are two pair of these driving wheels, four to six inches in diameter, which are not coupled together, so that the force of the' steam on the piston is exerted on the rear pair alone. The cow-catcher consists of two long wooden beams, which have their rear ends pivoted to the outside ends of the shaft of the front pair of driving wheels, while the front ends of the beams are supported upon a special pair of wheels three feet in diameter. In order to prevent the catcher 216 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. from raising upward too high, it is held down upon the rails by a coiled spring. There is no cab for the engineer and fireman, and the only protection whatever given to them from the cold, heat, wind, rain, and snow, is that the front end of the roof of the little tender projects slightly over the rear end of the locomotive. The funniest feature is a covered seat, such as is used on wagons, but only large enough for one person, which is placed on top of the big covered box that forms the tender, and which seat is turned so that the person sitting in it looks back over the train. What that seat is for we cannot imagine, unless a person was placed in it to keep a watch on the cows, and to let the engineer know when they were catching up so that he could go a little faster, and thus prevent them from walking into the rear end of the train. The two cars were each about thirty feet long, and looked more like the " Black Marias" that are used to convey prisoners from the different stations, than passenger cars. The windows were about twelve inches high by six wide, not made to be raised or opened, and furnished with sliding cur tains. Above each seat was a ventilator two feet long by six inches wide, so that each one can ventilate for himself. In Machinery Hall there were about a dozen loco motives of all kinds and sizes, one of which was one of sixteen purchased byvDom Pedro to be sent to Brazil, and was named after him. The locomotives built in England and America differed principally in two par ticulars. The Americans place their cylinders outside of the driving wheels while the English place theirs in between them, under the front end of the boiler. The Americans never use driving wheels larger than about GATLING GUN MOUNTED ON GUNWALE OF SHIP. I I O a i fc 3 CATLING GUN. 219 &• GO O O O g i s I five feet in diameter, while the English have always made them from six and a half to eight and a half feet in diameter. As long as the track is perfectly level these immense wheels are just what is needed, but as soon as grades are encountered, they only impede the progress of the train, and the English are now begin ning to realize this,-and are discarding these immense drivers and adopting the American plan of never having them over five feet. To the Americans are due some of the finest and best improvements in the locomotive. America has built some of the largest passenger engines ever made; also, the largest coupled engine. As a general thing the English run their cars faster than the Americans, but this is owing to better ballasted roads and more uniform levels. The Gatling Gun. The Gatling gun was invented by R. J. Gatling, of Indiana, in 18G1; and the first was manufactured in ' 1862, in Indianapolis, Indiana, and full descriptions of it were published in the newspapers in the United States and Europe. The gun was brought to the notice of the French government in 1863, before the invention of the French, or the Montigny mitrailleuse. Trials of the gun have been made from its invention to the present day, by the military authorities of the United States, by Mexico, by every nation of Europe (except the Greeks and Belgians), by several of the South American States, by Egypt, and by China and Japan. These trials have made the gun well known, and its position as an important part of the armament of modern armies is now well assured. Besides, the gun lias been formally adopted as an auxiliary service arm in many of the countries mentioned, and has 220 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. been adopted by our own government as an auxiliary to artillery in forts, and also in the United States navy for shore service, as well as for use in ships' tops, on launches, and for shore service. We have given three illustrations of this gun, as follows: The New Five-Barrelled Gatling Gun, This improved Gatling gun, in lightness and rapid ity of fire, excels any gun heretofore made on the Gat ling system. Its weight is only ninety-seven pounds, and it fires 1,000 shots per minute. It differs from the previous models in the following particulars: 1. The barrels and working mechanism are envel oped in a metal casing, which supplies the place of the frame formerly used, and protects the mechanism from rain, dust, rust, etc. 2. The crank is attached directly to the rear end of the mainshaft, superseding the use of gearing to re volve the gun. 3. Improvement in the feed has been made, so that the cartridges are fed directly to the carrier on a cen tral line, vertically, above the axis of the gun. Although the external appearance of this new gun differs greatly from the older models of the Gatling, its main mechanism and mechanical principles are sub stantially the same. The improvements are of such a character as to in crease its effectiveness nearly two-fold. Guns with ten barrels and having these improvements are also made. The Gatling Gun on Tripod, This illustration represents the Gatling camel gun, mounted on the improved tripod, which holds it quite steady when firing, and allows every facility for aiming CAMPBELL PRINTING PRESS. 223 it quickly, so as to deliver its shots at any desired point. The gun is so pivoted that it can sweep an entire circle, and at the same time be traversed later ally and automatically by the traversing device at tached to the gun and tripod as shown in the diagram. Description of Gatling Gun for Naval Use, The third illustration represents a light Gatling gun (weight 125 pounds) of forty-five inch calibre, mounted upon the gunwale of a ship. The fixture upon which the gun rests allows it to be fired at an elevation of thirty degrees, or at a depression of forty degrees. The gun and fixture can, if desired, be easily and quickly transferred to a small boat or launch. Its range and accuracy are much greater than that of an ordinary boat howitzer. These guns are especially adapted for use in ships' tops, to repulse boarders, for boat service in making landings, etc. The United States navy is supplied with a large number of these guns, and the British government has ordered them supplied for all their war vessels. The Campbell Printing Press, The Campbell Printing Press and Manufacturing Company, of New York, had a building of their own, located at the west end of Machinery Hall, which cov ered an area of over 4,000 square feet and was three stories in height. In it were exhibited the process of running a complete newspaper, a job printing office, as well as the various articles manufactured by the ex hibitors whose enterprise had erected the structure. We give an illustration of the Campbell Rotary Web Printing and .Folding Press. 224 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. This press afforded a very striking evidence of the progress of and improvements in the Art of Printing. The fierce opposition to, and confident predictions of failure of some of the most noted and valuable im provements in the art read strangely in the light of present experience. On November 28th, 1814, the first newspaper was printed by steam upon a power press—a very rude affair and incomplete in all its contrivances, yet contain ing the germ and potentiality of the progress that has rendered possible the mechanical triumphs of the pres ent day, in which seem to be attained the acme of speed and the perfection of workmanship. The power-press of Konig, of 1814, had the whole fraternity of printers combined against it, with the notable exception of the managers of the London Times. With this paper, fortunately for Konig, his press was a necessity. He began to construct the press on the con tinent of Europe, but, failing utterly to interest printers in it, he went to England, arriving in London about 1806, and succeeding in getting a press running in 1810 or 1811. The proprietors of the Times, after examin ing Konig's book press, ordered two one-side presses, and furnished the means to build them. Even with this indorsement, and demonstration of the capabilities pf the new press, it was the subject of a long and bit ter contest between skill and stupidity, and so late as 1824 we find published articles, from leading printers, decrying the power-press and asserting that so useless were they that they could be had for the price of old iron. We have not the space here to describe the various improvements that have been made by different inven tors in the Old World as well as in the New, until we PRINTING PRESSES. 225 have now presses which may be termed the concentra tion and perfection of centuries of progress in the arts, and as far in advance of all previous mechanical efforts as was the power-press of Konig in advance of the slow and cumbrous press of Faust and Gutenberg. Among these, " Campbell's Rotary Web Printing and Folding Press," which was exhibited in a separate building erected by the Company for the purpose, deserves special mention, as being, with all its improvements and combinations, a master-piece of mechanical in genuity. It would be impossible to describe this press fully to our readers, for mechanical descriptions without descrip tive drawings are always obscure. In operation the press consisted, apparently, of four rollers or cylinders, arranged one above the other, and produced all its re sults from the simplest rotary movements. All that had to be done was to put a roll of paper, weighing about a hundred pounds, on the feeding apparatus, and a complete sheet was printed on both sides, cut off, folded and delivered in one-tenth of a second; and all this with such apparent ease that it was difficult to be lieve that it had been really done, till one examined the register and compared notes. The cutting and folding apparatus is very simple. One sheet is drawn forward to this part of the machine by two top rollers over the cutting roll. These rollers are driven by friction that can be easily adjusted to the strength of the paper. In fact, it only needs to be set to take up the slack of the paper. Beyond this point the paper is absolutely free from all strain. There is no question connected with the publication of a newspaper of more importance than the cost of its production, and to meet this is the great object of all recent improvements in the printing art. 226 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Paper Exhibit, The paper-makers had very fine displays, one of the most striking of which was that of Byron Weston, of Dalton, Massachusetts. It consisted of a pyramid, whose base was a ream of " Leviathan" paper, five feet by ten, and weighing 1,000 pounds, and other kinds in regular sizes up to the top, which was a ream of cap, fourteen by seventeen inches. His exhibit of ledger papers, which was the only line he manufac tured, was the largest and most varied of any in the building. A special feature of his display was an enor mous ledger of 2,400 pages, weighing 105 pounds, bound in Turkey morocco, and quite surpassing anything else in that line. It was used to register the names of vis itors, and, in three weeks after being opened, contained about 4,000 names, including those of the leading for eign and home manufacturers. Messrs. Murphy's Sons, of Philadelphia, had a hand some case in which were exhibited some of their goods, very tastefully arranged. Over 200 blank ledgers were piled up in a pyramidal form, and formed a very prominent feature in their display. Gold Pen Exhibit, There was a very attractive display of gold pens made by Aiken, Lambert & Co., of New York, in the Main Building, of which we have an illustra tion. The case, which was of ebony finished with gold, rested on a platform, and above the platform, supported by four massive barrel pens, was a canopy, resting on the top of which was a globe, indicative of the purpose of the Exhibition and the visitors thereto. Three or four show-cases were upon the platform, in each of MURPHY'S EXHIBIT OF BLANK BOOKS. WESTON'S PAPER EXHIBIT. EXHIBIT OF METALS. 229 SHOW-CASE OF GOLD PENS. which were displayed in profusion a large and varied assortment of eighteen carat gold pen and pencil-cases finished in Roman, enamel, carving and red gold; fourteen carat gold articles finished in same styles; little pencils and tooth-picks of gold, pearl, ivory and fancy woods tipped with gold. Then pens of all sizes; Leviathan, Mammoth, Oblique, Spencerian, Ruling, Ladies', Red Ink Pens, Gold 'Barrel Pens in pearl and other holders. Exhibits of Metals, Crude and Manufactured, N One of the most interesting, because one of the most characteristic, exhibits was the display of metals, both crude and manufactured. The exhibit of pig, bar, ingot and sheet metals of all kinds was particularly full. The articles of this cla^s were located along the southern portion of the Main Building, between the eastern end and the central transept, and many of the exhibitors displayed much good taste in the arrange ment of their products. Among the numerous ex hibits we can only mention a few of those which more prominently attracted our notice. The Union Iron Mills (Carnegie Brothers & Co.), of Pittsburgh, exhibited sections of special wrought-iron, in shades, in bar, T, and angle iron, iron beams, joists, etc.; also a section of the rolled wrought-iron coupling used in connecting the steel tubes in the arches of the Illinois and St. Louis bridge over the Mississippi river, at St. Louis. The same firm also exhibited a beautiful model of the Lucy furnace, at Pittsburgh, showing all the buildings and their accessories. This furnace pro duces 700 tons of iron per week. The New River Railroad Mining and Manufacturing Company, of Virginia, exhibited magnetic oxide, spec- 230 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. ular, red and brown hematite, spathic and black band iron ores, manganese marbles, lithographic stone, zinc ores, graphite, corundum, baryta, limestone, copper ores, lead ores, and bituminous, splint and cannel coals, from the valley of the New river, in Virginia. The Lalance and Grosjean Manufacturing Company, of Woodhaven, L. I., had a large case with an elegant display of house-furnishing goods in copper, tin and iron, such as pans, pots, kettles, spoons, forks, ladles, candlesticks, shovels, tongs, pokers, etc. The goods were tastefully arranged, and made a very attractive display. Cooper, Hewitt & Co., of New York, made a very handsome exhibit of pig-iron, wrought-iron, Martin steel, etc., from the ore to the finished articles. Chains from half an inch thick to the immense chain cable, with links a foot long and two inches thick; rough and polished bars, sections of beams, etc., horseshoes and other articles. In this exhibit were several interesting relics of the iron manufacture of the last century, among them a pig and a pot cast in the Ringwood furnace in 1772, and a stove plate cast at the Durham iron works in 1756. W. H. Harrison & Bro., of Philadelphia, made a beautiful display of low-down and elevated grates for fire-places. Some of them were very handsome, with nickel-plated bars, bronze andirons and fenders and surrounded with artistically painted tiles, with figures of birds, flowers, etc., upon them. Zinc, The production of zinc is one of the growing indus tries of our country, and the domestic product is fairly on the way to supplant the imported. The zinc mines ZINC AND TIN. 231 are found in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and among the lead regions of the West. The Lehigh Zinc Company, of Pennsylvania, sent a complete collection of every thing relating to the metal they produce. They sent zinc ores consisting of calamine and smithsonite, but prominently of blende, which is their predominant ore, spelter in blocks as it comes from the smelting fur naces, and sheet zinc prepared from the spelter in their rolling mills. - One of their specialties is white oxide of zinc for making paint. This they produce in great perfection, and it was shown in quantity in the exhibit. Their display also included a small but remarkably fine cabinet of the various minerals* found in connection with zinc ores. The sheet zinc exhibited was of very excellent quality, of great flexibility, lustre and smoothness of surface. The zinc white is much used for paint, being when carefully worked up quite equal to white lead and not being liable to discoloration from sulphurous vapors. Tin Plate. N. & G. Taylor, of Philadelphia, had a very hand some display in the metal department of the Exhibition, in the Main Building. Their case was one of the largest in the Main Building, had a display surface of 1,500 square feet, and was made outwardly attractive by its sheen of color, gilding and glass, by a bright array of great sheets of tin, and presented strong claim to in spection by its appearance and practical value and interest of its contents. Their patent pattern ^heets were fully displayed in the case. The shapes of the plates were ovals, circles, splayed sides, with various other irregular and in*- describable patterns for special uses. These sheets, 13 232 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. cut from sheet iron and then tinned, were for the more rapid, economical and substantial manufactuie of ar ticles of tin ware. The increase in the tin trade in the United States may be inferred when we state that the direct imports of tin plate to Philadelphia had risen from 63/294 boxes in 1871, to 207,117 in 1876. Hardware and Cutlery. The exhibit of American hardware. and cutlery in the Main Exhibition Building was situated on the south side of the main aisle, about half way between the cen tral transept and the east end of the building. It occupied quite a large space, and the goods were taste fully and attractively arranged. The cutlery exhibit was particularly fine, and compared favorably with that of any other country. In the line of building and housekeeping hardware there was a very interesting display of the countless labor-saving devices and appli ances for which American mechanics are so justly cel ebrated. The display of tools for carpenters surpassed any other display of the kind in the Exhibition, and was worthy of especial attention. A. G. Newman, of New York, exhibited an ingenious indicator for French apartment houses. It was intended to be placed alongside the street door and contained a bell-pull and speaking tube, communicating with each lloor, and also a letter box for each floor. Wm. H. Jackson & Co., of New York, exhibited a fine assortment of low down and other grates in brass, bronze, nickel plate, etc.; many of them beautifully ornamented with porcelain tiles, colored marbles, etc. The grates and their surroundings were made in mod ern, mediaeval, Chinese, Egyptian and other styles. HARDWARE. 235 Hardware Specialties. Conspicuous among the exhibits in this particular branch of industry, the display made by J. J. Tower, of New York, was curious and interesting. There was a handsome line of iron bench planes, with handles finished, some in nickel and others gold plated, pre senting a very showy appearance. Boardman's combi nation wrenches, in great variety of sizes/were also shown in gold and nickel plate and highly polished steel finish. The curious part of this exhibit consisted in the police nippers, which could be easily applied, easily worked with one hand, and gave an officer com plete control of his prisoner. Then there was a flexible police club, made of sole leather, brought together under a heavy pressure over a stiff whalebone cemented arid riveted. It felt very easy in the hand., though we do not imagine it would be so on the neck. There were also leg-irons with ball and chain, the former weighing fifty pounds—the heaviest—and twelve pounds—the lightest; hand-cuffs with flat keys for two hands and three hands, so that the prisoners could move by coup lets or triplets; duplex police calls, police rattles, and every conceivable variety of police equipment. Screws. The greatest exhibit in the hardware specialty line which we saw was that of the American Screw Com pany, of Providence, R. I. This company showed a long line of nothing but screws, of which it makes some 3,000 varieties. The display included machine screws, rivets, stove bolts and tire bolts, besides all the varieties of screws used by carpenters, carriage-makers, cabinet makers, and other trades. 236 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Hand-Cut Files and Easps, The Pennsylvania File Works, of Philadelphia, had a very handsome exhibit of their specialties, files and rasps, of which they manufacture every description. They had on exhibition the smallest file, measuring half an inch, and the largest, being over six feet, on which was etched the figures 1776, with a sailing ve ;el in port showing files imported. It is scarcely necessary to remind our readers that there were no files manufac tured in the colonies in 1776. On a mammoth file was the inscription on one side—"One Hundred Years of Liberty," and showing a steamship departing in 1876, exporting files. On the reverse was a picture of Phil adelphia as seen from the New Jersey shore, and was inscribed—'* Philadelphia the Mechanic's Home." Cutlery. One of the most complete displays of cutlery was that of the Meriden Cutlery Company, New York city. In a very handsome case this company showed selec tions from their varied makes of table cutlery of every description, tastefully and beautifully arranged. The assortment included steel-bladed knives with cocoa, rosewood, ebony, bone, rubber, ivory and mother-of- pearl and patent ivory handles, also some with super fine ivory handles, and some knives made of cold steel throughout, and these plated thickly with silver. The latter was a most durable and desirable pattern, but the most elegant appearing knives at their price were thoi n Avith patent "ivory" handles. The patent ivory is a substance prepared by a peculiar process, and can scarcely be told for whiteness from the superfine ivory which appears in the case beside it. It takes a polish ii HIM ,1) CHEMICALS. 239 / i H M s a K 3 K w o as readily as the genuine article, is quite as rough, and can be carved into any shape, receiving the most deli cate work with all the fineness of the real article. It is hard and elastic, and ranks among the most perfect imitations of natural products that have ever been seen. Chemicals. One of the' most encouraging signs of our country's progress is the vast amount of chemicals yearly turned out of the numerous laboratories which abound in our country; for the production of these, in the perfection to which they have been brought, demands a scientific knowledge of the most accurate sort combined with a rare gift of understanding, directing and devising new and difficult processes, or of adapting old processes to the new wants of to-day. That these qualifications are found thoroughly well developed in our countrymen was clearly evidenced by the beautiful exhibits which were made at the Exhibition from all parts of the country, including many articles and products which could not be equalled by the best and longest founded laboratories in Europe. The Old World sent to the New rare and beautiful specimens of skill and industry, and as we compared their products with those of the United States, we were reminded that it was the first time that they had ever fairly been brought in contrast. The chemical industries and products, in their vari ous forms and modifications, were represented by 214 exhibitors from the United States, 65 from Great Britain, 82 from France, 80 from Germany, 113 from Italy, 33 from Brazil, 1 from Tunis, and 3 from Egypt. 240 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. No estimate can be made of the value of these ex hibits, but the wealth in kind was unquestionably greater than ever before seen by the public. The most skilful artisans had been employed in plan ning and constructing the receptacles for the thousands of curious and wonderful substances there brought together. The skill of the glass maker had also been called into requisition, some large jars which were ex hibited having the capacity of a barrel, and said to be the largest ever made in this country. There' were some fine specimens of caffeine from Edinburgh, morphene from Germany, and wonderful specimens of lava, sulphur, and other crystalline sub stances from the Sandwich Islands. In the United States department were fine specimens of camphor, and of alum in crystals, in the form of large artificial caves, attracting a great deal of atten tion. Messrs. Billings, Clapp & Co. made a very attractive display of chemical products, on a stand which was erected on a triangular space sixteen by seventeen feet, and was over twenty feet in height. The name of the house appeared in large letters made of crystals of bromide of potassium. In front were several large glass cases, one octagonal in shape, containing crystals of nitrate of ammonia, weighing over 150 pounds each. Upon the shelves were arranged more than sixty specimens of chemicals, in glass jars, three of which were filled with propylamin, and some idea of the rarity and costliness of this article may be obtained from the statement, that the contents of these three bottles alone were valued at more than $2,000. There was also a jar of the capacity of twenty-five pounds, filled with carbolic acid of perfect whiteness; CHEMICALS, PERFUMERY, ETC. 241 another jar filled with citrate of bismuth; also fine specimens of citrate of iron and bismuth in scales, sul phite of sodium in crystals, the various preparations of gold and silver, etc., used in photography. The most attractive and complete display was made by Messrs. Powers & Weightman. This of itself was an almost exhaustive one, and a sight of itself. Most of the preparations were very interesting and some very beautiful, especially those of mercurials, and of iron, the colors of the latter being very brilliant and beautiful. One of the finest and most curious was a mass of caffeine, the active principle of coffee. The mass was shown just as it was turned out of the vessel in which it had been crystallized. It resembled down, except that it was a far purer white than almost any feathers, and the minute spears or crystals glistened like the snow. A pyramid of quinine, two feet six inches square at the base, and four feet high, contain ing 300 ounces of quinine, valued at $800, was another feature of the display. The Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company had a very large and handsome case, in which was shown cryolite from their mines, at Ivigtut, in Greenland, and several models of Esquimaux fishing boats, ice huts, etc., which were quite interesting. They also showed a crystal of alum, six feet square at the end and nine feet long, weighing nine tons. McKeone, Van Haagen & Co. had a large and hand some white pavilion, ornamented with gold, with plate glass sides, in which they made a full display of soaps of their manufacture. There were 460 different styles of soap, of which samples were on exhibition. In the centre of the pavilion was a square pedestal of rose- colored soap, weighing 1,400 pounds. 242 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Steel Works. The steel industry was pretty well represented at the Exposition : from the rough bars with the blisters still on them, from the cementing furnace, to the finished product, in a thousand and one varieties of form, all were to be seen, forming a most instructive synopsis of the whole industry. One of the most interesting dis plays was that of the Adirondack Steel Works, of Jersey City, New Jersey. They exhibited bars of cemented steel, blooms and cast-steel ingots. The new construc tion of railroads involves the use of steel frogs and other appurtenances, which were fully represented in the exhibits of the works. They also showed slide bars, lathe spindles, and many other shapes, into which the raw cast-steel can be worked. The Adirondack works cover 98,000 square feet of ground, comprise forty melting furnaces, four steam hammers, two tilt hammers, three trains of rolls, six boilers and three engines, employing over 120 hands, and turn out ten tons of finished steel per diem. Manufacture of Pins, The progress and advancement made in the manu facture of pins is a matter of gratification to all who take an interest in the success of our home industries. A few years since, all the pins used in this country were imported, but we can now get pins of American manufacture at any dry goods or notion store in the country, although some brands are not considered as good as those of foreign make. The Pyramid Pin Company, of Connecticut, who manufacture pins on a very large scale, had on exhibit a pin-sticking machine, which put up the pins in a pyra- NEEDLE-MAKING. 243 midal form. The illustration we give represents the work accomplished by this machine. Needle-Making. A needle wielded by the dainty hand of some expert seamstress, or glancing up and down with the rapidity of light in a sewing machine, seems a remarkably simple thing. Just a straight bar of steel with a hole at one end, polished and pointed, is all that the casual ob server sees, but yet in the making of that simple in strument is required most complicated and delicate ma chinery, to invent and perfect which has cost many an ingenious mechanic years upon years of hard labor. The needles used in this country were once almost ex clusively made in England, but some years ago their manufacture was commenced by the National Needle Company,Massachusetts. Thiscompanyhadalargespace in Machinery Hall where it showed the .entire process of needle-making, from the wire to the finished needle, including both those used in sewing machines and by hand, and of all sizes, from the finest cambric needle to that for the heaviest harness work. The machinery shown comprised no less than twenty-four different machines, in each of which a separate process in the manufacture of needles was carried on. All of these processes were of a singularly delicate character, and the machines attracted universal attention from all, and especially the lady visitors, in the building. It would take too much space to describe each of these machines in detail; suffice it to say that the processes included straightening the wire, cutting it, reducing and rough-shaping, fine-shaping, pointing, grooving, punching the eye, hardening, tempering, cleaning and polishing. After this the needles were inspected, and 244 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. all not straight were rejected; the others were finished at the point on a fine emery wheel, and then finally dropped into a mixture of crocus and alcohol, and subjected to the action of a fine hair brush revolv ing with great rapidity. After this they are ready to be packed. For the Eastern market they are done up in packets of one hundred, for the Western market in packets of twenty-five, and for the South American market in assorted dozens. This machinery made about 4,000 finished needles a day, but at the main factory the company turns out 25,000 finished needles in a day. Agricultural Machines, Even a superficial observer could not fail to observe with delight and pride the superior exhibition of agri cultural machines in our exhibition. It was immense as to number shown; varied, as to uses intended, and admirable as to excellence of workmanship. Most prominent amid all this array of practical beauty were the reapers and mowers, which, more than anything else perhaps, signalize agricultural pro gress. It is only a few years since the sickle was seen in every grain field, and with its slow and toilsome re sults each farmer had to be content. When the cradle came it seemed as if the climax had been attained, and the man who could cut three or four acres of wheat in a day, laying it in fair shape for the binder who fol lowed, was doing good work. But the cradle and hand- rake gave way to the reaper and self-raker, and these, year by year, improved and perfected, make of harvest- time little more than a holiday. There remains for further accomplishment in this direction only the auto matic binder, already a partial success, and quite sure to reach perfection in the near future. BUCKEYE MOWERS. 247 The reaper is peculiarly an American machine. As manufactured here it is confessedly superior to the same implement made in Europe, proof of which statement is found in the fact that American reapers are sold in all countries of the world, and are favorites in England and on the continent when operated in direct competi tion with machines there produced. American genius first invented the perfect reaper, and only in America, with American material, by American skill, can it be most perfectly manufactured. As here made, in the light yet durable manner which characterizes all American machinery as contrasted with that constructed abroad, it is the acme of utility, and everywhere bears off the palm. We give an illustration of an improved reaper and mower combined, which was on exhibit by the Johns- ton Harvester Company, of Brockport, New York, and which will show the perfection to which these machines have been brought in this country. Buckeye Mower, \ In connection with the foregoing, we also give an illustration of another agricultural machine, which attracted considerable notice from those interested in such matters at the Exhibition, and which is too well known to every farmer to need any description here. We allude to the Buckeye Table Rake Reaper and Mower combined; manufactured and exhibited by Aultman, Miller & Co., Akron, Ohio. At the official field exhibition of mowers and reapers, under the auspices of the Centennial Exhibition authorities, which was held during the last week in June and the first week in July, 1876, at Schenck's Station, about twelve miles from Philadelphia, this new table rake was pronounced 248 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. by the binders to be the easiest machine to bind after, as it left the grain in such even condition, and so com pressed, that the work of binding was comparatively easy. Straw-Burning Engine, The Ames Iron Works, Oswego, New York, exhibited their portable steam-engines of different styles, one of which was a straw-burning engine, which, from the attention paid of late years to the utilization of straw for fuel, attracted much notice. This boiler is constructed on the return-flue principle, with one large flue extending the entire length, forming the fire-box, and a number of small tubes returning each side of the large one, by which means perfect com bustion of the straw is obtained. In the front end of the large flue, or fire-box, are placed the furnace doors, which are so arranged that a very slight pressure of a fork in inserting the straw easily opens them 5 and when the fork is withdrawn they are as easily closed by means of a handle at the top of the doors. When it is desirable, these boilers can be used equally as well with either wood or coal 5 and, in fact, are really superior to the ordinary boiler, having more extended fire surface. The boiler is so constructed that the fibre of the straw is entirely consumed, and the heat so thoroughly extracted from the smoke that nothing passes from the pipe but superfluous gas. A very convenient and desirable feature is; that the fire is instantly extinguished by simply throwing open the doors. This is particularly desirable in case of the dis covery of low water in the boiler. The Dexter Spring Company, The Dexter Spring Company made a fine exhibit in the Carriage Building, and also in the Main Building, of DEXTER CARRIAGES. 251 their Dexter carriage springs, one of which was success fully tested with two thousand and fifty pounds. The Dexter carriages were on exhibit in the American department of carriages, and attracted considerable attention, both from foreigners and our own country men. The progress made in carriage building during the last century has been wonderful, and the two illustrations which we give show the strides that have been made in this branch of industrial art. The United States excel all other countries in the construction of light, fancy, and practical vehicles, in point of finish, strength, durability, and comfort. Conspicuous among them the Dexter carriage merits commendation. The Dexter spring consists of two springs, made of crescent crucible steel, several inches apart, having parallel motion, being rigidly connected at the centre, and pivoted at the ends, thereby securing the axles in a perpendicular without the use of a reach. The absence of the latter allows either wheel to pass over an ob struction almost independently of the other wheels. In connection with it, and adding materially to its value, is the noiseless Dexter fifth wheel. The body being suspended on the centre of the springs, it is claimed that it gives the rider the most pleasant and undulatory motion known in vehicles. The Carriage Building displayed many novel and valuable points of interest. The oldest and most interesting, as a relic, was the carriage of George Washington, around which cluster the memories of a loved President, the Father of his Country. Eager throngs daily visited it, and seemed to be fascinated with its ancient appearance and evident marks of service. It afforded a most striking contrast with the modern Dexter carriage which we have described, and which stood just across the aisle. 252 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Perpetual Hay Press, The baling of loose material, particularly the baling of hay and cotton, has become an immense business, and improvements in machinery for such work rank among the most important. Until recently, it has always been done by placing the material for a bale in a large box and then pressing it into a bale, thus forming a bale at a time, and neces sarily so much time was consumed that only large bales are practicable, although they have always been found exceedingly disadvantageous. We give an illustration of a new machine exhibited by the P. K.' Dederick Company, of Albany, New York, called the Perpetual Hay Press, which works on an entirely new plan, forming, as well as discharging the bale without any assistance, except pitching the loose material into the hopper; and the operation being con tinuous, a whole stack or mowr of hay can be baled without stopping either to tie or remove the bales. The cut we give shows the perpetual press driven by a small portable steam-engine, both press and engine mounted, in which condition they should be worked. Seeds and Horticultural Articles, The astonishing results produced by the competition as to who should grow the largest amount of potatoes from any particular kind of tubers have excited much comment among the agricultural community. Messrs. B. K. Bliss & Sons, New York city, have been offering premiums to those who have been making experiments in this line, and the illustration we give herewith shows a crop of Snowflake potatoes which was realized from one pound of the seed, grown in a DEITRICH'S PERPETUAL HAY PRESS. ME. BUKNETT'S CROP OF SNOWFLAKES FROM ONE POUND OF SEED. THE WEBSTER PLOW. 255 garden in the State of New York last summer. They were grown in good garden soil, without extra manure, and had the same cultivation as other potatoes. Plows. Collins & Co., Hartford, Connecticut, had a very line display of their axes, hatchets, adzes and steel plows, the latter being a very important part of their busi ness. Their "Eclipse" prairie and plantation gang plow, of which we give an illustration, was of the best cast-steel. The lightness of draft of this plow was shown by a recent trial, as follows: In heavy, matted grass turf the draft of the prairie gang, with coulters turning a furrow twenty-two by six inches (arid carry ing a heavy plowman) was 800 to 825 pounds. In a stubble field, heavy, sandy loam, the draft was 450 pounds. The Collins improved wrought-iron frame gang plow was also a centre of attraction. The improvements on this machine are its extreme simplicity, there being no gearing, springs, or other attachments to get out of order; the new double arm giving the operator com plete and easy control of the machine; and one lever only is required to regulate the depth of furrows, and to raise the plow from the ground at the end of furrow for turning, etc. t The Webster Plow, In striking contrast with the many improved plows shown in the Exhibition is the representation which we give of the. Webster plow, made by Daniel Webster in 1837. The total length of this plow was thirteen feet, beam nine feet one inch, and handle six feet four inches. It wTas with reference to this instrument that 256 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Daniel Webster used those well-known words which have corne down to us: "When I have hold of the handle of rny big plow, with four yoke of oxen to pull it through, and hear the roots crack and see the stumps all go under the furrow out of sight, and observe the clean mellowed surface of the plowed land, I feel more enthusiasm over my achievement than comes from my encounters in public life in Washington." This venerable plow was part of the agricultural exhibit of the State of New Hampshire in the Agricul tural Hall. Though made in the name of the State, the collection was the result of personal efforts by Mr. James 0. Adams, Secretary of the State Board of Agri culture, and reflects great credit upon that officer. It consisted of samples of Indian corn, wheat, rye, grass seeds, etc.; also specimens of manufactured woods in carriage hubs, lasts, piano sounding-boards, seed boxes, "Excelsior" bedding, grain measures, etc.; also two dressed Chester county swine, which weighed 1,307 and 1,253 pounds respectively, bred and fattened in Croy- den, New Hampshire. The Old Windmill. The immense windmill was a very odd feature among the exhibits in Agricultural Hall, and by reason of its shape and size, no less than by its silent reminder of the slow and uncertain process of treading grain in the olden time. In its interior were all the pieces of rude machinery, together with the' burrs, necessary for the reduction of the fresh grain to flour. It appeared extremely singular to the majority of visitors by con trast with the most compact, thorough and positive machinery of the present day, and this novelty was greatly increased by the knowledge that, with all the THE OLD WINDMILL. 257 mechanical devices of the last fifty years, thousands of mills, even ruder in construction and more primitive in appointments than this, are seen in various parts of the United States and in foreign countries, making notice able dots in patches of beautiful scenery. When we see scattered throughout what should be prosperous lo calities such specimens of antiquity still in operation, it does not look as if the progress of civilization, and the arts and sciences, has been quite as lively as is generally believed. This old windmill was put up by Messrs. Geo. V. Hecker & Co., New York, who had an exhibit close by of the products of their Croton Flour Mills. Their self-raising flour for making bread, biscuit, pudding, etc., also their griddle cake self-raising flour, were tested before the eyes of thousands, as the operation of making bread, cakes, griddle cakes, etc., therefrom was in daily operation. Acting on the old adage that "the proof of the pudding is in the eating," Messrs. Hecker & Co. took the very practical method of making known the merits of their specialties by giving away to any one who was Avilling to take them samples of cakes, biscuits, etc., made on the spot. This was the centre of attrac tion to thousands of visitors. Cracker Bakery. Trenton, N. J., is famous for her crackers, which , have tickled the palate of many thousands of hungry mortals all over the country. These were very taste fully exhibited in Agricultural Hall by Exton & Co., who employ in their manufacture the most ingenious machinery, doing work that was formerly thought im possible to accomplish except by hand. These machines work up over sixteen tons of flour per week, which may 14 258 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 1 give the reader some idea of the quantity of Trenton crackers that are consumed throughout the country. Alongside this, there were other cases containing every imaginable kind of biscuits and ornamental con fectionery, displayed in the most tasteful manner. A glance at these evidenced the perfection to which this branch, of industry has been brought, Fire-Engines, The display of fire-engines from all parts of the country was one of the most attractive in Machinery Hall, and a description of some of the most prominent which were on exhibit will, we feel sure, be of interest. At the very entrance of the Hydraulic Annex stood the " Silsby " steam fire-engine. This engine consisted of a pair of corrugated cams running together within an elliptical steam-tight case. The steam enters on one side of the engine, and exhausts on the other, turning the two cams in its passage. The motion being circular, a very high rate of piston speed is attainable; and no space is required for incessant forward and backward motion of the connecting parts, as in reciprocating engines. This engine performs effective service with a very low pressure of steam, from fifty to sixty pounds being all that is necessary. The pump is on a frame, in a line with the engine, and of similar construction; the main difference between the two being that the cams in the pump have each three long teeth, instead of two, as is the case in the engine. The cams are fixed on steel shafts, which are coupled to the shafts of the engine. The action between the engine and pump is direct, the outside gears steadying the motion and equalizing the pressure. As with the steam in the engine, so with the water in the pump: it enters on one THE BIGELOW STATIONARY ENGINE, WITHOUT BOILER. SILSBY STEAM FIRE ENGINE. THE OLD MILL, FIRE ENGINES. 261 side and is discharged on the opposite side. There is plenty of free passage through the pump for foreign matter, and sandy or gritty water can be used. The boiler is of peculiar construction. It is both tubular and tubulous; that is, there is an extended heating and circulating surface of water tubes, in addition to the ordinary smoke-flues, the fire-box having water walls. Circulating water tubes hang from the flue-sheet, which are closed at the ends, are tightly screwed into the sheet, and are so inclined as to best receive the heating action of the fire. Within each of these tubes is a light iron tube, down which the water passes after being heated by contact with the smoke flues above. Become highly heated and evaporated, the resultant steam escapes through the openings at the bottom, passes upward through the annular space between the inner and outer tubes, and becomes still further heated. Reaching the upper chamber of the boiler, the steam is further heated, while it is dried by the smoke flues. A very valuable novelty in this boiler is the apparatus by which water is fed into the boiler at a temperature of 212° from a tank, though the boiler can also be fed with cold water or from the main pump. J$y an attachment of the exhaust, part of the exhaust steam is turned into the reservoir tank to supply the boiler. The water thus becomes heated and pours into the boiler at the temperature named. This arrangement also prevents the freezing up of the feed-pipe in severe weather or in generally cold climates. The boiler itself will raise steam from cold water in from four to six minutes, but the general custom is to keep the water in the boiler heated from the boiler beneath the floor of the engine-house—the two boilers being attached by rub ber hose. A very ingenious and; at the same time, a I. 262 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. novel arrangement separates the two boilers instanta neously, without necessitating any screwing up of the pipes through which the water flows from one boiler to the other. A valve is placed in each of the two pipes; the valves being supported by keys united by a small light chain. On the alarm of fire a slight pull at the chain withdraws both the keys, the two valves fall, and both pipes are effectually closed; the first plunge of the horses drawing off the rubber hose running from the engine-house boiler. Portable Engines,. Among the many engines in Machinery Hall the Bigelow Stationary Engine attracted considerable no tice. These engines, made by Bigelow & Co., were of various dimensions, varying from six up to twenty horse-power. The one which we illustrate is one of the stationary engines without a boiler. CHAPTER IX. UNITED STATES EXHIBITS. Fire-Engines. rTlHE La France Manufacturing Company, Elmira, -L N. Y., exhibited rotary pumps and engines and a rotary steam fire-engine, for which the usual advantages were claimed over piston pumps, and some special advan tages, such as a packing plate with the rotary pumps, by which the slightest wear could be taken up at any time even while the purnp is in motion; a packing plate in the engine which makes it as tight as a piston steam cylinder, and provision made for the expansion of the cams or gears, so that there is no leakage of steam when cold, and no danger of stopping from over expansion when heated. L. Button & Son, Waterford, New York, exhibited a steam fire-engine and a hand engine. The steam-en gine was of the crane-neck type, and was said to be the shortest of that kind on exhibition. The boiler had copper instead of iron flues, and the pump's capacity could be changed to suit the length of hose through which it is pumping. The crane-neck was sufficiently high to allow the front wheels to be turned so as to bring the axle in line with the engine, and expose all the controlling parts of the machinery to the engineer. The hand engine was very large. In the same space was a miniature steam fire-engine, built by Henry C. Gaunt, of the Button engine works. It was three by 263 264 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. two and a half feet, carried 100 pounds of steam, and threw a stream through a quarter-inch nozzle seventy- five feet, or two streams through a nozzle of three-six teenths of an inch sixty-six feet. The Gutta Percha and Rubber Manufacturing Com pany, New York, exhibited a great variety of hose of various kinds, including all sizes of rubber hose. Boyd's patent riveted cotton hose, which, it was claimed, would sustain 500 or 600 pounds water pressure per square inch, and carbolized hose for steam fire-engines. John E. Lindlaw, New York, exhibited a model of the Centennial fire-escape, which, when unfolded, covers, with a ladder-like structure, the entire front of the building. When not in use it is rolled up in the cornice and hidden from view. It may be lowered by means of a windlass, convenient to the sidewalk, but locked up so that the latter is inaccessible to thieves. A. F. Shawn & Co., New York, exhibited a case of firemen's hats, shirts, belts, horns and other supplies, and the Little Giant chemical engine, which contained compartments for dry chemicals which are thrown into reservoirs and combined with water pumped by hand power. It is said to be very efficient. They also ex hibited a ladder truck, and the Bangor extension fire escape ladder, which may be extended to seventy feet, and has straddling legs to support it. B. S. Nichols & Co., Burlington, Vermont, exhibited the Gotild steam fire-engine, for which it was claimed that an engine of the first class will throw a one and a half inch stream 354 feet, and one of the second class a one and a quarter inch stream 323 feet. They also exhib ited a stationary heater for the engine house to supply hot water to the fire-engine. Louis Falk, Morrisania, New York, exhibited a patent CHEMICAL FIRE-ENGINES. 265 fire-escape, which appeared like a centre table when closed up. When opened, the base formed a brace against the window, and from the interior a ladder was taken, which, thrown from the window, furnishes the means of escape from fire. Chemical Fire-Engines. Of these there was quite an attractive and numerous display, in every variety of construction and mode of working, power, etc. In cases where water cannot be readily procured, and in communities where steamers are out of the question, this class of engine is serviceable, and indeed must prove invaluable. Also in cases of small fires occurring in private houses, hotels or public resorts. The Babcock Manufacturing Company, New York, exhibited Babcock's fire-extinguishers in an imposing pyramid of many different patterns; chemical engines, to be drawn by men and by horses; trucks, with ex tension ladders; and hose carriages, fire-buckets, etc. Another chemical fire-engine, the Little Giant, was exhibited by Messrs. A. F. Spawn & Co., of New York. This engine differed from other chemical engines or fire-extinguishers in the power to throw the stream being produced by the action of a pair of plunge pumps. It is claimed that a stream from the Little Giant is equal to that from the largest extinguishers or the water stream from a steamer. The engine runs on four wheels, scarcely exceeds 800 pounds in weight, and can be easily drawn by two men. This firm also displayed a new design of light hook and ladder trucks, with crane-neck reach, tongue and tiller, and the "Bangor extension fire-escape ladder." 266 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. At a recent trial this ladder was raised to a height of sixty-five feet in twenty-seven seconds by ten men. W. K. Platt, Philadelphia, exhibited portable chem ical fire-extinguishers, which are very readily charged and discharged. The acid chamber is a heavy glass jar, which cannot be upset or broken or discharged of its contents until the machine is turned on its feet and the cover raised. The working parts are all above the water when the machine is not in use, and the weight of the extinguisher when charged is only sixty pounds. The double cylinders allow the use of smaller and stronger cylinders in proportion to capacity and weight, and each is tested to withstand a pressure of 250 pounds to the square inch, although the working press ure does not much exceed 100 pounds. Hoisting Apparatus. This illustration represents a hoisting apparatus which was on exhibition in Machinery Hall, by M. Pennypacker, of Philadelphia. It could be used either as a traversing hoist, when suspended by wheels on a rail or beam, or, by detachment therefrom, be used as lifts at any desired point. It consisted of a central box, affording bearings for a wheel carrying winding sheaves on its opposite sides, over which a double Avinding chain was applied. By the direct attachment of the chain wheels, by means of clutches and a clamp bolt, the shaft and keys were dispensed with, thereby facilitating repairs, as these wheels are the only part liable to wear out. It will sustain its load at any desired point, but will lower rapidly on being started. One man can lift 4,000 pounds by means of this apparatus. WEIGHING MACHINES. 267 Weighing Machines, Of these there was a particularly fine and large display in Machinery Hall. Messrs. Fairbanks, of Vermont, ex hibited upwards of 300 scales, balances, etc., of every variety. They included platform scales, such as were used during the war by commissaries; rolling mill scales; mine scales; a hay scale, of six tons capacity; fish scales; post-office scales; druggists', tobacco, grocers' and butchers' scales, etc., etc. A number of these scales were graduated for use in foreign countries, whither they are largely exported, such as China, Denmark, Russia, Spain, Turkey, France and South America. A strik ing feature of their exhibit was a large testing machine for weighing and testing the tensile strength of iron, steel, wire, rope, chain, etc., the deflection of iron bars and beams and the resistance to crushing of building materials, etc. Power was applied gradually by screws, and was indexed on a scale beam by a scale poise, which moved along the beam gradually and stopped the in stant the sample to be tested broke, or when the press ure was no longer increased. This machine was shown daily in operation. It exerted a force of 50,000 pounds. There were several other exhibitors of scales, as for instance the Brandon Manufacturing Company, of Ver mont, who had a large display of the improved Howe scales in great variety, many of them very elaborately finished in costly woods, fine painting, and the works gold, silver, or nickel-plated. In front of their exhibit Avas a platform scale, which had a plate-glass platform, Avhich gave a view of the working parts. The Philadelphia Scale and Testing Machine Works had a very interesting exhibit containing a variety of 268 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. SCROLL SAWS. 269 scales not heretofore shown. Among them, a peculiar Avagon scale attracted our attention, from its not hav ing any visible movement of the platform. Cattle or horses could be weighed accurately while moving over it, the beam working quietly and evenly at the time. There was also a very large show of finer balances, such as are used by assayers, jewellers, scientists and apothecaries, which were perfect in construction and elegant in finish. Wood-Working Machinery. There was probably no more interesting and instruc tive department of Machinery Hall than that devoted to wood-working machinery, some of which we shall describe as being more prominent than others. First & Prybil, of New York, had on exhibit a very ingenious band-saw and jig-saw combined, which was claimed by the firm to be the first one ever made. There was also in their display a carving machine, de signed to carve heads and ornaments of all kinds. This machine was also a novel and ingenious invention, producing an exact copy of an original. The upper arm is set in a spring, forming a ball and socket joint, so as to move up, down and sideways. The pattern and carving block can be set in any required position, and moved forward or back by a coarse screw connected to a slide of the bed. Several sizes can be carved from one pattern. The other specialties of this firm on exhibit were an automatic band-saw set, adapted for band-saws of from one-sixteenth to one and one-fourth inches wide, which it will set perfectly in from three to ten minutes; and a re-sawing band-saw, the capacity of which was from ten to fifteen thousand feet of lumber per day (ten hours). The height of machine was ten feet, wheels of wrmight-iron five feet in diameter, weight over 5,000 pounds. The whole machine rested on a planed iron bed, six feet two inches long, and two feet nine inches wide ; set on a strong floor or brick foundation. The lower wheel was sunk in the floor about two and one-quarter feet. Speed, 360 to 400 revolutions per minute. > Scroll Saws. Power, Tainter & Co., of Philadelphia, had a very full display of excellent machinery, including a No. 2 Woodworth planer, twenty-six inches wide; a panel planer designed for fine shop work; a hand jointer or buzz planer, as it is called, from the noise made by its rapidly revolving cutters; a new double surfacing, end less bed planer, which planes the stuff equally smooth on both sides, and on which the bottom and top heads operate alike; an endless bed single-surfacing machine; a shaping machine, with patent concave moulding cutters, and a moulding machine for six-inch mouldings. Mr. Joseph Jones exhibited in the same space a useful joint and mitre planer of his own invention, made by the Gridley Company, Newark, New Jersey. The plane itself was of iron, and the planing iron was readily adjustable. The plane was run at any angle to the face of table, so that in using it with thin stuff the wear came equally on all parts of tlje knife. The table and guides were adjustable for bevels and mitres, and the machine was altogether very compact, and has many uses. Among the several scroll saws exhibited in this department by the Combined Power Company, of New York, Greenwich Machine Works, New York, and 270 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. CLOTHING. 271 others, there was a very ingenious parlor scroll saw which was operated by a cam on the driving wheel, and which was the lightest running and noiseless in movement. It was also ornamental in design and finish, with no slides, belt, fly-wheels, or anything of the kind to get out of order, having but one cast wheel, giving 1,200 motions to the saw per minute. It was provided with a tilting table, enabling a new beginner to do the finest inlaying without instructions. With this saw, horn, ivory, pearl, shell, gold, brass, and any kind of wood can be cut, up to one and a quarter inches in thickness. These parlor scroll saws are very hand some ornaments to a room, and afford a fund of profita ble and instructive amusement to all ages. Spiral Spring Machine, Mr. Beach had also on exhibit an improved spiral spring machine, the lower part cast in one piece, so as to secure perfect rigidity of the frame. Both the upper and lower guide-ways were adjustable for keeping the saw in line whenever required by the settling of floors. The crank-shaft carried a friction pulley, by which the saw was made to stop and start instantly without shifting the belt. This machine was intended espe cially for pattern work; arid for carpenter work, house brackets, electrotype plates, etc., it is claimed to be very useful. Adjustable Mitre Machines, The making of close and perfect joints is a desider atum in all trades that work in wood, as enhancing im mensely the beauty and the value of the work. For many years the old hand-process with its clumsy and inaccurate box and saw, so familiar a part of the car penter's kit, has been felt to be totally inadequate to the demands of first-class work, and several machines have been invented to take its place and to secure the making of bevels accurately cut. Several of these were on exhibition at the Centennial, and among them was the Howard Adjustable Mitre Machine. This machine was adjustable throughout in every one of its working parts, and was strong and reliable. It was so made that it can be used in any and all of the multifarious positions in which joints are to be made in the various trades of the house carpenter, cabinet maker, pattern maker, car builder and wood makers generally, or it can be used firmly boxed in one position by the picture frame maker. It is thus adapted to a very wide range of work, making a perfect joint with great ease and rapidity. It can be furnished with a patent adjustable back rest, making the entire machine very complete. The rests are adjustable to the backs of all picture frame mouldings, thereby avoiding the tendency to tip back while being cut, which is so troublesome under other circumstances. Clothing, Among the many exhibits which more particularly marked the progress of the age were the fine displays of ready-made clothing by different exhibitors. Of this branch of industry—one of very great importance, giving beneficial employment as it does to thousands of workmen and women throughout our land—a number of extensive displays were made. Prominent among these was that of Mr. John Wan- amaker, who, in addition, showed in a case both ancient and modern clothing worn by American gentlemen during the past century. We give an illustration of the mammoth clothing 272 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. establishment of Mr. Wanamaker, on the corner of Thirteenth and Market streets, memorable as the site and the building which was used by Messrs. Moody and Sankey for their remarkable meetings. This property after being purchased by Mr. Wan- amaker was placed at the disposal of Messrs. Moody and Sankey for their meetings. The huge building, which covered the entire space of the present establish ment, was crowded daily and nightly, even to overflow ing, by the hundreds of thousands who caine from all parts of the country to attend these meetings. As soon as they were over Mr. Wanamaker commenced the alterations to the present structure, which is the largest and most complete establishment of the kind in this country, perhaps in the world. The name of John Wanamaker is so intimately and honorably connected both with our Exhibition, in the cause of which he was one of the earliest and most earnest workers, and with so many of our charitable and benevolent works, the Bethany Mission Sunday- School in particular, that it will not be out of place here to say a few words in regard to this gentleman in lieu of a biographical sketch elsewhere in our volume. First, as to his share in the preliminary work in the Centennial. He was one of the first and most ener getic in the movement, and on the appointment of the Centennial Board of Revenue for the purpose of oper ating through the auxiliary Boards of the States and Territories, Mr. Wanamaker was appointed Chairman, which responsible position he very ably filled. The Bethany Sabbath-School was visited by so many thousands of our visitors during the Centennial season that it came to be regarded as one of the sights of Phil adelphia. It was opened on February 14, 1858, with OLD DEPOT USED BY MOODY AND SANKEY, NOW THE GREAT CLOTHING EMPORIUM. BETHANY MISSION. PERFORATED VENEER CHAIRS. 275 twenty-seven scholars and two teachers, in two second- story rooms in a small house on South street; it has now reached such a magnitude that its good influences are felt all over the land. On July 18, 1858, quarters were taken in a tent built of an old ship's sari. On September 30, 1859, the new Bethany Mission Chapel, situated on the corner of Twenty-second and Bainbridge streets, was first used by the school, with 291 scholars and 13 teachers. It has rapidly grown, until now it has no peer in the country as a Sunday-school, with a building unsurpassed for neatness, size, and utility for the work, and with an attendance every Sunday of about 3,000 scholars, teachers and visitors, included. To Mr. John Wanamaker, who has been the Super intendent ever since its first formation, is due in a very large measure its marvellous success. Perforated Veneer Chairs, In the Main Building, among the exhibits of furni ture, there was a very attractive display made by Gardner & Co., of New York, of their specialty, Per forated Veneer Chairs, an illustration of which we give. These goods were a comparative novelty, more espe cially to foreigners, from whom they received consider able notice and approval. For durability, beauty and cleanliness, not to speak of comfort, they are infinitely preferable to the old cane seat, and they are rapidly coining into use, not only in private houses, but in public buildings, churches, schools, railroads, hospitals, street cars, etc. They are made by gluing veneers together, so that the fibre of each layer crosses the other at right angles, neatly perforated and shaped to fit to all styles of chairs, rockers and settees adapted for cane. PERFORATED VENEER SEATS. Ill 276 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. MAEBLE. 277 Japanese Paper Ware. There was a very interesting exhibit of Japanese paper ware by Jennings Brothers, of New York, which comprised pails, basins, bowls, spittoons, cuspadores, fruit dishes, foot-baths, slop-jars, etc. These articles are said to be water-proof, non-conductors, durable, find undoubtedly capable of a fine finish. They will not leak, break, shrink, rust, or fall to pieces if exposed to the action of the weather. Slate. The State of Pennsylvania has within her borders vast mineral wealth, not only of coal, iron, and oil, but also of another material scarcely inferior in versatility of application to iron and as certain in its continuance as coal, and that material slate. The most extensive exponent in the Exhibition of this rapidly growing product of the old Keystone State was probably the ex hibit made by the Columbia Slate Roof Company, of Slatington, Pennsylvania. This consisted of large slabs of the crude slate, as it came from the quarry, and samples of the finished products. The slate from this quarry is highly superior in color, elasticity and strength, and is especially distinguished by a clear and easy rift, which, continuing through the whole seam, renders its extraction remarkably easy. The quarry where the specimens were taken is situated on the property of the company at Slatington. The Washing ton Vein Roofing Slate made here has met with great favor in the markets of Europe, and there is a very large demand for this slate. Rutland Marble. One of the most beautiful and artistic exhibits at the Exposition was that of the statuary marble, quarried by Sheldons & Slason, at West Rutland, Vermont. This material is naturally remarkable for its purity of color, fineness, and adaptability to all artistic purposes, and was here shown, worked into most exquisitely carved mantel statues and statuettes, and into monumental forms of various kinds. The beauty of this marble was the subject of comment to all who saw it, and hundreds of visitors daily paused to gaze at its pure color and brilliant polish. Seen side by side with the best imported marble it loses nothing by the compari son. Some of the best sculptors in the world have pronounced it fully equal to the imported for statuary, while it has latterly been used for the interior work of many public buildings, notably the "Gold Room" at Washington, D. C., and also in the Art and Mutual Life Buildings at Philadelphia, and in some New York and Philadelphia banks. Terra-Cotta Ware. The literal meaning of the term terra-cotta is baked earth, which most expressively and simply asserts the nature of a material that has been known and used for the past two thousand years. First, perhaps, in an tiquity, we may refer to its use as a material for form ing drain pipes; sewers built of it having been discov ered in the excavation of Herculaneum and Pompeii, destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, A. D. 79. Terra-cotta pipes are especially adapted for sewerage purposes in cities, towns, and public institutions, and for the conveyance of water generally; made with 15 278 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION1. great care, from the purest selected fire-clay (sizes two inches to twenty-four inches diameter, with branches and house connections), and partake of the nature of the hardest stone, and from the principle adopted in their manufacture, are indissolubly coated inside and outside with glass, at a high temperature, and from the smooth surface thus obtained are not liable to be choked from deposits, and although laid at a much less grade than brick, or any other form of sewer, their capacity and usefulness are much superior. Being constructed of a fire-clay vitrified by being subjected to an intense heat, it becomes thoroughly proof against all rust or decay, and will last for ages. Being made round and smooth inside, and doubly glazed with a mineral substance which covers every portion, and being hardened by the fire, renders the surface like glass; nothing in passing through will adhere to it; offensive odors cannot find a lodgment, and it is not affected by the strongest acids. - The Trenton Fire-Brick and Terra-Cotta Works, of New Jersey, had a very attractive exhibit of their varied manufactures: fire-brick for rolling mills, forges, foundries, furnaces, or any purpose where the heat was very intense; terra-cotta ware sewer and drain pipes of all sizes, and shapes, and angles con ceivable, such as are used in the multifarious branches of industry; chimney tops and chimney flues, which now have greatly superseded the ordinary brick chim ney or tin flues, both in partition walls or stud parti- ,tions. These flues are made without flanges, for brick wralls, and for frame buildings, and stud partitions, with flanges, so that a strong and tight joint can be made. u L No decoration adds so much to the natural beauty APOLLO BELVIDERE. EXHIBITION VASE. TERRA-COTTA WARE. 281 of a garden, and at so little expense, as a few vases filled with flowers, and terra-cotta vases are now almost universally used for this purpose. This ware was exhibited in rustic designs for hanging-baskets, flower-stands, garden-vases, garden-seats, and which were very pretty indeed. Messrs. Galloway & Graff, of Philadelphia, made a very beautiful display of their art and horticultural terra-cotta ware, in the shape of statuary, vases, flower boxes, fountains, tazzas, fern cases, pedestals, etc. For variety, excellence of design, and workmanship, this collection was equal to any in the Exhibition. A number of the vases were copies of some of the finest specimens from the antique, old Greek and Roman productions; while the statuary was made from casts of the originals. Of the latter, a figure of Apollo Belvi- dere (from the Vatican), seven feet high; Psyche (by Gibson), four feet nine inches high; Diana And Flora; " Dancing Girl" (by Canova) ; and a fountain, six feet three inches high, deserve special mention. Crucible and Clay Ware. Messrs. J. Goebel & Co., of New York city, had an unique and tastefully-arranged display of their clay ' ware, which attracted much attention. It included specimens of raw clay, the same after burning, jewellers' sand crucibles, and specimens of glass pot shells. Some of these had been in use for nine months and three days, others seven months, and one fourteen weeks, where the pot was still unbroken. These were all placed upon a handsome stand of the finest French walnut, ielaborately worked and highly polished, with a relief of gilt lines. The design was admirable and unique, and carried out in a true, artistic spirit. The Ill 282 THE 'CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. feature of the exhibit was, however, an elegant frame, enclosed between two Corinthian columns, which sup ported the entablature, on the apex of which was perched an American eagle, just ready to fly off, and with sharp eyes peering after an imaginary prey, grasping in his claws a block of clay, upon which was the monogram of the house. Ceramic Gas-Kiln, In Machinery Hall the Ceramic Gas-Kiln Company, of Chicago, exhibited a patent ceramic gas-kiln for burning bricks, tiles, drain-pipe, terra-cotta, and other products of a similar character. The advan tages claimed for this kiln were economy of labor and fuel, and a greater uniformity in burning, as opposed to the 'irregu lar action of the fire in ordinary kilns and ovens. In this gas-kiln the different grades of bricks, such as " oven brick," " stock and face brick," " salmon or soft brick," etc., all of which grades vary widely in market value, are unknown. The heat in the kiln being under perfect control, its direction can be changed at pleasure, the mass of material to be burned being in this way equally exposed to the action of the heat, the loss from vitrifaction and excessive burning being reduced to a minimum, and the duration of the operation of burning being greatly reduced—all this in addition to a uni formity of product, a consummation devoutly wished for by all pious and conscientious brickmakers. The company desired to erect one of their kilns, and exhibit the principle of them in practical operation; but there was some difficulty about the supply of gas, and the idea was necessarily abandoned. GLASS. Glass. 283 One of the most beautiful objects in the Main Build ing was a crystal fountain, which every visitor to the Main Building must have noticed, and which was designed and exhibited by the Washington Glass Com pany, of Massachusetts. This fountain, forty-eight feet in circumference and seventeen feet high, was built en tirely of prisms of cut crystal glass, which reflected the changing light, and decomposed it into all the colors of the rainbow. It was so arranged that at night it could be lighted up by 120 gas-jets concealed within, and then, with the dazzling colors reflected from the countless drops of water and flashing from the glittering prisms, it presented a spectacle of fairy beauty almost beyond imagination. The fountain was surmounted by the largest crystal figure ever made—a statue of Liberty thirty inches in height, and without imperfection. In the centre of the Main Building, the same com pany had another space, in which it exhibited many beautiful samples of its products in cut and molded glass, including chandeliers, busts, goblets, paper weights, and many other articles of beauty or usefulness. Glass-Making. Among the many exhibits on the Centennial grounds, there were few more complete and interesting to visi tors of all ages than the Glass Factory of Messrs. Gillinder & Sons, of Philadelphia, of which we give an illustration. The whole process of manufacturing glass was here shown, and it was a very interesting and highly in structive exhibit. Many of the articles manufactured were especially designed as mementos of the great Exhibition, and found a ready market. These included 284 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION.' paper weights, upon which were stamped representa tions of different Centennial buildings, or public build ings of the city; busts of Washington, Franklin, Lincoln and others; vases, colored ornaments, and trinkets. There were also made the standard articles of trade—goblets, decanters, vases, etc. The engraving on glass was one of the most curious and attractive departments in this building. The cut ting was done entirely with emery and oil, pressed against the glass by the edge of a rapidly revolving copper disc. These discs were of all diameters, from a fraction of an inch to three or four inches, the smaller revolving more rapidly, and cutting a finer and deeper mark. The operator carried the pattern in his mind, and did not outline it upon the glass, but depended entirely upon his eye and hand. He held the glass to the wheel, which instantly cut through or roughened the surface, he rubbed off* the oil with his thumb or finger to see the result, alternating this movement with pressing the glass to the wheel, and these movements were so rapid that the glass seemed to be almost continuously upon the wheel. Flowers, birds, leaves, fruit, and in fact any object was thus cut upon glass by the skilled workman. Among the fancy articles of glass filament, made by directing the flame of a blowpipe upon glass rods, was a lady's hat seemingly of a fabric much finer than the finest white silk, and decorated with natural flowers. This was said to contain over 10,000 miles of "spun" glass. Another wonder—although not made of this filament—was a steam-engine made entirely of glass, pumping water to a glass fountain. The fly-wheel was about fourteen inches in diameter, and the pressure five pounds. The only part of it not glass was the GILLINDER AND SONS*. GLASS WORKS. PHOTOGRAPHERS' STUDIO. SODA WATER FOUNTAINS. 287 fire. Appendages requiring flexibility, such as belting, were formed of strung glass beads. Taken as a whole, the place was one of great interest. It required three weeks immediately preceding the opening of the Cen tennial to get the fire in the furnace up to the necessary heat, and it was never allowed to go out. Druggists' and Perfumers' Glassware, The display made by H. C. Fox & Sons, druggists and perfumers, of glassware, was very handsome indeed, and was contained in a showy case ten feet long, five feet wide, and thirteen feet high/ Within this wrere ranged very tastefully from 3,000 to 4,000 bottles of every conceivable shape and design. Inside was an ob long square, formed of mirror-glass, which reached to the top of the case, and before this were rows of glass shelv ing on which the bottles stood. The bottles oeing re flected in the mirror, the effect was to so magnify and multiply the number as to somewhat bewilder the visitor. Soda Water Fountains. The business of manufacturing and dispensing aerated waters has largely developed within the last few years, and the demand for elegant apparatus has kept even pace writh the most advanced ideas of the manufacturers, until the whole range of art is explored to furnish designs and ornamentation for the marvels of taste and skill which have replaced the crude designs of former years. The growth of an asthetic taste in the demand for the various combinations of the counter has led to a greatly extended manufacture in the line of counter draught apparatus, of the most elegant and artistic patterns, combining the elements of purity and safety, H. C. FOX & SON?S EXHIBIT. 288 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. and the great variety of these fountains which were on display at the Centennial, scattered throughout the several buildings, most of them in operation, attracted great notice and well-deserved commendation. Charles Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, had a very beautiful assortment of soda water apparatus of chaste and beautiful designs, of two of which we have given illustrations. One called the "Minnehaha" called forth special praise from the convenience of its arrangement for the supply of syrup and ice without the necessity of re moving the ornaments which 'adorned it. The base * was composed of black and Tennessee marbles; the body of Sarrancolin, with projections on front and sides of Tennessee; the corners were finished with beautiful pillars of burnished silver. From^Rie body sprung an arch roof of Italian mar ble, on which was placed a miniature fountain in a fluted basin, supported by bronzed dolphins. A glass vase capped with silver crown enclosed a handsome statuette. On each end of the roof were placed hand some unis in bronze, resting on pedestals of variegated marbles. In a highly-polished niche stood a fine bronze figure, underneath which, from a lion's head, ran the water from the fountain above into a beautiful fluted basin. The other, the " Fountain," was constructed of four different natural marbles, viz., white Italian, Tennessee, German jasper, and Irish black. The front panels were made of two-inch stone, from which were worked beautiful raised mouldings, enclos ing tablets of rich jasper marble. The columns were of Tennessee, enriched with silver pillars; the caps and sub-base were of black marble, the former tipped THE MINNEHA1IA TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS. 291 with white statuary, on which rested beautiful figures and urns in bronze. A miniature fountain played within a glass vase capped with silver crown, on which was placed a bronze Mercury, or silver bouquet-holder. The combination was very striking and was much admired. Telegraphic Apparatus, Never before in any World's Fair has there been brought together so many new and valuable machines, the very latest inventions and improvements in the telegraphic art. A glance at these evidenced the won derful progress that has been made, even writhin the past few years, in the science of electro-telegraphy. Besides the more important machines, there were many which showed the great utility of electricity in its practical application to the domestic purposes of life, and to the wants and requirements of public companies, hotels, mercantile and manufacturing establishments, which rendered this department of the Exhibition one of more than ordinary interest and instruction. Among the machines exhibited was the new giant sounder, for telegraph lines, shown by Patrick & Carter, Philadelphia. This instrument is intended for pro ducing sound to enable telegraph operators to read the same by the repeated dots and dashes produced thereby at stations upon railroads, where the ringing of bells and other noises makes it difficult to hear the sound of the instrument. The two black spools represented in the cut are bobbins of wire, through the centre of- which runs a piece of soft iron. Above the spools of wire, which are called electro-magnets, is placed a piece of soft iron attached to a bar of brass. When the current of electricity is sent through this magnet it attracts the armature with force, causing the screw in THE FOUNTAIN. 292 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. the brass bar to strike upon the centre of the arch and thereby producing a loud, clear sound. This firm also exhibited a champion learners' tele graph instrument, which contains all the principles embodied in their giant sounder, but has attached thereto a key or lever of brass with a button upon the end for a handle, which is manipulated to produce the dots and dashes, or what is called the Morse charac ters. The base of the instrument is made of cast-iron, and most of the upright pieces shown in the cut are cast upon the base. Among the Printing Telegraph Instruments, » Anfler's Magneto Printing Telegraph Instruments, one of which was on exhibit, particularly drew our at tention. These instruments are worked without any batteries. The electrical currents are generated from permanent steel magnets, shown in the engraving (at the right) projecting below the table. Between the ends, or poles, of the magnets, which are U-shaped, is placed an iron armature,.supported by brass bearings. This armature is grooved lengthwise, and wound with fine copper wire. It is rotated rapidly by the action of the treadle, and the electrical currents are produced thereby; a positive and negative current being generated by each revolution. The result is that the printers will work very rapidly. • The steel magnets will never change their strength, and so will remain a reliable source of electrical cur rents as long as steel, brass, and copper will last. Should any part ever wear out, it can be replaced at very little expense. Any person can learn to transmit messages by them in a few minutes. As the words ANDERS MAGNETO PRINTING TELEGRAPH INSTRUMENT. H te & l—i H i- i! BRIDGES. 343 by flat bars twenty feet apart. At the expansion joints there are struts instead of suspenders in order to make a rigid connection between the roadway trusses and the chains. Cross-girders, three feet in depth, connect the stiffening girders every twenty feet, and support two lines of iron stringers. The stringers and the roadway trusses form the bearers across which are placed the wooden joists for the flooring. The lateral stiffness of the floor is secured by a double system of tie-rods, and the wind pressure will be taken up by horizontal steel wire cables/placed under and connected to the floor. The towers are entirely of wrought-iron, except the bases of the columns. The chains are carried over the top of the tower on wrought-iron chairs or saddles, which are movable on rollers to allow for expansion and the elongation of the back chains under strain. The bridge is proportioned for a moving load of 1,600 pounds per lineal foot, under which, together with the weight of structure, the chains will be strained to 12,000 pounds per square inch, sectional area. The sus penders and roadway members are strained only from 8,000 pounds to 10,000 pounds per square inch. The maximum compressive strains in the towers are 9,000 pounds per square inch. The Keystone Bridge Company, of Philadelphia, had on exhibit models of some of the finest bridges of their construction, two of which we give illustrations of. One is that of the bridge over the Mississippi, at St. Louis, constructed with arches of crucible cast-steel, manufactured and erected on cables, without scaffold ing, by this company. The cut illustrates the methods employed to erect the arched ribs, by suspending them by means of guys depending from temporary towers, the towers standing on hydraulic rams, which were auto- 344 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. matically moved to compensate for change of tempera ture in the cables. The other illustration is of Fair- mount Bridge, which has a channel span of three hundred and forty-eight feet. Wood-Carving by Women. »^ The northwestern corner of the Women's Pavilion was devoted almost entirely to specimens of women's proficiency in the decorative arts. Most of the samples were from the Cincinnati School of Design, and they did great credit to the fair daughters of that noble State. The exhibits included painting on wood, slate, china, porcelain and tile, and carving in wood. Many of the articles displayed rivalled the very best products of Switzerland or the Black Forest. One of the most noticeable pieces of work in the collection was an organ- case, elaborately carved by Miss Fanny M. Boaks, of the Cincinnati School of Design. The Estey Organ Company sent the instrument, which was valued at $500, to the school, with the promise that they would present it to the young lady who would carve and dec orate it for the Centennial Exhibition. Miss Boaks undertook the task, and she succeeded not only in win ning the instrument, but also in producing one of the most artistically carved pieces of furniture in the World's Fair. Another very creditable piece of work was a rosewood piano-case, carved by Miss Agnes Pit man, also of Cincinnati. The instrument was pre sented to the School of Design by the Ohio Valley Piano Company, on the same conditions that governed the gift of the organ. The decorations, which were made by Miss Pitman, were exceedingly simple, but exquisite in design and finish. The border of the cover was ornamented with surface carving of snow-drops, LIFE-PRESERVING MATTRESS. 345 periwinkles, buttercups and daisies, intended to repre sent Spring, roses for Summer, corn for Autumn, and holly and ferns for Winter. In the enclosure formed by this border were two medallions, representing Spring and Autumn. Upon the ebony legs of the instrument were carved passion-flowers in bas-relief. • Life-Preserving Mattress. Among the very many useful inventions by women in the Women's Pavilion, one is especially worthy of mention. It is a life-preserving mattress, invented by Mrs. Mountain, of New York, and approved by the United States Board of Supervising Inspectors of Steamboats. Among the number of models of inventions by American women, of which there were seventy-four in all, were a blanket-washer, a mangle, a frame for stretching and dyeing lace curtains, an ironer, bedstead, easels, a composition building material, window-fast eners, lunch-heater, bureau, travelling bags, life-pre servers, dress elevators, flower-stands, etc. An Improved Flower-Stand. We noticed a very useful improvement in flower- stands, shown by Mrs. Mary R. Pierce, of New York, in the Women's Pavilion. The object of the invention was to encourage plant and flower culture in dwellings, by the combination, in a flower-stand, of a suitable base and tubular column, with catch basin, moss-bed, hub-collar, trough-arm, and dripping-saucer, arranged to form a self-draining flower-stand that may be at tached to a window-sill, movable frame, or their equiva lent. Cast and wrought metal was the material em ployed in constructing the attachments, though other 346 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. BLAST FURNACE CHARGING APPARATUS. 347 material may be employed for the purpose. The base of the flower-stand was semi-octagon in shape, the in terior being open work, alternately made up of bars and spaces. A hub was located near the centre of the base line to support a tubular column upon the bars. A little distance from the hub was a semi-circular bridge, resting upon the bars to support the trough- arms. The spaces between the bars were filled with metallic plates to form a foundation for a moss-bed; at the base was a provision of baskets and screws to fasten the stand to the window-sill. A pipe rail was provided with an inlet connection to which a hose could be attached to water the plants and supply the aquarium. The stand was also supplied with feet to support it when detached from the window or frame. The catch basin for the drippings was suspended beneath the ele vated base, and was provided with a faucet. The water leaking from the flower-pots and caught in the saucer, ran from it into the trough-arm and was finally passed to the provided receptacle, without wetting floor or carpet, and the whole was so arranged that there was no hindrance to the raising or lowering the sash, rolling the shade or folding the curtains. The Complete Darner, In the Women's Pavilion was a very useful little article with the above appellation, exhibited by Mrs. Harley, of Philadelphia, the inventor. It was shaped not unlike the long-necked dwarf-gourd, long ago used for a similar purpose, but it had many advantages over the natural growth. The top, over which the rent to be mended must be placed, was concave to accommo date the needle, and could be removed for the inser tion of a ball of darning-cotton into the swell of the "darner," which was pierced lower down to allow passage to the end of the thread, so that the worker need not remove from the top the article she was mending. The handle was finger-shaped for the con venience of glove-mending; the end, like the top, was removable, and uncovered a receptacle for needles in the hollow finger. This toy-like convenience could be used for embroidery or for marking with indelible ink, first covering the concave surface with smooth, stiff paper. A rubber band secured the article worked upon in its place. Blast Furnace Charging Apparatus. The Weimer short-stroke blowing engine, exhibited by the Weimer Machine Works, Lebanon, Pennsylva nia, belongs to a class which is held in great favor by furnace managers. It is a small, compact, direct-acting, vertical engine, and made to run at high speeds. The steam cylinder is twenty inches in diameter, and has a piston stroke of twenty-four inches. It has an ordi nary slide valve, which is operated by a link motion. The blowing cylinder, which is fifty inches in diameter, includes several novel features. In order to admit of the engine being run at the high speed for which it was designed, it was necessary that the valve areas should not only be large, but that they should open and close quickly. The inlet valves to the blowing cylinder are arranged in six sector-shaped boxes, which are keyed into the cylinder heads. These cylinder heads are in plan like a six-spoked wheel, the piston rod passing through what corresponds with the hub-centre. In each of the six valve boxes, which are at either end of the cylinder, there are five valves. Four of these are at the sides, the one nearest the centre being quite 1 III 348 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. RUBBER MACHINERY. 349 small. The fifth one is placed at the bottom of the box, the top being left open for the admission of air The valves are of the gridiron variety, the leather being held between two gridiron plates, so as to have a play of about three-eighths of an inch. The plates are gridironed, so that when the air is being drawn into the cylinder, holes, which are cut in the leather, cor respond with holes in the inner plates. The discharge valves, which are similar to those just described, are placed at the outer side of the sectoral box, from which they convey the air into an annular passage-way which surrounds the cylinder. As will be seen from the description given, much space is left in the inside of the cylinder, both between the valve boxes and the discharge valves, which would. not be entered by an ordinary piston. In order to avoid the considerable loss of power which would result from leaving these spaces filled with compressed air at the end of each stroke, the piston has cast upon both its upper and lower sides radial and circumferential ribs, or flanges, so that when the piston is at the end of its stroke, the ribs on one of its sides have entered the spaces between the valve boxes and displaced nearly all the contained air. When working at 100 revolutions per minute, these engines are calculated to discharge 5,000 cubic feet of air at ten pounds pressure. The general construction and workmanship on this engine are of the best kind. This company also exhibited a " suspended pipe hot-blast stove," lately introduced to the American iron trade. The accompanying illustration gives a fair view of its interior as well as exterior appearance, and to the eye of the intelligent and practical furnace-man needs but little' description. The increasing temperature required by the modern blast-furnace practice has so far shortened the life of the ordinary standing-pipe stove, that a new departure in this line became necessary. One of the principal objec tions to the standing-pipe stove is the tendency of the pipe to warp and topple over long before its vitality is otherwise impaired. Another and more serious objection to the old stove is the removal and replacement of in- j ured pipe, generally causing a delay of a few days. This improvement is intended to meet both these objections; the first by suspending the pipe from the roof; and the second, by having the joints of the pipe outside of the stove, and so arranged that a defective pipe can be replaced in less than one hour's time, not even necessi tating the cooling down of the stove. In addition to these advantages, the upper pipe chamber is divided into two parts with a central wall; the lower or com bustion chamber being similarly divided, the flow of gas to either chamber, and consequently the heat, is under the control of the operator. The other illustration represents a short-stroke blowing-engine and a portable hoisting apparatus, both exhibited by the Weirner Company. Milling Machine. We noticed a Milling Machine, embracing all the latest improvements, exhibited by the Brainard Mill ing Machine Company, of Hyde Park, Massachusetts, which for comprehensiveness and general usefulness is considered by experts to be among the best machines of the kind made. Eubter Machinery. About the year 1820 the first pair of India-rubber shoes was imported into the United States; they were brought from South America, and were made of pure 18 350 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. India-rubber, or more properly caoutchouc, and were very thick, heavy and clumsy. They were found very useful in protecting the feet from dampness, and the importation rapidly increased. Experiment proved that they could be manufactured in the United States by importing the raw material, which led to the manu facture of the numberless articles now made from India-rubber. The first rubber shoes were made in South America by the natives, and were formed on wooden or clay lasts, which were dipped in the sap collected from the caoutchouc trees. They were then held over a smoking fire and thus dried, and when the coating became suf- ciently hard the process was repeated until the neces sary thickness was obtained; the lasts were then taken •but, and the shoes were hung up in the sun and thor oughly dried, when they were ready for shipment. This crude process was gradually improved upon by the introduction of ingenious machinery, and now the manufacture of rubber shoes and similar articles is about as follows: The gum, as it arrives in this country, contains a large amount of impurities, and the first process in a factory is to pass it a number of times through the gum washer or masticator, of which we give an illus tration. This machine consists of two corrugated or ground rolls, with the necessary gearing. These rolls tear or pull the piece of gum from its first form to that of a long narrow sheet, full of irregular incisions. This allows the water, which is made to flow over the gum on its passage through the rolls, to thoroughly wash and clean it. The sheeting of the gum allows it to be more readily dried. After thus drying it is taken to the grinding or mill- AUTOMATIC ALARM GAUGES. 351 room, in which are a number of machines called grind ing mills. In these grinding mills is placed a certain quantity of rubber gum, together with various other compounds, which vary with the kind of goods desired to be produced. The mass is then passed through the mill a number of times, and thoroughly mixed; it is then taken to a machine called a calender, and either spread in sheets or on cloth. We show one composed of three rolls; sometimes they are made wi,th four or five rolls. One having four rolls twenty inches in diameter, and sixty-two inches long on the face, is a large, heavy machine weighing from 60,000 to 70,000 pounds, but they are so made that they can be regu lated to vary the thickness of the gum to the thou sandth part of an inch. In order to secure perfect smoothness in the goods the calender should be fitted with the spiral connecting gears. With the ordinary gearing there is more or less " back lash,"' which leaves marks on the goods, being very objectionable in fine goods; with the spiral gear this is avoided. These machines were on exhibit at the Exhibition by William E. Kelly, of New Brunswick, New Jersey. The sheets from the calender are cut into clothing, boots, shoes, etc., and after being properly made up and varnished, the cloth is taken to the vulcaniz ing heater, and there cured. This is the finishing operation. Automatic "Alarm" Gauges, Among the many useful inventions of the age "Edson's Recording Steam Gauges," and "High-Pres sure Alarms," deserve to be specially noted. These new and valuable instruments afford written charts or steam written "Logs," which exhibit com- 852 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. plete diagrams of the height and fluctuations of the steam within the boiler (in addition to the " hand and dial" indications of the same), and ring an alarm gong if danger approaches by the limited pressure being ex ceeded from any cause, thus averting many disasters from explosions, and saving both lives and property. The instrument also gives evidence of the time when any changes in pressure occur, and defines their con tinuance. CHAPTER XI. UNITED STATES EXHIBITS. Stone-Sawing Machines. IN a building located in the southwestern corner of the grounds was a large building devoted to the exhibition of saw mill machinery of all kinds, for sawing logs into lumber. In this were shown two machines which differed from the others, being intended for sawing stone instead of wood. One of these was called the Stone Monarch, and was built by Branch, Crooks & Co., of St. Louis, Missouri. It had a circular blade, five and a half feet in diameter, around the circumference of which were set eighty-four Brazilian black diamonds or carbons. The arbor or axle on which this blade was set was hol low, and through it passed a stream of water which escaped through small holes in the collar, and by the centrifugal motion of the blade was thrown to the periphery, keeping the blade wet and cold while at its work. The stone to be sawed was laid upon an iron table and fed against the diamond-edged blade, which re volved at a very high rate of speed. Blocks of sand stone six feet long by twenty-nine inches deep were sawed into slabs in ten minutes, by means of this machine. A smaller machine, with the saw placed in the centre of a table, upon which the blocks of stone 353 354 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. were manipulated, was also shown at work, and cut through stone of almost any hardness. In connection with these machines was also exhibited Squire's com bined belt tightener and counter-shaft hanger, for the transmission of motion. It obviated the necessity for loose pulleys, the counter-shaft being moved by means of a lever so as to tighten or loosen the belt upon the pulleys. Kailway and Horse Cars, The Sharp, Pullman, and Wilmington Car Companies were the only exhibitors of steam railway cars, and from the general excellence of all it was difficult to judge between them, and we could only admire the general regard that was paid to the comfort of the passenger in all. • The different manufacturers of horse cars had sev eral exhibits, only one, however, of which was at all noteworthy, and that was an arrangement to start the car of itself in order to relieve the horses of the sudden strain they are invariably subjected to. It consisted of a spring and rachet, worked by a lever from either end of the car. All railroad men who have examined this patent concede that it is a perfect success : a child can work it, and besides starting the car, one has the chance to use it as a brake, if the real brake gets out of order, thus placing one more safety notch in the way of a car running down hill, as it already has done on the" Atlantic Avenue Railroad. Charging Apparatus for Gas Works. We all know the rapidity with which gas is gener ated from coal by combustion, and therefore we can understand how difficult it must be in the large gas CHAEGING APPAEATUS FOE GAS WOEKS. 355 works of our cities, to clear the furnace-retorts in which the gas is generated of the coke, and to keep them sup plied with the requisite charges of fuel as fast as the exhausted ones are withdrawn. A very neatly-exe cuted model, exhibited by the Continental Works, in Brooklyn, shows how this difficulty is overcome at the present day. The model represents the vast charging chamber of one of the largest gas companies of New York, with all the machinery and apparatus for carrying out the process, as constructed and placed in position by Mr. Rowland. The model shows a large rectangular build ing some three or four times as long as it is broad. On one side are the furnace-retorts, in three tiers, divided into five compartments, there being six retorts in each compartment, or thirty retorts in all. Running along the building, at a midway elevation, a railroad sup ported on one side by heavy cast-iron pillars, and on the other side by iron stanchions let into the brick face of the furnace wall, carries a travelling platform, on which the working machinery in part rests, and from which it is in part suspended. At one end of the rail road is a large elevator and hopper, by means of which the coal is brought up from below and distributed into buckets, which carry it to the feed hopper of the charging apparatus. These buckets, eight in number, are attached at regular intervals to two endless bands, which run suspended from an upper railroad, and as they come round to the shoots of the elevating hopper, a double cam on the stationary shaft, on which the wheel carrying the bands revolves, regulates the charg ing of the shafts by the hopper. As the buckets reach the hopper of the charging apparatus the arm of the spring valve at the bottom is caught by a dog, kept in 856 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. MINCED-MEAT. 857 position by a balance weighty the valve immediately falls, and the bucket discharges its contents into the hopper. Passing round, the arm of the valve is caught by another dog, which, acting in a contrary direction, closes the valve and prepares the bucket for another charge. In case the feed hopper should become over charged, by swinging the balance weight of the dog the dog is depressed and the bucket passes on without discharging its contents, but on reaching the second dog the valve is caught and the contents of the bucket fall into the coal-bins below, to be again elevated. Thus tHe feed hopper cannot be filled to overflow, nor can the bucket have a second charge poured on top of one already in it. Each bucket reaches a shoot of the elevating hopper precisely at the moment that a semi-cylinder, which is at the bottom of the shoot and holds the charge of a bucket, is upset by the action of the cam. Being filled it passes, without stopping, along the endless band, to which it is attached, to the feed hopper and discharges its load. The feed hopper is exactly over the charging apparatus, and as soon as the hopper holds sufficient fuel for a charge work begins. The entire machinery for feeding the charge into the retorts, hauling out the coke, and clearing the retorts, is worked under the government of two clutches and two levers with certain concerted actions; a twenty-five horse-power engine furnishes the requisite motive power. By throwing in clutch No. 1, gearing is set in motion governing a re volving shaft at the bottom of the feed hopper, the shaft being cylindrical, with an open cut in it. This cylin drical shaft turning drops the fuel into the charger; and the moment the charger has received its proper amount of fuel a heavy dog on the main spur wheel catches an eccentric and the machinery is thrown out of gear. Thus the filling of more than the exact set .charge is prevented, though the charge can of course be set to any quantity. By throwing in lever No. 1, and leaving both the clutches out, the charger, which is funnel-shaped, to fit the retort, and has a false bot tom, works forward and passes bodily into the retort. By throwing both the clutches in, the movable bottom is drawn out, and then, by throwing out the lever, the charger itself is drawn out—of course leaving the charge behind. Similar machinery, governed by the clutches and lever No. 2, sends the ponderous scraper into the next retort to withdraw the coke and clear it out, a rack raising it as it passes in and lowering it when in, so as to withdraw the coke. The traveller carries both charger and scraper to all the retorts on one tier, but by means of a pillar screw the charger is lowered to all the lower retorts, taking tier after tier. The scraper is worked up and down to the lower retorts by its own elevating and depressing rack. The huge gasometers and vast structures of the gas works of our large cities consume an enormous quantity of fuel. The saving of labor by the use of the machinery, such as we have described, must be immense. Minced-Meat. Christmas is approaching with a steady pace, all too slow, however, for the eager juveniles, in whose minds images of his frosty delights are immovably fixed—not the least of which is the mince-pie. Mince-pie is per haps the oldest Christmas refreshment of which we have any knowledge, its refreshing savor going away back into the Middle Ages, where the squires of rank and the peasants of low degree danced with one accord 358 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. under the mistletoe bough, or piled up the brands over the great yule log in the spacious halls of the old ba ronial mansions. Not many years ago, at this time, the sound of the mince-meat chopper was heard all over the land, and a savor of brandy and quince and cider went up as from an altar whereon good things were preparing for the sacrifice. Then the prepared meat was set to season, and at the proper time brought forth to prepare the Christmas feast. The results were generally delicious, but to the overworked housewife could scarcely compen sate for the inevitable labor of preparing the material. Minced-meat was prepared for family use by grocers and others, but did not prove a success, owing perhaps to the poor materials used in its preparation as well as faulty and hasty processes of mixing. About this time, Joshua Wright, of Philadelphia, began to put up his " Ne Plus Ultra" minced-meat, which has now retained its popularity for thirty-five years. It was shown at the Exposition in cans and packages of all sizes, adapted to the wants of all con sumers. Tobacco. No exhibit in Agricultural Hall was arranged with so much originality as that of American tobacco. It was near the northwestern corner of the building, and covered about a rood of the floor, and was the centre of attraction of the entire agricultural display. The number of samples exhibited was countless. Two manufacturers from Louisville showed no less than 800 various kinds of tobacco preparations. One ex hibitor had a semi-cylindrical structure of plug tobacco boxes. The display was made on the concave side. TOBACCO. 359 The end of each box was of plate glass, behind which was plug tobacco. Two hundred and fifty brands were shown, hardly any two being of the same color. The variegation was multiplied by the many different shades in each brand, and the interest was heightened by the introduction of patriotic emblems and other- figures formed of tobacco; colors—as in the American flag, for instance—being almost accurately represented by the natural or artificial shade of the plant. One of the curiosities was a cable of " Monitor " tobacco an inch and a half thick, and 300 feet long. The semi-circular court in which the display was made was a miniature tobacco plantation, the plants growing in "Navy" boxes containing earth best adapted to their thrift. In the midst of the plantation rose a thick, tall pole, surmounted by a life-size figure of a bald eagle—all, including festoons and tassels, being made of twisted tobacco. Above the centre of the whole was a large escutcheon, with golden-hued stars and stripes, and the word "Monitor," formed of the same material. Several of the other exhibits were but little inferior in beauty to this. In one place hung a huge imitation of a Moorish chandelier made of twisted tobacco, having, instead of lamps or gas-burners, stands supporting great cones of such tempting cigars as " Londres de Corte," "Opera Bouffe," "Coqueta" and "Regalia del Key." Another exhibitor had a large show-case which, with the exception of the frame, was made entirely of plugs of navy, varnished. A tobacco fac-simile of the old Liberty Bell, hanging from a tobacco frame, in a belfry of tobaccg, was exhibited in another place, and a great, jagged mountain peak of the most enticing "Century," and having an American eagle of "None Such" perched upon the summit in another. 360 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Pacific Slope Exhibits. There was an exceedingly interesting and instructive display of the agricultural and mineral products of the Pacific Slope made in Agricultural Hall. The collec tion was well arranged, and showed the wonderful resources of that section of our country. Commencing with the mineral exhibits, there was a collection of gold ores and free gold from the most celebrated mines of California, which was very rich and instructive. Each specimen was plainly labelled with the 'frame of the mine from which it was taken. Silver ores in great variety ofform and richness were shown, repre senting the well-known mines as well as those less known. There was one mass of ore composed of silver ore and copper which weighed about 200 pounds, and which assays about $300 per ton of silver. There were specimens from the "Great Bonanza" which yield over $1,000 a ton; and a still richer one of ruby silver, which assays $2,000 per ton. Mercury, copper, sulphur were all shown in this collection. Specimens of the coal found 4n California were on exhibit, all bituminous, no anthracite coal having as yet been found in that region. Iron is found in abundance, but the industry has not been much developed as yet. There was a large collection of building stones: among them were slates, flags from Placer county, serpentine from Lake county, which was as fine as any of the mantels shown in the Eussian department. The quarry has lately-been dis covered and is not yet worked. Soapstone used in lining furnaces, hone-stone found in extensive deposits in Los Angelos county, and marbles from various sec- PACIITC SLOPE EXHIBITS. 361 tions were shown. A very fine dove-colored or mottled marble was shown, which is used principally for tomb stones and vaults. A very beautiful mottled and striped marble, nearly the same as what is called Mexican onyx, was shown. A fine monument, made of a clouded black and white marble, was exhibited. One very fine white marble was shown, which equalled in texture the best statuary marble. The agricultural exhibits, especially the specimens of wheat and barley, were very fine. Stalks of corn, nineteen, feet high, with the ears twelve and thirteen feet from the ground, were shown. Mustard plants, one and a half inches in diameter at the base, and twenty feet high, made -us understand more clearly how " the fowls of the air " could " roost in the branches " thereof. Of vegetable fibres, rami, flax and jute, there were several very fine specimens; also of cotton, which is cultivated in a small way. The country being particularly well adapted to grazing, the wool industry is one of the most important. Sheep hus bandry is a very profitable business; the animal weighs the increase of the flock twenty per cent, heavier, and heavier, the fleece is a hundred per cent, greater than in the Eastern States. The amount of wool raised is not far from 35,000,000 pounds annually. There were merino fleeces on exhibit weighing twenty- eight pounds each. The small fruits of the Pacific coast are so well known that we need hardly say much regarding them, though they were not shown to any extent in this collection. The big trees of California, for which the country is famed, were here represented by a piece of bark about eighteen inches thick taken from one of these monster red-woods. Photographs of them were shown, which 362 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. gave a very good idea of their gigantic proportions. Specimens of over four hundred varieties of woods were shown, many of them of great value in cabinet work— such as, for instance, rosewood, mahogany, California walnut, and maple. There was one beautiful specimen of bird's-eye maple, which was so hard and fine that it resembled marble. » The great seal of the State of California, made of the more ornamental woods, attracted much attention. It was in a frame about three feet square and had an obverse and reverse side. Upon one side were the arms of the State, and upon the other an eagle. The whole was carved wood-work, and the lights and shades were produced by the various colors of the woods used. It was designed by D. W. Standeford, of Oakland, Cali fornia, specially for the Centennial Exhibition. The remainder of the exhibit was made up of ante diluvian animal remains, petrified woods, etc.; fossils, among which was a petrified oyster weighing twelve pounds; a case containing 4,000 shells, representing over 1,200 species, found on the Pacific coast, some exceedingly beautiful; and a number of stuffed birds. We must not forget a display of silk cocoons, which was one of the largest of the kind in the Exhibition. The cocoons were very large and of various colors, from white to deep yellow. The worms were also shown, feeding on mulberry leaves. The industry has not made any great progress yet, as so many other branches of industry make better returns. That this will some day become an important element of wealth there can be no doubt, as the climate is every way favorable to the enterprise. The entire display was very interesting, and showed the prominent characteristics of the Pacific coast and JACQUARD LOOMS. 363 its boundless resources in all that go to make up the wealth of states and nations. Jacquard Looms, The Phoenix Silk Manufacturing Company had some looms in their exhibit, which, for work done, were de serving of the highest commendation. The company showed four Jacquard looms. One very large one was making various Centennial book-markers, containing portraits of Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Cardinal McCloskey, the President, and others. Their Wash ington portrait required 5,500 cards, the Lincoln and McCloskey portraits 4,500 cards each, and the Presi dent 1,500 cards. The weaving was exquisite, and it was no matter of surprise that they could not produce them fast enough to meet the demands of the hungry visitors to the Centennial, all of whom wanted to take home something made in the Exhibition. This same company had a loom making ten ladies' neck-ties in two and three colors, which were very tasteful and pretty in design; also two looms for making silk pocket- handkerchiefs, one kind figured all over, and the other with figured borders. They were not only fine in text ure, but strong and durable, and were excellent speci mens of the fine work of a Jacquard loom. These two looms made four dozen of these silk handkerchiefs in a day. Messrs. John D. Cutter & Co., New Jersey, exhibited a small Jacquard hand-loom, on which black silk dress goods were being made, the only pattern and the only use of the Jacquard apparatus appearing in the name and address of the exhibitors in a continuous line along the edge of the goods. The material was rich and the weaving fine. Mr. Cutter also exhibited a silk spool- 364 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. winder, which is similar in most respects to that of the Nonotuck Company, which we have already described. The Jacquard loom is just the same as the inventor made and left it. It has neither been altered nor im proved. The thousands of visitors who saw these pat tern looms at work were probably more or less mysti fied at the enormous number of perforated cards joined at their edges and forming an endless chain, which were perched on the extreme top of the loom. These cards and the machinery governing them are the whole secret of Jacquard's invention. The first operation in pattern weaving on a Jacquard loom is to drawout on paper the design of the ribbon in the exact size it is to be woven. It is then drafted on to sheets of paper, the size being multiplied fifty times on the first drawing. These latter papers are ruled and dotted at the time of drafting, the number of lines to correspond with the number of threads in the warp to be used in weaving the ribbon, and the dots to Correspond with the number of perforations afterward made in the cards which are used on the loom as a pattern. These cards, joined together in a chain, pass around a hollow, prism- shaped cylinder, and, with the aid of a box containing 100 or more needle wires, pointing outward, help the < weaver to produce his marvellous patterns. The object of the box of needle wires is to raise the warp threads below in the order and number required for the passage of the shuttle, according to the pattern. These threads are attached to the lower ends of long, perpendicular wires arranged in rows, the upper ends of the wires terminating in hooks. The hooks can catch upon a series of bars, the bars being attached to a frame which is alternately raised and lowered by mechanism. If the bars are all raised at the same time, and every bar, JACQUARD LOOMS. 365 while rising, carries up its appropriate hook, of course all the warp threads will be elevated; but if some of the hooks are pushed aside they will not catch on their respective bars, and their warp threads will not be ele vated when the others are. The method of pushing the hooks aside is this: The shanks of the hooks are passed through loops in horizontal wires, the wires be ing kept in position in the box, with their points pro truding outside of it. The other ends of these wires terminate in spiral springs, which are supported against the inside of the box. It follows that if one of these horizontal wires is pushed to the right, compressing its spring, one of the vertical wires will be so displaced that its hook will fail to catch the bar; but when the force pushing the horizontal wire is withdrawn the spring will bring back both wires so that the hook can catch the bar and the corresponding thread of the warp be raised thereby. The flat, four-sided revolving cylin der is to the left of the box of wires. Each of its sides is pierced with holes corresponding in number and po sition with the points of the horizontal wires. The cylinder is so placed that each of its sides is brought successively against the points of the wires as it revolves. If the sides of the cylinder were aloue opposed to the points, the wires would simply enter the holes, and no effect would be produced; but if some of the holes are stopped while others are left open, the wires which touch the stopped holes will be driven back and their hooks disengaged, while the wires which enter the holes remain undisturbed, and the warp threads attached to them are raised. The stoppage of some of the holes in each face of the revolving cylinder is effected by covering it with a card containing holes corresponding to those in the bar, but fewer in number; 19 366 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION, so that when the points of the wires come in contact with an unperforated pai-t of the card, they are pushed aside; but when the points enter the holes of the card, the wires are not moved, and consequently the hooks remain on the bars. By this contrivance the intended pattern is made out. If the pattern be complicated, the number of cards is very considerable. The revolv ing cylinder presents a new card to the points of the wires at every quarter of a revolution, the holes in the cards being so arranged as to raise in succession those threads which will make out the intended pattern, and it is necessary that there shall be as many cards as there are threads of weft in the pattern. The finest Jacquard loom—that is, the one making most ribbons and having most shuttles—in the Exhibi tion was that of Mr. Stevens, of Coventry. During the Exhibition he made a vast number of Centennial memorials, with a portrait of George Washington, and suitable mottos, etc. The weaving was fine and deli cate to a degree, as much so as the touch of the artist's brush in the finest water-color portraits in miniature. To produce these ribbons, Mr. Stevens had 5,000 cards on his loom, and each ribbon had the same number of threads in it. Needlework. To the ladies the Women's Pavilion was one of the chief points of attraction, while the ruder sex could not but admire the many beautiful and artistic specimens of woman's handiwork with which the place was adorned. Fine needlework, laces light as gossamer and as delicate in design as any ever spun by Arachne herself, paper and wax-flowers, and wax fruits that were works of art, with a bewildering array of other NEEDLEWORK. 367 productions of woman's skill and genius, were displayed on every side, to the glory of womanhood and the delight of feminine eyes. All sorts of curious little , boots and slippers, and caps and baby-dresses, and frills and tucks, and plaits and flounces, there were without number. Indeed the American women had great reason to be proud of the display made of needlework in the. Women's Pavilion, which, for tasteful design, delicacy,- and elegance, far surpassed any other display of the kind. Among the more prominent articles we may mention two panels worked in silk, upon a groundwork of golden satin. One was the blossom of the flag in its regal beauty, a veritable fleur-de-lis, and the other a bunch of cat-o'-ninc-tails, so rich and brown and velvety one knew not which to admire most. These exquisite panels were the work of Mrs. W. G. Weld, of Boston, Massachusetts. There was a piece of tapestry work by Lina Fuldncr, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, representing a sailor making a toy ship. It was the very best specimen of American worsted tapestry in the Exhibition. A lady from Alabama exhibited a rich, crocheted bed-quilt, containing 7,000 skeins of silk, the result of two years' labor. In the southeastern section was a collection of admirably-executed portraits in silk embroidery or worked in worsted. Notwithstanding the difficulty of securing delicate shading by the employment of these materials, the artist had succeeded in producing some pieces which, at a distance, closely resembled etchings. A picture in worsted work, representing the " Death of Douglas in Defence of Mary Queen of Scots," was 368 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. probably one of the most elaborate works of the kind in the collection. There were several cases of em broidery on silk, one of the designs representing Masonic emblems on one side, and an eagle with the liberty shield on the other. Here were also specimens of very fine needlework, carriage robes, embroidered garments of various kinds, child's afghans, etc. An interesting exhibit was a pair of old-fashioned mittens, such as the boys of not many decades ago will remem ber, knit by an old lady seventy-eight years of age. This representative American woman was a grand daughter of Major Clapp, of the Revolutionary war, and her photograph, which was exhibited, showed her to be still young in health, if not in years. Useful Inventions by Women. There were some inventions in the Woman's Depart ment which were especially noticeable for their origin ality and practical utility. One of these was a sewing machine. Ladies who are in the habit of doing much work on any of the sewing machines now in use are well aware of the exhaustion which accompanies a pro longed sitting, and the invention alluded to enables the foot to be -dispensed with, the hand furnishing all the power required. This was the invention of Mrs. G. L. Townsend, one of the executive ladies. It consisted simply of a lever attached to the driving wheel and passing through the top of the machine in such a man ner as to be readily worked. Another invention which proved of considerable in terest to the ladies was the open-eye, easy-threading needle. The eye of this needle was so constructed that the thread may be inserted without any trouble—in fact, no one who can feel the needle can fail to thread INVENTIONS BY WOMEN. 369 it. That this is a great desideratum no one who has ever tried to thread a sewing machine needle need be told. The needle is the. invention of Mrs. Suplee, and like most other ladies' inventions was the result of an effort to obviate her own discomforts. Another invention was the Coston telegraphic night signals, which, although not original with Mrs. Coston, owed to her its perfection and introduction into pub lic use. Her husband died leaving her a rough chart of the idea, and it was not until after many fruitless experiments in combining the chemicals and other ma terials to be employed, with year after year of patient toil, that she was able to present the idea perfected to the world. She has now the gratification of seeing 300 sets of her night signals distributed through the United States Nav}-, honored by government approval. An exhibit of the invention was also made in the Govern ment Building. Although not properly coming under this head, still the following exhibit was such a remarkable specimen of woman's skill in wood-carving that we cannot omit it altogether. We allude to the large, handsome bed stead, richly and elaborately carved by the Misses Johnson, which attracted so much attention". This was made of walnut, inlaid with ebony; the panels at the head were carved to represent the lat tice wofck on the porch of their childhood's home, and on this were carved the familiar trumpet flowers arid Virginia creeper. On the posts were fine carved copies of the poppy and lily, typifying sleep and innocence, and above the central decorations were two exquisitely painted panels of slate, on which were morning-glories closed for the night. At the front were the same flowers, opened by the vivifying rays of the rising sun. The 370 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. .inlaid ebony was all of pretty designs, and every inch of remaining space was rich with intertwining vines and flowers. This one piece of furniture was valued at $500. Whistle from a Pig's Tail. In the Women's Pavilion was a most curious article, no less than a whistle made from a pig's tail. This caudal appendage had been hardened by some mysteri ous process, and from it had been made a whistle. The musical instrument was very much twisted, as might be expected when the material from which it is manu factured is taken into consideration, but still, it gave forth a shrill noise, and was in every respect a verita- hle whistle. Over this strange exhibit were inscribed the following lines: " There's a proverb as ancient as Scotland's thistle That out of a pig's tail you can't make a whistle; VvTe believe we've accomplished the wonderful thing, Aud all who may wish can make this tail sing." It is to be presumed that this triumph had been achieved by some one of the fair sex, but the lady had modestly withheld her name from an anxiously-inquir ing public. Sculpture. The most imposing works exhibited by American sculptors were, the "American Soldier," designed for the Antietam monument, which stood between the Main Building and Memorial Hall; and the bronze group, entitled " The Navy," designed for the Lincoln monument, at Springfield, Illinois. The first was a performance of very considerable merit, and if not absolutely satisfactory as a specimen of skilful model ling, it at least compared favorably with the colossal SCULPTURE. 371 bronze " Bismarck," which was the most important piece of sculpture in the German section. The bronze group consisted of three figures, of a naval officer, a sailor, and a boy, which were grouped about a mortar, were all good studies of typical Americans, and were modelled with great vigor. A more spirited work than the colossal "American Soldier "was "The Minute Man of 1776," by D. C. French, in the Annex. This represented a powerful young New England farmer in his shirt-sleeves, who has dropped the handles of his plough and grasped his gun at the sounding of the note of alarm. The figure was a most characteristic one, and the actioin was very finely expressed. To come down from great things to little, there were no works of American sculpture more interesting than the groups of Mr. John Rogers, which were shown in the east and west corridors of the Annex. The group entitled "The Council of War," for in stance—representing Lincoln, Stanton, and Grant—-was admirable in its unaffected ease and naturalness. These Rogers groups have enjoyed an immense popularity, and they have deserved it, for they have a particular value as indicating a pathway that American sculptors in the future must travel if they expect to achieve anything that will have genuine vitality and that will be, as all true art must be, expressive of the nation and of the age. The most admirable nude study in the American section was Mr. Howard Roberts' " Premier Pose," in the main American gallery in the Memorial Hall. The attitude of the young girl, who was shrinking from ex posing herself in the studio of an artist, was a very difficult one. The workmanship throughout the entire nllilA 372 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. PAINTIKGS. 373 figure was remarkably fine, and the firm yet delicate manner in which the markings of the legs—to mention one noteworthy point out of many—were made out, was a triumph of skill that was unrivalled by anything in the Exhibition, except perhaps a few of the test works in the Italian and French sections. The most remarkable piece of sculpture in the American section was perhaps that in marble of the Death of Cleopatra, by Edmonia Lewis, the sculp tress and protegee of Charlotte Cushruan. The great queen was seated in a chair, her head drooping over her left shoulder. The face of the figure was really fine in its naturalness and the gracefulness of the lines. The face was full of pain, and for some reason—per haps to intensify the expression—the classic standard had been departed from, and the features were not even Egyptian in their outline, but of a decidedly Jew ish cast. The human heads wl.ich ornamented the arms of the chair were obtrusive, and detracted from the dignity which the artist had succeeded in gaining in the figure. A canopy of Oriental brightness in color had been placed over the statue. Paintings! In the United States Department of Memorial Hall, was a picture which attracted a great deal of attention, "The Battle of Gettysburg," by Rothermel. It was very large, the largest on exhibition, and occupied the entire eastern end of the hall. At first sight it pre sents a confused mass of men, but five minutes' quiet examination begins to develop its points. The fore ground depicts the shock of a bayonet charge made at the battle of Gettysburg. During the night a low stone-wall had been thrown up as a breastwork, and over this the struggle was being enacted. All over the field the conflict rages, shells are bursting, horses rearing, men struggling, and to the casual observer there is only the direst confusion. The works of American artists, in all exhibited, amounted to in number 360 in Memorial Hall, and 940 in the Annexes, making a total of 1,300, without in cluding etchings, lithographs, and other forms of applied art. The first of these collections had a historical as well as a technical interest: the works presented in cluded specimens of our most noted painters, from Copley to the present time. Vanderlyn's "Ariadne," which took the gold medal in Paris nearly seventy years ago, deserved particular notice; and there were a number of good representative pictures by modern artists. Page's " Shakespeare " was at least very curi ous ; Nagle's portrait of " Gilbert Stuart," and other portraits by Healy, Hicks, Anna M. Lea, Elliot, Sully, Inman, Hunt, and Baker, with landscapes by Gifford, McEntee, Whittredge, Cole, Bierstadt, Sonntag, and Moran, and Eastman Johnson's "Old Stage Coach," contrasted very favorably with other works in their several fields of art. In addition to the names already mentioned, there were pictures by the older painters, Gilbert Stuart, Copley, Washington Allston, Professor Morse, Smibert, and Stuart Newton. This collection of ancient por traits was of great interest and value. Of modern artists we had, in addition, Boughton, Colman, Gray, Suydam, Irving, Hubbard, Wood, Loop, La Farge, Hamilton, and many others. Although, of course, there was much inequality of talent in such a number, almost every artist in some one picture gave his best work. Allston's portrait of himself, Copley's of " John 374 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. Adams," Newton's of " Washington Irving," Johnson's " Old Kentucky Home," Hicks's portrait of an old lady, Gray's "Model from Cadore," and most of the land scapes well repaid a careful inspection. Among the excellent pictures which particularly pleased us were Gifford's Adirondack and Venetian landscapes, McEntee's " Winter" and " November," La- Farge's " St. Paul," Eastman Johnson's " Sabbath Morning," Shattuck's "White Hills," Church's "Chim- borazo," and Hays' " Bison at Bay." Needles and Buttons. ... , p- I I The age and progress of improvement has been of Z such laudable character, the advancement of business | |lx pursuits of the people of such positive service to the 5 community, as to make us deeply sensible of the unre- te "1 mitting study and application of individuals, who have, a in a measure, brought it to the fine perfection it has | arrived. 3 J The business indicated by the heading of this article ^ '' is one of very great and constantly increasing magni tude. The wonderful increase in the use of needles in the last few years has made that article one of the I most important in our commerce. The needle about / which we intend to speak is manufactured at or near Redditch, England, by the firm of James Smith & Son. The superiority of this needle is proven by the fact that in the year 1851 it took the first premium at the World's International Fair in London. __ _ When we consider the simplicity, smallness, and | moderate price of a needle, we would be naturally led | to suppose that this little instrument requires neither j much labor nor complicated manipulations in its con- | struction; but when we learn that every needle, how- j NEEDLES AND BUTTONS. 377 I THORNTON'S NEEDLE EXHIBIT. ever small, passes through the hands of some 120 different operators, before it is ready for sale, we can not fail to be surprised. The best steel, reduced by a Avire-drawing machine to the suitable diameter, is the material of which needles are formed; and which is brought in bundles to the factory, and carefully exam ined. Among the different operations through which this must pass before a perfect needle is turned out, is that of scouring. This is the longest and most expen sive process in needle manufacture ; this is done upon bundles containing 50,000 needles; and the same machine, under the guidance of one man, polishes from twenty to thirty bundles at a time; either by water or eteam-power. It is easy to distinguish good English needles from spurious imitations; because the former have their axis coincident with their points, which is readily observed by turning them round between the finger and thumb. The construction of a needle re quires, as already stated, about 120 operations; but they are rapidly and uninterruptedly successive. A youth can trim the eyes of 4,000 needles per hour. One very important point which has helped to gain for this needle its world-wide reputation is the im provement, made some years ago, in the eye, which is "made smaller than its body, thereby producin